weed species in synantropic flora of novi sad

Gavrilovi Marijana, Rat Milica, Boin Biljana, Anakov Goran, Boa Pal 141

International Symposium: Current Trends in Plant Protection UDK: 632.51(497.113) Proceedings

WEED SPECIES IN SYNANTROPIC FLORA OF NOVI SAD

GAVRILOVI MARIJANA1, RAT MILICA2, BOIN BILJANA3, ANAKOV GORAN2, BOA PAL2

1University Educons, Faculty of Environmental protection 2 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of biology and ecology

3 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine mail: [email protected]

Ruderal or syntrophic flora and vegetation are the most dynamic floristic-vegetation complex and an integral part of antropogenic environment. On one side the influence of antropogenic factors and on the other a variety of climate, topografic, geological and soil characteristics contribute to highly pronounced diversity of a weed flora. The presence of antropogenic influences have crucial importance of the emergence, development and distribution of ruderal flora and ruderal vegetation making the biotops very dynamic and unstable habitats. Horticulture has a long tradition in the city of Novi Sada which is located in the region of intensive agricultural production as a port center with international transport links and consequently is the most exposed to the introduction of new species. According to the existing data Novi Sad has the largest number of invasive species (59,7%) in Vojvodina, which indicates a need to produce a syntrophic inventory of its flora in order to list both native and introduced species. Phytogeographical analysis has been performed on syntrophic flora whith special emphasis on the analysis of the origin of introduced plant species. Furthermore, the range of life forms that indicates the caracter of antropogenically altered phytocenosis has been determined. Key words: weed species, syntrophic flora, floristic diversity, introduced species, native species, invasive species.

INTRODUCTION

Ruderal or synanthropic flora and vegetation embody the most dynamic floristic and vegetation complex and are an integral part of an anthropogenic environment. The diversity of anthropogenic ruderal habitats with specific combinations of micro-complexes of ecological conditions is of a key significance for accentuated anthropophilic ruderal vegetation (ajinovi, 1968). Ruderal vegetation is mainly connected with anthropomorphic soil whose physical-chemical features are to that extent altered by the actions of man that they have most often lost any resemblance to the primary soil type. The physical and chemical features of soil vary, frequently reaching extreme values: from the exceptionally compact due to the trampling of compressed soil, to a skeletogenic ground filled with gravel, sand or construction surplus, and to a loose nitrophylic soil saturated with decomposing organic material. The species Plantago major L., Taraxacum officinale Weber., Polygonum aviculare L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. are prominent due to their exceptionally pioneering character and the ability to adapt to diverse, often extreme and

142 Weed species in synantropic flora of Novi Sad

difficult conditions of ruderal habitats. However, their presence in different ruderal habitats shows a morphological and anatomical variability which points to their great phenotypic plasticity which represents an ecological flexibility of the weed flora (Stevanovi et al., 1988). According to the syntaxonic appraisal of vegetation in Serbia, the most represented groups which can be found in habitats under a strong anthropogenic influence belong to the following classes: Bidentetea tripartita Tx., Lohm. et Prsg. 1950; Chenopodietea albae Br.-Bl. 1951. em. Lohm., R. et J. Ty. 1961; Artemisietea vulgaris Loxm., Prsg. Et J. Tx. 1950; Agropyretea repentis Oberd., Mll. Et Grs 1967; Asplenietea rupestris Meir.et Br.-Bl. 1934; Plantaginetea majoris Tx. Et Prsg. 1950; Stellarietea mediae Tx., Lohm. et Prsg. 1950 (Koji, 1998). In urban habitats (industrial grounds, agricultural fields, parks, gardens) the dominant vegetation in the researched area is made up of weeds and synanthropic vegetation. An analysis of the number of weed flora species in individual biotope types of Novi Sad has pointed out that the largest representation of weeds is in the group of artificial habitats (transportation networks and other construction zones, solid arch parts, tenement buildings in city centers), in grassy habitats (dry and grass formations, moderately humid grass formations, abandoned pastures, weeds in vacated gardens) as well as coastal (pioneer and ephemeral vegetation of periodically flooded coasts). Along with the features of the habitats, the effect of the anthropogenic factors on the one hand and various influences of the climate, as well as orographic, geological and pedological features on the other, contribute to a highly stressed diversity of weed flora causing the ruderal habitats to be very dynamic but also very unstable biotopes. Weed flora adapts to these specific, frequently very negative conditions of habitats in respect to the higric and thermic regime, the character of the base, as well as in regards to mechanical impacts such as trampling, mowing, grazing, fires, etc. However, due to their great biological potential, a very emphasized dynamism which is conditioned by the instability of the ruderal habitats, a great morpho-anatomical variability as well as a lack of competition of species characteristic for the anthropogenic environment, the weed species represent natural focuses from which the species spread to natural habitats but also to arable areas (Jovanovi, 1998). Hitherto research of the diversity of the weed flora in the Republic of Serbia has shown that the number of weed species in the widest sense makes up about 28% of the total flora (over 1,000 species), which is an indicator of a high degree of an emphasized floristic diversity of weeds (Koji and Vrbanianin, 1998, Strategy of biological diversity, 2011). Vojvodina represents a specific floral and geographical and natural-historical area in our country, and thus the flora and vegetation in it differs from the other parts of the country. The floral cover of Vojvodina is distinguished by various types of vegetation, with numerous communities of a great floral cornucopia and a complex structure (Parabuski and ajinovi, 1982). Novi Sad is a town with a long tradition of horticulture, and it is located in an area with a concentrated agricultural production, a town which is also an international river port and thus it is very receptive to the importing of plants of foreign origin. In the flora of Novi Sad, there have lately been significant changes which have been conditioned by anthropogenic factors and which are manifested by the spreading and assimilation of a sizeable number of adventive species. The largest number of invasive species (59.72%) in Vojvodina was recorded in Novi Sad, which indicates the need to catalogue the synanthropic flora in the area of the town of Novi Sad (Sekuli, 2011). Until the 30s of the last century the largest number of references of ruderal flora can be found in the floristic monographs of Kupsok (1915), Prodn (1915,1916), Jvorko (1925) and Kovcs (1929) (Obradovi, 1986). From then until the 70s of the last century, the flora and vegetation of Vojvodina has been extensively tested by Slavni (1951) and gives very significant data on the nitrophylic vegetation of Vojvodina, researching typical


