week 1 functions horizonation bb(1) (1)

CSS 205SOILS: SUSTAINABLE ECOSYSTEMSLecture - MWF 11AMPeavy 130Lab (8 sections) Monday 1-4Tuesday 9-12Tuesday 2-5Wednesday 1-4Location: ALS 0018 and ALS 0007

Where you are at this moment:

Who we are as of 9/23/11:N=165

James CassidyOffice ALS 3075Office Hours: Wednesday 12 2 or by appointmentPhone: 737-6810 or [email protected] Who I am as of 12/30/10:

Required MaterialsText book Elements of the Nature and Properties of Soils3 Texts are on reserve in Valley Library by course # CSS 205Lab Manual bookstoreNEED IT THIS WEEK! (like today?)

Calculator for labs and tests

Always available as a down load on BB Labs tab!

Optional Materials Optional/instead-of Text The Nature and Properties of Soils (Brady-Weil)(copy available in the stacks and on reserve at Valley Library) Lecture notes posted on BB (close, but not exact) 3-ring binder - for class-notes and lab manual, etc. Hand lens - (available in book store) Write-in the rain notebook - (available in book store)

Week 4, Lab 3 (Oct. 17 - 19) Field trip outdoorsBring: Rain gear, mud gear DRESS FOR IT!!! Plastic sheet/write-in-the-rain book Clip board

Course ContentLecture dont miss any!Reading assignments do it!Laboratory activities mandatoryService-Learning group projectCompost data collection

Laboratory8 labsPre-lab quiz 5 pts eachLab participation 10 pts eachPost-lab quiz 10 pts each1 full lab write-up (2 drafts) 100 ptsGrades posted weeklyish on blackboardLab is = ~40% of your grade

Labs meet in ALS 0007 and 0018

Campus WayLaboratoryALS 0018ALS 0007 (basement)Important Location InformationBombs AwayYou are here.Lecture Peavy 130

Service-Learning Group ProjectChoose a project that fits your schedule and interests you17+ projects to choose from!Soil pit workSustainable cemeteriesCompost and compost teaFarming and gardeningFungi!Burrowing arthropodsAnd much, much more!!!Produce a blog and present in lab final week of the term 100 pointsSign-up on BlackBoard ASAP first-come-first-serve

Compost ExperimentBuild 4 compost piles in a 2X2 experimental designDifferent materials (C:N)Turned and un-turned compost (Oxygen!)Individual data collection Temperature, pile height, smell, pH, etc.Sign-up for your data collection tour of duty! on BB ASAP! (do it by Friday and get 5 EC points!)

Lab Instructors EXPERTS!!!

Contact InfoOffice HoursOffice LocationShannon [email protected] Mon 10-11 and by aptALS 3028Art [email protected] TBATBAMyles [email protected] TBATBAJennifer [email protected] Tues 1-2and by aptALS 3132Kimberly [email protected] Wed 9-11ALS 0018Priscilla [email protected] Wed 12-2TBAJohn [email protected] Mon 10-11 and by aptALS 3028Jennifer [email protected] Mon 12-1ALS 3132

We depend on them for our survivalIntegral to ecosystem servicesThey are fascinating natural bodies with amazing propertiesthe final frontierIts where we come from our home Why soils are so greatWhy are soils so great?Integral - 1a: essential to completenessFascinating - 1: extremely interesting 2: transfixing, spellbindingHome 1a: ones place of residence

What is Soil?More than Dirt! Dirt isA filthy or soiling substance, such as mud or dust or Excrement. A squalid or filthy condition. One that is mean, contemptible, or vile. Obscene language or subject matter. Malicious or scandalous gossip. Information that embarrasses or accuses. Unethical behavior or practice; corruption.The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.2000.

