week 1-human body orientation(1)

5/26/2018 Week 1-Human Body Orientation(1)

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ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY

The Human Body Orientation

(Week 1)


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Learning Outcomes

By the end of this topic, you should be able to

Identify four basic types of tissues (epithelial,connective, nervous and muscular tissues)

Describe the biomechanics of homeostatic control

systems.

Discuss the regulation of body temperature, glucose,

and calcium levels in blood as examples of negative

feedback.


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The Human Body An Orientation

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomystudy of the structure

and shape of the body and its parts Physiology study of how the body

and its parts work or function


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Anatomy Levels of Study


Gross Anatomy

Large structures

Easily observable

Figure 1.1


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Anatomy Levels of Study


Microscopic Anatomy

Very small

structures Can only be

viewed witha microscope

Figure 14.4


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Levels of Structural Organization

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 1.1


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The Language of Anatomy


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The Language of Anatomy


Special terminology is used to preventmisunderstanding

Exact terms are used for: Position

Direction

Regions

Structures


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Orientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1


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Orientation and Directional Terms


Table 1.1 (cont)


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Body Landmarks


Anterior

Figure 1.5a


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Body Landmarks


Posterior

Figure 1.5b


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Body Planes


Figure 1.6


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Body Cavities


Figure 1.7


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Abdominopelvic Major Organs


Figure 1.8c


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Organ System

Overview


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Organ System Overview


Integumentary

Forms the external body

covering

Protects deeper tissuefrom injury

Synthesizes vitamin D

Location of cutaneousnerve receptors

Figure 1.2a


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Skeletal

Protects and supports bodyorgans

Provides muscle attachmentfor movement

Site of blood cell formation

Stores minerals

Figure 1.2b


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Muscular

Allows locomotion

Maintains posture

Produces heat

Figure 1.2c


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Nervous

Fast-acting control

system

Responds to internal and

external change

Activates muscles andglands

Figure 1.2d


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Endocrine

Secretes regulatoryhormones

Growth

Reproduction

Metabolism

Figure 1.2e


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Cardiovascular

Transports materials in

body via blood pumped byheart

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Nutrients

Wastes

Figure 1.2f


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Lymphatic

Returns fluids to bloodvessels

Disposes of debris

Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g


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Respiratory

Keeps bloodsupplied withoxygen

Removes carbondioxide

Figure 1.2h


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Digestive

Breaks down food

Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood

Eliminates indigestiblematerial

Figure 1.2i


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Urinary

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

Maintains acid base balance

Regulation of materials

Water

Electrolytes

Figure 1.2j


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Reproductive

Production

of offspring

Figure 1.2k


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Microscopic Anatomy


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Body Tissues


Cells are specialised for particular functions Tissues

Groups of cells with similar structure and

functionFour primary types

Epithelium

Connective tissueNervous tissue

Muscle


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Epithelial Tissues


Functions

Protection: Skin & respiratory tractepitheliums.

Absorption: Small intestine epithelium.

Filtration:Kidney epithelium absorbs &filters.

Secretion:Salivary epithelium.


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Classification of Epithelium


Number of cell layers

Simpleone layer

Stratified more thanone layer


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Classification of Epithelium


Shape of cells

Squamousflattened

Cuboidalcube-shaped

Columnar

column-like

Figure 3.16b


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Simple Epithelium


Simple squamous

Single layer of flat cells

Usually formsmembranes

Lines body cavities

Lines lungs and

capillaries

Figure 3.17a

Simple squamousepithelium (arrow) linesthe glomerulus.


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Simple Epithelium


Simple cuboidal

Single layer ofcube-like cells

Common in glandsand their ducts

Forms wallsof kidney tubules

Covers the ovaries

Figure 3.17b

Simple cuboidal epithelium isfound in the collecting ductin the kidney.