ruderal communities, the nitrophylic vegetation of swamps and the weed vegetation of grains and row crops. Numerous authors, in researching the flora of Vojvodina and the salt marshes of Baka, have given a contribution to the researching of adventive flora - Slavni, . (1953, 1956, 1961,1965, 1972), Atanackovi, N. (1958), Obradovi, M., Budak, V. (1974), Obradovi Melanija (1974), Obradovi, M., Boa, P (1983), Obradovi and associates (1986), Janjatovi et al. (1980), Parabuski, S. (1979), Parabuski, S, et al. (1971, 1979), Djurjanski, P. (1980), Boa, P., et al. (1980,1987), Boa Pal, (1979, 1980) Budak, V. (1978, 1986, 1998), Ivkovi Olga (1975, 1978), Vrbanianin et al. (2000, 2004). The diversity of the weed flora of the grassland and pasture ecosystem was tested by Koji and Janji (1997), Kneevi (2008), Stavretovi (2003) while Nestorovi (2002, 2003, 2005, 2011), Koji et al. (2004), Jakovljevi et al. (2005, 2008), Jovanovi (2004) and Stankovi-Kalezi (2007) tested the weed flora of urban environments. The floristic research of weeds is significant for cataloguing and a better insight into the flora of an area, based on which can be done a detailed plant and geographic analysis and a conclusion on the origin and history of the tested weed flora (Slavni, 1956). This paper has carried out a taxonomic, ecological and phyto-geographical analysis of the synanthropic flora of Novi Sad, with a special stress on the analysis of the origin of allochthonic plant species as well as the range of life forms which indicate the character of anthropogenically altered phytocenosis.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The plant material was collected during the entire vegetation seasons of 2009 and 2010 at chosen localities in Novi Sad (Klisa, Novo Naselje, the Industrial zones North and South, along the canal, along the embankment, the Kej, trand). The plants were herbalized and processed via a method of classical herbalistics and deposited in the main collection of the herbalists in the Departments of Biology and Ecology of the Faculty of Sciences in Novi Sad (BUNS). The determining of the plant material was enacted by dichotomous keys based on the morphological character (Javorka, 1925). The taxonomic status and nomenclature were determined according to the Flora of Europe (Tutin et al., 1968). The belonging of the species to a certain family was determined according to Tahtajan (Tahtajan, 1997). The categorizing of species according to the appropriate life form (Raunkiaer, 1934; Pignastti, 1980) was carried out in the aim of showing a general trend and the impact of climate factors on the life forms and the strategies of plant dissemination. During the defining of life forms, a model adapted to the flora of Serbia was used (Stevanovi, 1992). The flora elements were specified according to Gaji (Gaji, 1980) and So (1968) and were analyzed according to the range of aerial types (Jankovi, 1985).