ETYMOLOGY:Middle English, variant of drit, excrement, filth, mud, from Old Norse.Soil is good.In it we grow our food In it we grow our flowers It is where the trees come from and why they stand so tall It appears "lifeless" but it is really the giver of life There are a billion (or more!) critters who call the soil their home, yet we are aware of maybe a thousand The colorful appeal of different soils can be explained by chemistry Knowing about the soil allows you to predict, explain, interpret all kinds of things (as it's related to just about everything!)We build on it (and need to know it's properties) We build with it (and need to know it's properties) It can turn a toxic substance into a harmless substance (filtering, microbial degredation) It can tell a story of a thousand years ago (or longer!) It smells good (and we know why) It is a precious natural resource C. Banners OSU Soil Science Graduate Student

Iguassu Falls - Argentina

0102030405060708090100LithosphereBiosphere/HydrosphereAtmosphereMt. Everest29,141 ftSoil envelopeskin of the Earth

Aridisol

Soil is

an ecosystem onto itself; a, 4-dimentional complex habitatIntegral part of a larger ecosystem affecting both terrestrial and aquatic processesAbsolutely crucial for life on Earth

Integral - 1a: essential to completenessEcosystem the set of organisms living in an area, their physical environment, and the interactions between them (Daily 1997)Mollisol

1. Oribatid soil mite. The mite is magnified about 165 times (165x). 2. Symbiotic union between the fungal hyphae of the fleecy milk cap and the roots of an oak tree (13x). 3. Root aphid feeding on pineapple weed (22x). 4. Oak forest ant tending eggs (7x). 5. Nematodes (roundworms) feeding on roots (22x). 6. Leaf decomposition by bacteria and fungal hyphae, with a protozoan ciliate feeding on the bacteria (1500x). 7. Black widow spider tending an egg sac (2x). 8. Predacious horsefly larva and pupa (1.5x) Soil is a living thing

Soil is habitat!

Why study soil?World population is increasing rapidlyOnly 10% of the worlds land area is suitable for growing cropsMost of the most arable land is already in productionSoil quality is degrading world-widehttp://www.tranquileye.com/clock/

A nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1940s)

Soilis the fundamental & ultimate basis of wealth of every nation Louis Bromfield (1940s)

Why study soil?Because we have to . . .Got food? (6.6 b people and rising)A nation that destroys its soil, destroys itself Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1940s)Soilis the fundamental & ultimate basis of wealth of every nation Louis Bromfield (1940s)Because it is innately human to care about the place we live (Earth).

EarthThe rest of the universe

Soil Orders you already know!AridisolMollisol

Soil is habitat!

FahrenheitcmCompost Data!

Chapter 1Introduction to Soilshttp://www.azcentral.com/offbeat/articles/2011/09/16/20110916texas-puppy-rescued.html VertisolPuppy eater!

Ch. 1 Learning ObjectivesList the six (6) main functions of soil in an ecosystemIdentify and define the five (5) master soil horizonsLearn how to label those horizonsList the four (4) soil components and state key properties of each

6

functions154326Medium for plant growthRecycling of nutrients and OMHabitat for soil organismsWater supply & purificationEngineering mediumModifier of the atmosphere

Supports plant growthRecycles nutrients and waste

6 Vital functions of soil(s)Vital 1a: existing as a manifestation of life b: concerned with or necessary to the maintenance of life (~organs)

Vital functions of soil(s)Supports plant growthRecycles nutrients and wasteControls the flow and purity of waterProvides habitat for soil organisms

Soil is: a 4-dimensional, complex HABITAT!

BacteriaMicrofauna

!We just die in it!!Its their world!

Soil Animals micro, meso, macro

NematodesProtozoaMicrofauna

MitesSpringtailsMesofauna

Other invertebratesMesofaunapseudoscorpion

WormsVoles!Macrofauna

Ant lionEastern Oregon hwy 126 just down the slope30 miles from SistersAndisol(?)Angle of repose

Vital functions of soil(s)Supports plant growthRecycles nutrients and wasteControls the flow and purity of waterProvides habitat for soil organismsFunctions as a building material/basehttp://www.eartharchitecture.org/

Read more - http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/793432.stm

Barn SwallowHirundo rusticaCliff SwallowPetrochelidon pyrronota

6th function of soilModifier of the atmosphereAtmospheric regulation gas exchange NitrogenCarbon

6

functions154326Medium for plant growthRecycling of nutrients and OMHabitat for soil organismsWater supply & purificationEngineering mediumModifier of the atmosphere

Proposed 7th function of soilInformation storage medium2400 BCEDNA preserved, ancient living repositoryThe Cave of Forgotten DreamsNOW at the Darkside (The Cave of Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc) See it! short write-up (by next Friday)5 pts EC

What is Soil?