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Simple Epithelium


Simple columnar

Single layer of tall

cells Often includes

goblet cells, whichproduce mucus

Lines digestive tract

Figure 3.17c

Simple columnar epitheliumlines the gall bladder


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Simple Epithelium


Pseudostratified

Single layer, but some

cells are shorter thanothers

Often looks like a doublecell layer

Sometimes ciliated, suchas in the respiratory tract

May function in absorptionor secretion

Figure 3.17d

The pseudostratified columnarepithelium of the trachea is ciliatedand has goblet cells.


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Stratified Epithelium


Stratified squamous

Cells at the free edge are

flattened

Found as a protectivecovering where friction iscommon

Locations Skin

Mouth

Esophagus

Figure 3.17e


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Stratified Epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Shape of cells depends uponthe amount of stretching

Lines organs of the urinarysystem

Figure 3.17f


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Connective Tissue


Functions

Binds body tissues together

Supports the body

Provides protection

Extracellular matrix

Non-living material that surrounds living cells

Forms a packaging tissue around organs to bearweight, protect and support the organ.


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Extracellular Matrix


Two main elements

Ground substancemostly water along withadhesion proteins (attach to fibers) and

charged polysaccharide molecules (trapswater- gel hard consistency)

Fibers

Produced by the cells


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Connective Tissue Types


Bone

Composed of:

Bone cells in lacunae

(cavities)

Hard matrix of calcium salts

Large numbers of collagenfibers

Used to protect and support thebody

Figure 3.18a


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Hyaline carti lage

Most common cartilage Composed of:

Abundant collagenfibers

Rubbery matrix Entire fetal skeleton is

hyaline cartilageFigure 3.18b


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Fibrocart i lage

Highly compressible

Example: formscushion-like discs

between vertebrae

Figure 3.18c


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Dense connective tissue

Main matrix element is

collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts

Examples

Tendonattach muscle

to bone

Ligaments attach boneto bone

Figure 3.18d


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Adipose tissue

Matrix is a tissue in which fat globulespredominate

Many cells containlarge lipid deposits

Functions

Insulates the body

Protects some organs Serves as a site of

fuel storage

Figure 3.18f


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Muscle Tissue


Function is to produce movement

Three typesSkeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle


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Muscle Tissue Types


Skeletal musc le

Can be controlledvoluntarily

Cells attach toconnective tissue

Cells are striated

Cells have more thanone nucleus Figure 3.19b


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Muscle Tissue Types


Cardiac muscle

Found only in the heart

Function is to pumpblood (involuntary)

Cells attached to othercardiac muscle cells atintercalated disks

Cells are striated

One nucleus per cell

Figure 3.19c


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Muscle Tissue Types


Smooth musc le

Involuntary muscle

Surrounds hollow organs

Attached to other smoothmuscle cells

No visible striations

One nucleus per cell

Figure 3.19a


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Nervous Tissue


Neurons and nervesupport cells

Function is to sendimpulses to other areasof the body

Irritability

Conductivity

Figure 3.20


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Tissue Repair


Regenerat ion

Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind ofcells

Fibrosis

Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scart issue)

Determination of method Type of tissue damaged

Severity of the injury


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Regeneration of Tissues


Tissues that regenerate easily

Epithelial tissue

Fibrous connective tissue and bone

Tissues that regenerate poorly

Skeletal muscle

Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue Cardiac muscle

Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord


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Homeostasis


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Homeostasis


Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a

dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body

functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance a disturbance in homeostasis

resulting in disease


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Maintaining Homeostasis



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Calcitonin


Decreasesblood calciumlevels bycausing its

deposition onbone

Figure 9.9 Pg 310


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Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar


Figure 9.14 Pg 317


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Body

TemperatureRegulation


Figure 14.21 Pg 489

F db k M h i


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Feedback Mechanisms


Negative feedback

Includes most homeostatic control

mechanisms

Shuts off the original stimulus, or reducesits intensity

Works like a household thermostat

F db k M h i


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Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback

Increases the original stimulus to push thevariable farther

In the body this only occurs in blood clottingand birth of a baby

week 1-human body orientation(1)

Documents

human body orientation1

pearson education

body landmarkscopyright

body planescopyright

body cavitiescopyright

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