RESULTS

I. Taxonomic analysis of flora With the aid of a floristic research of synanthropic flora on the territory of the city of Novi Sad, some 344 taxa at the level of species and subspecies were recorded. Based on our research and review of available references which relate to the tested area (Zorkczy, 1896; ajinovi, 1968; Kupsok, 1915; Prodn, 1915,1916; Slavni, 1953; ajinovi, 1968; Obradovi, 1981, 1974; Budak, 1978, 1986; Parabuski, 1979;


Djurjanski, 1980) and many other authors, recorded were a total of 900 taxa at the level of species and subspecies, that is, 895 species, classified into 396 genus and 106 families. Of the total number of recorded taxa (at the level of species and subspecies) based on the separated weed flora according to the weed flora of Yugoslavia (anak and associates, 1978) 568 species were recorded, that is, 63.11% of the total number of species. The Liliopsida class (Monocotyledones) is represented with 10 families and with 94 species (16.55%), while the Poaceae family dominates with 61 species, that is, 10.74% of the total number of species. The Magnoliopsida class (Dicotyledones) is represented by 58 families, some 469 species were recorded, that is, 82.57% of the total number of species, the Asteraceae family with 78 species that is, 13.73% of the total number of species which dominate. The Equisetopsida class is represented by one Equisetaceae family with 5 representatives. The taxonomic analysis of the weed flora was carried out based on the most represented families and species according to the number of species (Diagram 1).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Asterace

ae

Poa

ceae

Lamiace

ae

Fab

ace

ae

Brass

icac

eae

Scrop

hularia

ceae

Apiac

eae

Chen

opod

iace

ae

Cyp

erac

eae

Polyg

onac

eae

Rosa

ceae

Boragina

ceae

Ranu

nculac

eae

Caryoph

yllace

ae

Eup

horbiace

ae

Diagram 1: Percentage (%) of the representation of weed flora families with more than ten taxa

within the framework of synanthropic flora of Novi Sad

The most represented families with more than 10 representatives were the Asteraceae with 78 representatives (13.73%), Poaceae with 59 representatives (10.38 %), Lamiaceae with 39 representatives (6.87%), Fabaceae with 37 representatives (6,51%), Brassicaceae with 36 representatives (6.34%), Scrophulariaceae with 31 representatives (5.46%), Cyperaceae with 19 representatives (3.34 %), Chenopodiaceae with 20 representatives (3.52%) , Polygonaceae with 18 representatives (3.17%), Rosaceae with 17 representatives (2.99 %), Boraginaceae and Ranunculaceae with 15 representatives (2.64%), Caryophyllaceae with 14 (2.46 %), and Euphorbiaceae with 10 representatives (1.76%). Along with the most represented families of the synanthropic flora of Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae which are represented in the flora of Serbia (Nestorovi and Konstantinovi, 2011) and the urban environment - Beograd (Jovanovi,1994), Vranje (Jovanovi, 2004), Smederevska Palanka (Jakovljevi, 2005) - a high participation of the species of the Chenopodiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Apiaceae and other families were expected considering the synanthropic character of a large number of representatives from these families. According to the research of Pyek et al. (2009), the


most represented families in Europe are the ruderal species of an urban environment, agricultural weeds as well as invasive species, among which are the following: Asteraceae (692), Poaceae (597), Rosaceae (363), Fabaceae (323) and Brassicaceae (247) which indicates a wide transparency of weed species and their easy transferring and spreading. The aerial range of the total ruderal flora is characterized by the dominating of the species of wide aerials whose spreading is mostly carried out by man (directly or indirectly). Spreading predominantly in an hyman influent, the ruderal species inhabit habitats which are insufficiently stable, mostly intensely salted, thermophylic, hygrically unstable and usually nitrified. The most represented kinds are those which stress the anthropogenic character of diverse ruderal habitats. Based on the available literature and field data, among the most represented kinds which include 568 species (63.1%), the ones which are prominent according to the number of species are the following: Veronica and Carex with 15 representatives (2.64%), Chenopodium with 13 representatives (2.29%), Vicia and Euphorbia with 12 representatives (2.11%), Rumex with 11 representatives (1.94%) and Bromus with 10 representatives (1.76%) (Tab.1). Ranunculus, Polygonum, Verbascum, Poa, Centaurea, Amaranthus and many others are represented with less than 10 representatives. Table 1: Percentage (%) of represented genus of weed flora of Novi Sad

Genera No of taxa %

Veronica 15 2,64 Carex 15 2,64 Chenopodium 13 2,29 Vicia 12 2,11 Euphorbia 12 2,11 Rumex 11 1,94 Bromus 10 1,76 Ranunculus 8 1,41 Polygonum 8 1,41 Vebascum 7 1,23 Poa 7 1,23 Centaurea 7 1,23 Amaranthus 7 1,23

According to research of other authors (Nestorovi and Konstantinovi, 2011) the weed flora of Serbia is characterized by a highly stressed diversity, and the following are prominent according to the number of species: Veronica (19), Chenopodium (16), Rumex (13), Ranunculus (12), Vicia (12), Bromus (11), Euphorbia (11), etc. II. Ecological analysis of flora With an analysis of the representation of certain life forms within the structure of synanthropic flora on the territory of the town of Novi Sad and within its framework as well as the structure of weed flora its hemicryptophytic-pterophytic character with the domination of hemicryptophytes was determined (Tab. 2.). The domination of hemicryptophytes and pterophytes is in accordance with the dominant participation of the mentioned life forms in the flora of Serbia which indicates an intensive anthropogenic character of an urban environment.