Soil is a self-organizing natural body

Units of Study / Terms to KnowSoil profile a vertical section of the soil through all its horizons Soil horizon a layer of soil that differs in properties and characteristics from adjacent layers

Solum the upper and most weathered part of the soil profile & most biologically active; the A, E, and B horizons

Regolith loose earth materials above solid rock; roughly equivalent to soil Can you stick a fork into it?

Parent material chemically weathered material from which soil forms

Bedrock solid rock Terms to Know continued(Saprolite a regolith that has weathered in-place from underlying bedrock)

MollisolSoil profile & Soil horizonsAABB

ArgialbollSoil profile & Soil horizonsAB1B2E

Aridisol

Soil profile & Soil horizonsABkCR

SpodosolSoil profile & Soil horizonsABshE

AndisolSoil profile & Soil horizons

Genetic horizon labels - the master horizons

Read chapter 2 BEFORE Mondays lecture

No Lab next week!

Start learning the 12 soil orders now Page through chapter 3 - View daily 2 links!http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/soil_systems/soil_orders_p1.htmlhttp://soils.ag.uidaho.edu/soilorders/index.htm

Wanna help plant legume seeds at the Compost Observatory? TODAY, right after class! Walk over with me after class and I will show you what to do!Take about 15-30 minutes.Announcements

Pickle Power TONIGHT!!! get your pickle on!OSU Organic Growers Club grew, harvested, fermented, and now canning pickles!!!5:30pm - Wiegand Hall http://oregonstate.edu/campusmap/ Pilot Plant

Generation Organic- Thursday, Oct. 6 11-1Free cheese and milk!OSU Quad red brick mallExtra Credit talk2-3:30 ALS4001 attend, write it up for up to 5 EC points!

Announcements

Free Cheese!Thursday Rocktober 6thOrganic ValleyRed brick mallFree Milk, Free CheeseFree Young hot farmers!GET ON THE BUS BABE!!!Thursday11:00-1:00MU QUADGeneration Organic Baby!!11:00-1:00MU QUAD

This Saturday!Soil-pit Maintenance and Deep Immersion Learning #1 Date/time: 1, 4-hour period Saturday, October 1st 12-4pmLocation: (transportation provided) meet at ALS Loading dock

This Sunday!Soil-pit Maintenance and Deep Immersion Learning #2 Date/time: 1, 4-hour period Sunday, October 2nd 12-4pmLocation: (transportation provided) meet at ALS Loading dock

Service Learning Projects 100 points!

What is Soil?

Soil Orders you already know!AridisolMollisol

2 more Soil Orders you already know!AndisolVertisolPuppy eater!

And yet another Soil Order you already know!Spodosol

O

A

E

B

C

RThe 5 Master horizonsKnow these cold..surface horizon made of Organic mattersurface horizon, mineral soil high in organic mattersubsurf. horizon light in color due to leaching, site of eluviation processessubsurface horizon, clay accumulation etc. site of illuviation processessubstratum, least weathered (and deepest) of all the soil horizons parent materialbedrocksub-soiltop soil

A soil profileO horizonE horizonR

O horizon Degree of decomposition of organic materialOiOeOa

A horizonApAb

identifiable (recognizable) material (L)Intermediate decomposition (F)Highly decomposed (almost all gone)(H)plowed surfaceburied surfaceSubscripts: Label subordinate horizons - Indicate processes occurring within horizons

AndisolSoil profile & Soil horizons

More SubscriptsB horizons

BtBg BkBs

Bh BwBoclay accumulationsgleying (very wet climates)carbonates (dry climates)humus (high organic content)translocated sequioxide accumulations (iron, aluminum oxides, red/yellow)in situ distinctive colorations weak developmentresidual oxides red color, tropical soils

BgBkBhsBk

OxisolsVery-fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic EutrotorroxBo

Last One (whew) and RulesC horizon

CrCk

saprolite (highly weathered rock)carbonates Subscript Rules- rarely use more than three- t (almost) always first

Examples: Btg, Cr, Bw, Ap, . . .