Table 2: The biological range of weed flora in Novi Sad for basic life forms

Life form No of species %

Hemicryptophyta (H) 225 39,61

Therophyta (T) 183 32,22

Phanerophyta (Ph) 65 11,44

Geophyta (G) 46 8,10

Therophyta/Chamephyta (TH) 17 2,99

Hydrophyta (H) 12 2,11

Scadentophyta (S) 11 1,94

Chamaephyta (Ch) 9 1,58

Ukupno 568 63,10

Hemicryptophyta (H) In the weed flora of Novi Sad, the life form of hemicryptophyta is the most numerous, with 225 taxa, that is, 39.61% of the total number of recorded species. Within the framework of hemicryptophyta dominates the group of perennial hemicryptophyta with a stem (H scap), which is represented with 20.25%, that is 115 species. The number is in accordance with the dominant participation of this life form in the synanthropic flora of Serbia, which makes the climate of the tested area, as well as the entire moderate area towards Teril and Runkier a hemicryptophytic one. The most represented are hemicryptophyta with a stem (H scap) with 115 species, tufted life forms (H caesp) were represented with 5.98%, that is 34 species, creeping (H rept) with 10 species, that is 1.76%, rosette plants (H ros) with 7 species, that is 1.23%, perennial hemicryptophytes with a stem (H scap perenn) were represented with 0.88%, that is 5 species, while to a lesser extent less than 5 species were represented by perennial rosette plants with a stem (H scap semiros), half-rosette plants (H semiros), half-bushy etc. (Diagram 2)

57%17%

8%6%

5% 4% 3%H scap

H caesp

H bienn

H scap bienn

H rept

H ros

H scap perenn

Diagram 2: Percentage (%) of represented life forms of hemicryptophytes of the weed flora of

Novi Sad with more than 5 representatives


The domination of hemicryptophytes is in accordance with the dominant representation of this life form in the flora of Serbia, while the participation of the highly dominant life form of pterophytes is in a direct correlation with the instability (ephemerality) of the majority of ruderal habitats in which man with his frequent interventions impedes development, primarily of perennial plants. An annual character, that is, a relatively limited vegetation period within which these plants complete their onthogenetic development is a specific response (adaptation) of ruderal plants to the unstable and short-lasting habitats in urban environments. The analysis of life forms of hemicryptophytes from the aspect of the representation of specific growth categories indicates the domination of the transitional groups: Mac-Alt, Mes-Mac, Mac-Meg, Meg-Alt, Mes-Meg. The most represented are the species which bloom in the summer and in the spring-summer period (a, v-a).

Therophyta (T) The group of therophyta is the second in line according to representation in the biological range of weeds of the flora of Novi Sad. It is represented with 180 species which makes up 31.69% of the total number of taxa in the tested area. The basic life form of the therophyta with a stem (T scap) is the most represented among the pterophyta with 157 species, that is, 21.64%. The creeping life forms (T rept) are represented with 6 types, that is, 1.06%. Annual tufted kinds (T caesp) have 4 representatives, that is, 0.70% while rosette plants (T ros) and parasites (T par) are presented with two genus (Diagram 3).

90%

4% 2%2% 2%T scap

T rept

T caesp

T scap H scap

T scap H bienn

Diagram 3. Percentage (%) of representation of life forms of therophyta of the weed flora of

Novi Sad with more than 5 representatives An analysis of life forms of therophyta from the aspect of the representation of certain categories of growth points to the domination of the following transitory groups: Mes-Mac, Mi-Mes, Mes-Meg, Mac-Meg. The most represented are species which bloom in the summer and in the spring-summer period (a, v-a). A high participation of therophyta in the biological range is a result of the instability of the majority of habitats, where the anthropogenic factor with its activities (occasional or permanent) hinders the development of perennial plants and enables an uninterrupted


development of annual genus. As a rule, the lesser the impact of anthropogenic factors on some ruderal habitat, the more the composition of the biological range will be altered in the direction of reducing the proportional participation of therophyta and increasing the total share of biennial and perennial plant types (Jovanovi, 1994; Jari, 2009). Geophyta (G) Geophyta are represented with 46 species, that is, 8.10%. Within the framework of geophytes, the most represented are rhizomatous geophytes (G rhiz) with 25 species, that is, 4.40%. Geophyta with bulbs (G bulb) include 11 species, that is, 1.97% while the other life forms are represented with less than 5 species (Diagram 4). The life form of rhizomatous geophytes (G rhiz) is present with 2 species, that is, 0.35% while other life forms are present with less than 1 species.