Transition horizons and subdivisions within master horizonsMore on horizons and subscripts? http://clic.cses.vt.edu/soils/basicsoils/Soil%20Horizons%202006.pdf

ExamplesForestOEBhsCA

Soil is habitat!

B BacteriaA ActinomycetesMy MycorrhizaeH Saprophitic fungusN NematodeCP Ciliate protozoaFP Flagellate protozoaM Mite

< 1mm1/10 mmSoil is a living thing!Not a chemical sponge!

SoilA 4-dimentional, complex habitatSelf organizing natural bodyA living thing!

?(5)3 things

What is Soil?

Minerals Organic matter WaterAir

Soil has four components

The four components of soil:

Mineral componentMakes up less than 50% of a soilVaries in chemical compositionContains particles of several size ranges (small to really really small), Sand, Silt, Clay.

SandSiltClay

Mineral componentMakes up less than 50% of a soilVaries in chemical compositionContains particles of several size ranges (small to really really small)Depends on the underlying geology/bedrock

Organic matter - OMSmall constituent by weight, but huge influence on soil propertiesSOIL GLUE.

Made up of partially decomposed plant & animal residues + organic compounds synthesized by soil microbes

A TRANSITORY component of soilsOni

Functions of Organic MatterStructure - Stabilizes soil structure,making soil easily managed SOIL GLUE!

2.Water holding capacity - Increases the amount of water a soil can hold (and its availability to plants)

3.Nutrients for plants -Major source

4. Main food/energy for soil organisms

What is Organic Matter?Carbon and Energy!!!What is the answer?Add Organic Matter!!!

Soil WaterHeld to varying degrees depending on amount of water and pore size

Not all soil water is available to plantsTemporal and spatial variability

Soil Air1. High spatial variability

2. High temporal variability

3. High moisture content (Rh 100%)

4. High CO2 content

5. Low O2 contentNot expressly covered in the class

How did this rock get here?

Lake AllisonMaps Showing Inundation Depths, Ice-Rafted Erratics, and Sedimentary Facies of Late Pleistocene Missoula Floods in the Willamette Valley, OregonBy J. M. Minervini, J. E. O'Connor, and R.E. Wellshttp://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-408/

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/megaflood/

Stev OminskiColumbia Gorge

Stev OminskiDry Falls

Stev OminskiPalouse Canyon

Touchet beds exposed in Burlingame Canyon south of Lowden, these rhythmic beds were deposited in a series of glacial outburst floods across eastern Washington, where the floods backed up behind the a ridge of the Olympic-Wallowa Lineament

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/megaflood/

Stev Ominski

How did this rock get here?Look! Students getting extra credit, gaining experience with the universe, and passing it on to the next generation!Click here for more infohttp://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_135.php

Erratic Rock State Natural Site - Off OR 18, 6 mi. E of Sheridan, along Oldsville Road.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/megaflood/scablands.html Explore scablandshttp://hugefloods.com/ more about Missoula floods

Chapter 2Factors of Soil Formation

Ch. 2 Learning ObjectivesList the five (5) factors of soil formation and describe how each influences soil development

Interpret soil profiles in relation to the five soil-forming factors

Give an example of how the study of soil genesis can be used to interpret the history of a landscape

The five factors of soil formationClimateOrganismsTopography/reliefParent MaterialTimeSoil = f(cl,o,r,p,t)Parent Material

**************Scientifically we are increasingly gaining a perspective on how integrated soils are into all earth systems. I cant think of a single resource-based topic that doesnt have some connection with soils. If you are interested in the environment, you couldnt start at a better place. (geeze I wish I had taken more soils classes) Soils are totally fundamental for understanding life on earth.