69%

31%

G rhiz

G bulb

Diagram 4. Percentage (%) of representation of life forms of geophyte of weed flora of Novi

Sad with more than 5 representatives An analysis of life forms of geophytes from the aspect of the representation of certain growth categories indicates the domination of the transitory groups: Mac-Meg,Mes-Mac, Mac-Alt and tall plants (Alt). The most represented are species which bloom during the summer and in the spring-summer period (a, v-a). Therophyta/hamephyta (TH) The life form therophyta/hamephyta in the weed flora of Novi Sad is represented with 17 species, that is, 2.99%. Within these categories, the most represented are plants with aboveground trees without a ground rosetta (T/H scap), with 7 species, that is 1.23%, biennial kinds (T scap/H bienn) are represented with 5 species, that is 0.5%, while the other life forms are represented with less than 5 species (Diagram 5). With 4 species, that is 0.7% represented are life forms T scap/H bienn and T scap/H scap bienn while T ros/H ros bienn is represented with one species, 0.18%.


64%

36%

T scap/ H scap

T scap/H bienn

Diagram 5. Percentage (%) of representation of life forms of therophyta/hamephyta in the weed

flora of Novi Sad with more than 5 representatives An analysis of the life form of therophyta/hamephyta from the aspect of representation of certain growth categories indicates the domination of the species of average height (Mes) as well as transitory groups: Mac-Alt, Mes-Meg. The most represented are the kinds which bloom during the summer and in the spring-summer period (a, v-a). Scandetophyta (S) The life form of lianas or climbing vines are represented primarily with a group of 4 species of lignified (S lig) types of lianas, that is, 0.71% while the other types of lianas with a rosette (SG herb rhiz), hemicryptophytic (SH herb) and geophytic (ST herb) vines are represented with one species, that is, 0.18% (Diagram 6).

50%50%

S lig

ST herb/T scap

Diagram 6. Percentage (%) of representation of life forms of scadentophyta of the weed flora of

Novi Sad with more than 5 representatives An analysis of life forms of climbing vines from the aspect of the representation of certain growth categories indicates the domination of very tall species (Alt) with 5 species, that is 0.88% and a species of medium height (Mes) as well as transitory categories (Mes-Meg) with 2 species, that is, 0.35%, while the tall species (Meg) and the transitory category Meg-Alt represented with 1 species, that is, 0.18%. The most represented are the species which bloom in the summer (a).


Chamephyta (Ch) The life form of chamephyta is represented with 10 species (1.76%). In the group of chamephyta, dominant is the form of half-shrubs (Ch suffr) with 2 species (0.35%), life forms with climbing vine shoots (Ch rept) are present with 3 species (0.53%), while the other life forms are present with 1 species (0.18%). An analysis of the life forms of chamephyta from the aspect of the representation of certain growth categories indicate the domination of tall species (Mac) with 3 species, that is, 0.53% while the other species of medium height (Mes), miniature (Mi) as well as transitory categories (Mes-Mec) are present with 2 species, that is, 0.35%. The most repre-sented are species which bloom in the summer and in the spring-summer period (a, v-a). Hydrophyta (Hyd) The life form of hydrophytes in the weed flora of Novi Sad are represented with 12 species, that is, 2.11%. Within this category, the most represented are rooted hydrophytes (Hyd rad) with 8 species, that is 1.41%, while flotant hydrophytes are represented with 3 species, that is, 0.53%. The most represented are species which bloom in the summer (a).

III. Phyto-geographic analysis

A plant-geographical analysis of the total synanthropic flora in the area of the town of Novi Sad included some 900 taxa. A research has recorded 109 adventive taxa of which 46 taxa were of an American origin, 22 came from Africa, 20 from Asia, 10 from the Mediterranean, and one taxon was Pontic and cryptogenic. Some 73 invasive species were recorded. Based on the separated weed flora which encompasses 568 species, aerial types with a number of species were recorded: the Eurasian aerial type with 276 representatives (48.95%), the Mediterranean-Sub Mediterranean with 36 representatives (6.34%), Pontic-South Siberian with 29 representatives (5.10%), Middle European with 77 (13.56%), Atlantic-Mediterranean with 5 (0.88%), circumpolar with 50 (8.8%), Cosmopolitan with 55 (9.68%) and 40 (7.42%) representatives of the adventive species of which 17 species and 4 which are not precisely defined originated from America, 6 species originated from Asia, 2 species were Mediterranean and one taxon was cryptogenic. Some 44 invasive species were recorded. According to research (Obradovi, Matanovi, 1986) the Mediterranean-Sub Mediterranean aerial type and adventive of Northern American origin were emphasized with the largest number of species which is in accordance with the Vojvodina flora period before World War 2 and especially the enriching of adventive species after World War 2. The composition was fairly heterogeneous and thus the imported plants were most often neophytic or ephemerophytic cultured plants or cultivated (ergasiophytes), or species frequently escaping from cultivation (ergasiophygophytes) or members of the Vojvodina flora (epicophytes) such as the species of the Amarantus genus (Obradovi and Matani, 1986). In the framework of our research of weed flora of Novi Sad, 8 aerial types were separated, which were then classified into aerial groups (Table 3).