Facinating natural bodiesSoils are just fun to study and relate to so many other things VAST WORLD TO UNDERSTANDYou really cant go wrong studying soils (How I got invovled in soils typical)Diverse students come to soil science (and pretty cool people in general) Fun to teach tooFinal FrontierThere is just some much to discoverThey are vastThey are underground and mysterious

Where we come fromLiterally. Hypotheses that life on the planet had its start in clay filmsWe have a complex association with them debatable that we may literally come from them, no debate that they sustain us and are our ultimate resting placeinnately we know they are our home

*Look at this photograph of surface soil. Do you see anything unusual about it. Would you expect to be able to plant a tree and have it successfully grow?

I will note that this soil is minerologically identical to that below your feet.

However, this soil is missing two very necessary ingredients, and thus cant sustain plant life.

To help us identify what it is missing we need to take a slightly wider angle perspective of the area where it is found.*Thats right, the moon has the same minerological composition as you would find in an andesite type soil. However, it is missing air and water.

Why?*If we look at both the earth and the moon from space we find that the Earth is much larger, four times the diameter of the moon.

Because of its larger mass the earth has a much greater gravitational field and is able to keep atmospheric gases from evaporating into space, unlike the moon.

Gravity 83% less than the Earths 175lbs would weigh ~32lbs!

In addition, the earth is just close enough to the sun that water stays preferably in a liquid state. Where it as close to the sun as Venus, all liquid water would be turned into vapor, if it were as far as Mars, liquid water would not exist, either since it would all be frozen. *If we take a closer look at the surface of the earth we find that because of this combination of water and air, the earth is able to sustain an abundant variety of plant and animal life, making the earth a far more hospitable planet than the any other in our solar system.*

Skin of the earth

An edge on view of the earth from space gives a good impression of the thinness of the atmosphere on which all this abundant life depends. In fact, if you could drive straight up you would get to the top of the atmosphere about the same time as it would take you to get to Marys Peak.

Below the surface of the earth is the Lithosphere, the region above the surface is commonly refered to the Atmosphere.

Overlapping these two regions is the place Where all weather occurs,Where it rains, rivers flow, and water soaks into the groundGroundwater flows back out as springs, seeps and into riversAnd whole cities pump water from the undergroundThis region is called the hydrosphere

Predicting the behavior of the hydrosphere on a global perspective is extremely difficult. Difficult enough that even at a regional level, weather forecast cant be predicted with any accuracy beyond a three day window.*Habitat, 3 dimensional, complex, more life in the soil by any measure (mass, diversity, number of organisms, etc.) than any other habitat.*The interactive behavior of life at the microscopic is no simpler. A web of microscopic organisms, plant life and animal life, consume water, change the chemical characteristics of the water and change the environment within which water moves.

For example, roots create channels within the soil that are capable of sending contaminated water much more rapidly to ground water aquifers than if the soil were not perforated with roots, yet, roots absorb water and may be able to keep it from reaching the groundwater system.*Thats right, the moon has the same minerological composition as you would find in an andesite type soil. However, it is missing air and water.

Why?***A devastating earthquake virtually levelled the historic heart of Bam which was one of the wonders of Iran's cultural heritage, boasting a 2000-year-old citadel that was the largest mud-brick structure in the world. Built entirely of mud bricks, clay, straw and the trunks of palm trees, the city's old quarter dates from pre-Islamic times, although most of the monuments were from Iran's modern heyday under the Safavid rulers of the 16th and 17th centuries. 20,000 feared dead in the collapse of buildings in the city. http://www.eartharchitecture.org/*A devastating earthquake virtually levelled the historic heart of Bam which was one of the wonders of Iran's cultural heritage, boasting a 2000-year-old citadel that was the largest mud-brick structure in the world. Built entirely of mud bricks, clay, straw and the trunks of palm trees, the city's old quarter dates from pre-Islamic times, although most of the monuments were from Iran's modern heyday under the Safavid rulers of the 16th and 17th centuries. 20,000 feared dead in the collapse of buildings in the city. http://www.eartharchitecture.org/**********A devastating earthquake virtually levelled the historic heart of Bam which was one of the wonders of Iran's cultural heritage, boasting a 2000-year-old citadel that was the largest mud-brick structure in the world. Built entirely of mud bricks, clay, straw and the trunks of palm trees, the city's old quarter dates from pre-Islamic times, although most of the monuments were from Iran's modern heyday under the Safavid rulers of the 16th and 17th centuries. 20,000 feared dead in the collapse of buildings in the city. http://www.eartharchitecture.org/***Conference on soil engineers**Yah but, what is soil?