Table 3. The review of aerial types in the weed flora of Novi Sad

Aerial types No of species Percentage (%)

Eurasian 276 48,59

Centar European 77 13,56

Cosmopolitan 55 9,68

Circumpolar 50 8,8

Adventive 40 7,42

Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean 36 6,34

Pontic- southern Siberian 29 5,1

Atlantic-Mediterranean 5 0,88

As a consequence of an intense anthropogenic influence during the last few decades, there have been significant changes which were headed in the direction of a ruderalization of flora, that is, an increasing of the number of adventive and cosmopolitan species which are the most important factors in the changing and enriching of the flora of Vojvodina. A significant participation of adventive and cosmopolitan aerial type is what characterizes ruderal flora as a whole as well as the ruderal flora on the territory of the town of Novi Sad.

DISCUSSION

The contemporary way of life and urbanization in large towns have resulted in frequent changes within habitats. The anthropogenic pressure on these kinds of habitats which has been present for centuries and is increasingly more intense in the modern age, has led to changes in the floral composition of plant communities of the ruderal flora. The arheophytes which arrived with the first farmers to new environments adapted to the new conditions on arable land from which they spread to cities without difficulty. Neotophytes with different life forms are urban habitats and a very diverse group of allochthonous flora which adapted well in towns. In Central Europe, 45% native species have been defined, as well as 16% arheophytes and 33% neotophytes (Lososova et al., 2011). One part of the imported flora which exists in towns was imported and cultivated as decorative in botanical gardens and parks and spread from an urban environment into a natural environment (uncultivated) while the other part was imported inadvertently. The first finding of the allochthonous weed species Iva xanthifolia imported into Vojvodina was revealed in 1966 (ajinovi and Koljadinski, 1966), on 4 locations in Novi Sad. Later data from 1973 (Koljadinski and ajinovi, 1973) indicates the spreading of these species in the area of Novi Sad as well as the new localities of Baka and Srem (ajinovi and Koljadinski, 1978). Slavni ascertains that Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. had appeared in Baka in 1958 when it was noted in the streets of Novi Sad. Panicum capillare L. was for the first time determined on the territory of Vojvodina in 1954, spreading until 1961 to the entire southwestern Baka (Slavni, 1962). In the flora of Novi Sad and the surroundings, similarly as in other regions of Vojvodina, constant changes of the floristic composition took place, which are reflected, on the one hand, on the withdrawing and disappearing of certain species, and on the other, in the enriching of the flora of the newly


imported adventive species. For an insight into the flora of Vojvodina, it is significant to record new species of a foreign origin. Based on research in the period 1972-1974, Ivkovi points to the spreading of aerial adventive species among which were the following: Ambrosia elatior L., Solidago giganthea var. serotina (Ait) Cronquist, Oxalis corniculata L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn, Panicum capillare L. and Oenothera depressa Gaertn. (Ivkovi, 1975). Based on the mentioned references, we can conclude that, the region of Vojvodina, not just due to its geographical position but also its agricultural character, is the most favorable for importing and spreading of weeds. The fact that in the flora of Vojvodina a great number of allochthonic species have been recorded goes in favor of this, along with the spreading of their aerials. After World War 2, the issue of the spreading of allochthonic species was researched by Slavni (1953, 1961), Atanackovi,1968 and others who in their papers presented floristic and ecological data on the newly imported species. Asclepias syriaca L. is cited by Atanackovi in 1958, which spread in the surroundings of Novi Sad from the cultures of honey plants, considering that they were imported as a culture. As a consequence of an intense and diverse impact of man, along with an increasingly developed trade of a wide international and intercontinental scope, today there is an increasingly more rapid spreading of weed species. The speed of the spreading of species shown in Vojvodina can surely be explained by a reduced competition in the phytocenosis of ruderal habitats, by optimal edaphic and microclimatic conditions of anthropogenic habitats for the germinating of seeds of plant species as well as the proximity of habitats to roads with mass transport. Also, their mass appearance can be explained by a similarity of climate conditions of the southeastern part of Europe, to which Vojvodina also partly belongs, with the climate of the habitation of the adventive kind. It is a fact that in Serbia there is an increase of frequency, intensity and duration of meteorological droughts, as a result of increased temperatures, decreased summer precipitation and a larger number of longer dry periods. These changes were followed by physical and biological indications of environmental changes, such as a prolonged vegetation season which conditioned an increased productivity of vegetation, especially thermophylic weed species which dominate in in Serbia, encompassing of the total number of weed species (Popovi, 2009). Weed plants indisputably serve as indicators of a certain type of habitat or point to a certain type of climate, especially in regards to a heat regimen (Kovaevi, 1959). The composition of the weed flora of a habitat changes depending on climate changes, the type of soil, the altitude, and it is also subject to seasonal changes so that biomonitoring, charting weeds with the aim to determine the diffusion and intensity of the representation of the dominant species is of a great significance - with the aim of determining new, invasive, resistant species (Stefanovi and associates, 2002). Weed plants have according to the heat factor a wider ecological valence and the temperature limits for seed germination are significantly more wide-ranging than with cultivated plants. In most cases they have the ability to be maintained in very wide margins of vacillation of ecological factors, and during changes of the external environment factors weed plants are, due to their wide ecological valence, able to adapt to newly occurring conditions, which are often not optimal. Connected with the spreading of ecological valence is also cosmopolitism, one of the features of weed plants and also a significant one which enables them a great expansion, due to the production of a huge amount of seeds and a great seed longevity which enables survival (Koji and associates, 1985). The allochthonous weed species which are represented in the flora of Novi Sad and widely spread in Europe are the following: Amaranthus retroflexus L. 1753, Amaranthus albus L. 1759, Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson 1877, Chenopodium ambrosioides L. 1753, Datura stramonium L. 1753, Erigeron annus (L.) Pers 1807, Juncus