What is this miracle substance known as soil?*Soil is a natural body that develops over time from rock, sediment, and organic matter.Its a relatively thin layer that covers the surface of the earth The excited skin of the earth

One way to think about it is

*Yah but, what is soil?

What is this miracle substance known as soil?***Habitat, 3 dimensional, complex, more life in the soil by any measure (mass, diversity, number of organisms, etc.) than any other habitat.*Yah but, what is soil?

What is this miracle substance known as soil?*This 40-ton rock was deposited during a prehistoric flood. Other than this specimen, rocks of this type are only found in Canada. It was carried here on a iceberg during an Ice Age some 20,000 years ago, probably by way of the Columbia River. The rock was deposited when the ice melted. Attractions - This is the largest glacial erratic found in the Willamette Valley. The trail to the rock provides an excellent view of Willamette Valley vineyards. Vital Stats: There is no fee to use this park. Recreation - Opportunities for recreation at this site include hiking, viewing interpretive signs, and viewing scenery. Climate - Climate in this region changes with elevation. The area receives a high amount of precipitation. Much of the precipitation comes from October to April in the form of rain at the low elevations and as wet heavy snow in the higher elevations. Winter temperatures are normally cool at the lower elevations and cold at the higher elevations. Although snow is possible in the lowest elevations, it is infrequent and does not stay on the ground for long. Late spring, summer and early autumn bring the best chance for clear, sunny days and bring moderate temperatures. Location - Erratic Rock is located in the Willamette Valley, six miles east of Sheridan off Oregon Highway 18.Park along Oldsville Road off of Highway 18 to reach this park. From Oldsville Road, you'll need to walk up a short paved path to the rock itself. The trail becomes steep briefly as you near the rock. *

http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of03-408/

It has been called Glacial Lake Allison, after geologist Allison who studied it first.

2500 cubic Killometers of water rushing (2000 foot drop in the first 70 miles!)Max flow est. 20 million m3/sec

*This 40-ton rock was deposited during a prehistoric flood. Other than this specimen, rocks of this type are only found in Canada. It was carried here on a iceberg during an Ice Age some 20,000 years ago, probably by way of the Columbia River. The rock was deposited when the ice melted. Attractions - This is the largest glacial erratic found in the Willamette Valley. The trail to the rock provides an excellent view of Willamette Valley vineyards. Vital Stats: There is no fee to use this park. Recreation - Opportunities for recreation at this site include hiking, viewing interpretive signs, and viewing scenery. Climate - Climate in this region changes with elevation. The area receives a high amount of precipitation. Much of the precipitation comes from October to April in the form of rain at the low elevations and as wet heavy snow in the higher elevations. Winter temperatures are normally cool at the lower elevations and cold at the higher elevations. Although snow is possible in the lowest elevations, it is infrequent and does not stay on the ground for long. Late spring, summer and early autumn bring the best chance for clear, sunny days and bring moderate temperatures. Location - Erratic Rock is located in the Willamette Valley, six miles east of Sheridan off Oregon Highway 18.Park along Oldsville Road off of Highway 18 to reach this park. From Oldsville Road, you'll need to walk up a short paved path to the rock itself. The trail becomes steep briefly as you near the rock.

week 1 functions horizonation bb(1) (1)

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