tenuis Willd, 1799, Medicago sativa L. 1753, Oenothera biennis L. 1753, Panicum capillare L. 1753, Solidago canadensis L.1753, Veronica persica Poiret in Lam. 1808, Vicia sativa L. 1753, Lepidium virginicum L. 1753, Medicago sativa L. 1753 etc. (Pyek et al., 2009). The most represented genus of weed flora of Novi Sad is that which stresses the anthropogenic character of different ruderal habitats, these being Veronica, Chenopodium, Rumex, Ranunculus, Vicia, Bromus, Euphorbia. The most represented families of Novi Sad among which are the ruderal species of an urban environment, agricultural weeds as well as invasive species are the following: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae. The mentioned families are also represented in the other towns of Serbia and Europe which points to a wide transparency of weed species and their easy transporting and spreading. Life forms are determined by the climate and reflect the life conditions of the environment. Weed plant species can undoubtedly serve as indicators of a certain type of habitat or point to a certain kind of climate, especially in regards to the heat regimen. Based on an insight into weed flora, it is possible to carry out an assessment of the thermophylic character of habitats (Kovaevi, 1959:2). For all the tested towns in Serbia, references cite the hemicryptophytic-pterophytic character of the ruderal flora, which is also determined by our research. The dominant hemicryptophytic-pterophytic life form of weed flora was to be expected due to the biological traits of plants and the habitat conditions of the urban environment. The pterophytes forms are representative annual plants with a short vegetation period and a need for a great amount of light and heat and as such, they are suitable to be imported in urban environments and deserted areas and therefore they can be encountered in the very same environments. Along with pterophytes, the most numerous group of weed plants are represented by hemicryptophytes which, due to the heterogeneous habitat of Novi Sad, are spread widely starting from partly humid terrains to steppes, and also numerous are xerothermic communities on stony areas which belong to thermophylic fields and pastures (Dikli, 1984). The third in order according to the number of represented species are geophytes which make up an integral part of steppe vegetation and the vegetation of stony areas and among them are species which belong in dry habitats. The microclimate conditions of urban habitats increasingly suit the weed species of North American, Asian and Mediterranean origin which appear as the most represented in the weed flora of Novi Sad. Stress tolerance, pollution, water deficit resistance are the features of many foreign species which exist in the urban flora (Williams et al., 2009) and thus, due to a certain number of weeds, ruderal and adventive plants which have adapted and in some cases also evolved into special infraspecies taxa are considered to be a potential precondition of the decreasing biodiversity (Kneevi and associates, 1993). Some of the weed species which we consider as having disappeared from the territory of the town of Novi Sad and are now included in various referential data are Abutilon theophrasti, Adonis aestivalis, Antennaria dioica, Berula erecta, Caltha palustris, Crepis cappillaris,

Euphorbia palustris, Euphobia stricta, Glyceria fluitans, Glyceria maxima, Juncus tenuis,

Ononis arvensis, Rapistrum perenne and others. Monitoring weed species is a key factor in controlling and preventing of the spreading of species with a high degree of invasiveness.

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WEED SPECIES IN SYNANTROPIC FLORA OF NOVI SADGavrilovi, M.1, Rat, M.2, Boin, B.3, Anakov, G. 2, Boa, P. 2

1University Educons, Faculty of Environmental protection, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia

2University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Trg D. Obradovica 2, Novi Sad, Serbia

3University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Hajduk Veljkova 3, Novi Sad, Serbia

Corresponding e-mail: [email protected]

Novi Sad is located in an area with a concentrated agricultural production, a town which is also an

international river port and most favorable for importing and spreading of weeds. An analysis of the

number of weed flora species in individual biotope types of Novi Sad has pointed out that the largest

representation of weeds is in the group of artificial, grassy as well as coastal habitats.

INTRODUCTION

Ruderal or syntrophic flora and vegetation are the most dynamic floristic-vegetation complex and an integral part of antropogenic

environment. On one side the influence of antropogenic factors and on the other a variety of climate, topografic, geological and soil

characteristics contribute to highly pronounced diversity of a weed flora. The presence of antropogenic influences have crucial

importance of the emergence, development and distribution of ruderal flora and ruderal vegetation making the biotops very dynamic and

unstable habitats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The plant material was collected during the entire vegetation seasons of 2009 and 2010 at chosen

localities in Novi Sad (Klisa, Novo Naselje, the Industrial zones North and South, along the canal, along

the embankment, the Kej, trand).

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

Aste

race

ae

Poac

eae

Lam

iace

ae

Faba

ceae

Bras

sicac

eae

Scro

phul

aria

ceae

Apia

ceae

Chen

opod

iace

ae

Cype

race

ae

Polyg

onac

eae

Rosa

ceae

Bora

gina

ceae

Ranu

ncul

acea

e

Cary

ophy

llace

ae

Euph

orbi

acea

e

Graph 1. Percentage (%) of the representation of weed

flora families with more than ten taxa within the

framework of synanthropic flora of Novi Sad

Rod

Broj

takson

a %

Veronica 15 2,64

Carex 15 2,64

Chenopodium 13 2,29

Vicia 12 2,11

Euphorbia 12 2,11

Rumex 11 1,94

Bromus 10 1,76

Ranunculus 8 1,41

Polygonum 8 1,41

Vebascum 7 1,23

Poa 7 1,23

Centaurea 7 1,23

Amaranthus 7 1,23

H

A

B

I

T

A

T

S

Table 1. Percentage (%) of represented

genus of weed flora of Novi Sad

ivotna forma Broj vrsta %

Hemicryptophyta (H) 225 39,61

Therophyta (T) 183 32,22

Phanerophyta (Ph) 65 11,44

Geophyta (G) 46 8,10

Therophyta/Chamephyta

(TH) 17 2,99

Hydrophyta (H) 12 2,11

Scadentophyta (S) 11 1,94

Chamaephyta (Ch) 9 1,58

Ukupno 568 63,10

90%

4% 2%2% 2%T scap

T rept

T caesp

T scap H scap

T scap H bienn

Graph 3. Percentage (%) of representation

of life forms of therophyta of the weed flora

of Novi Sad with more than 5

representatives

57%17%

8%6%

5% 4% 3%H scap

H caesp

H bienn

H scap bienn

H rept

H ros

H scap perenn

Graph 2. Percentage (%) of represented life

forms of hemicryptophytes of the weed flora of

Novi Sad with more than 5 representatives

Table 3. The biological range of weed

flora in Novi Sad for basic life forms.

Aerial types Number of

species

Percen

tage

(%)

Eurasian 276 48,59

Centar European 77 13,56

Cosmopolitan 55 9,68

Circumpolar 50 8,8

Adventive 40 7,42

Mediterranean and

sub-Mediterranean

36 6,34

Pontic- southern

Siberian

29 5,1

Atlantic-

Mediterranean

5 0,88

I I Ecological analisis flora

I Taxonomic analysis of flora

III Phyto-geographic analysis

Table 2. The biological range of weed flora

in Novi Sad for basic life forms.

69%

31%

G rhiz

G bulb

Graph 4. Percentage (%) of representation of life forms of geophyte of weed flora of Novi Sad with more than 5 representatives

Project of city administration for environmental protection, Novi Sad

CONSLUSIONFor all the tested towns in Serbia, references cite

the hemicryptophytic-pterophytic character of the

ruderal flora, which is also determined by our

research. The mentioned families Asteraceae,

Poaceae, Fabaceae and Brassicaceae are also

represented in the other towns of Serbia and

Europe which points to a wide transparency of

weed species and their easy transporting and

spreading. The microclimate conditions of urban

habitats increasingly suit the weed species of North

American, Asian and Mediterranean origin which

appear as the most represented in the weed flora

of Novi Sad.

weed species in synantropic flora of novi sad

Documents

weed flora

plant species

native species

distribution of ruderal

introduction ruderal

proceedings weed species

synanthropic flora

university of novi sad