WEEK 11 JOURNAL 42 Answer the following questions: How did the Soviet launch of

Sputnik I affect relations between the US and Soviet Union?

Why would the US get concerned if Cuba began to align (be friends with)

itself with the Soviet Union?

CHAPTER 20

THE NEW FRONTIER AND THE GREAT SOCIETY

SECTION 1KENNEDY AND THE COLD

WAR

CAUSES FOR CONCERN

Economic recession Soviet launched Sputnik I Soviet developed long

range missiles 1960 U-2 incident Cuba aligned with the SU

ELECTION OF 1960 Kennedy – Democrat Nixon – Republican Two factors decided the race

Debate Televised

Civil Rights Martin Luther King Jr.

KENNEDY TAKES OFFICE Very concerned

Soviet alliances and spread of communism

Republican policy of massive retaliation Soviets had nuclear weapons and missiles

Kennedy’s alternative Flexible response

FLEXIBLE RESPONSE Other options for defense

Boosted conventional military forces

Created Special ForcesGreen Berets

Tripled US nuclear capabilities

INCREASED DEFENSESPENDING

JANUARY 3, 1961

Eisenhower cut off diplomatic relations with Cuba

This is days before Kennedy’s inauguration

FIDEL CASTRO

Revolutionary leader of Cuba Promised to set up a

democracy if the US would help to overthrow Cuban Dictator Batista

Castro came to power in 1959

CUBAN DILEMMA Oil refineries Commercial farms / communes US trade barriers Putting Castro’s reforms in

place Soviets and political repression

Cubans take sides….. 10% become exiles

BAY OF PIGS INVASION Summer of 1960 Eisenhower

gave CIA permission…. Kennedy found out about

operation 9 days after election April 17, 1961

1,400 Cuban exiles landed Nothing went right!!!!!!

•Kennedy took blame for the mess

•Paid Castro $53 million in food and medical supplies.

•Negotiated for release of surviving commandos.

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS Khrushchev pledged to defend

Cuba Summer of 1962 Soviet weapons to Cuba

increased Nuclear

Kennedy’s response October 14 – U-2 photos

Kennedy’s speech Any attack from Cuba…. Next six days Soviet ships turned Khrushchev’s offer Kennedy agreed

Khrushchev and Kennedy

Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis Hurt Khrushchev Hurt Kennedy somewhat Democrats were blamed for

loosing Cuba Castro closed doors to exiles

1962 to 1965 Many Cubans fled to join families in Miami

BERLIN CRISIS 1961 West Berlin – East Berlin

Residents fledShowed failure of communist E.

Khrushchev wanted to close all access roads to W. Berlin

Kennedy refused Khrushchev’s solution – seal border

BERLIN WALL

Ended the crisis but aggravated Cold War tensions.

EASING TENSIONS April 1963 – hotline

established US-SU White House to Kremlin

Limited Test Ban Treaty Banned nuclear testing in the atmosphere US-SU

SECTION 2

THE NEW FRONTIER

THE CAMELOT YEARS Name given to the Kennedy years Grace, elegance, wit…art, culture Country was fascinated by the First

Family 1,600 words a minute Young intellectuals – Mc George

Bundy, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, Robert Kennedy

THE NEW FRONTIER Kennedy’s legislative agenda Had trouble putting his plan in

action Congress would not pass

programs Medical care for aged Rebuild urban areas Aid for education

Kennedy did not have a popular mandate

He was, however, successful in getting to pass some programs. Economy National defense International aid Massive space program

STIMULATING THE ECONOMY US was in a recession and

unemployment was up to 6% Used deficit spending to put

money back into economy (ND) Gave people a tax cut Government was spending

more money than it received!!!!

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE

Got almost 20% of budget increase Flexible response…

INTERNATIONAL AID

Peace Corps – campaign promise Volunteer assistance for developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Alliance for Progress Offered economic and technical assistance to help Latin American countries improve their living conditions

Intended somewhat to stopCastro from spreading ideas to other Latin American countries.

SPACE PROGRAM April 12, 1961 – SU – Vostok

First manned spaceship Kennedy and Congress

supported landing a man on moon before decade was over NASA started to build new facilities at Cape Canaveral and Houston

1961 – Alan Shepard – Brief flight - no orbit

February 20, 1962 – John Glenn Orbited Earth 3 times

1962 – Telstar Communication satellite

TV pictures from Maine to Europe

July 20, 1969 – Neil Armstrong First man on the moon

EFFECTS OF SPACE PROGRAM

Better education Advances in computers New industries developed Rapid growth in south and

west

NEW DOMESTIC AGENDA

Harrington – “The Other America” 42 million – Less than $1,000

Kennedy redirected his focus to address the poor and civil rights issues

APPROVAL RATING Almost 60 % supported

Kennedy November 22, 1963 Air Force One landed in Dallas

Mend fences Warm reception

LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON

Took office aboard Air Force One

LEE HARVY OSWALD

Charged with the murder Palm print was on the rifle 24 years old Former marine – dishonorable

discharge

Lived in SU – Castro supporter

JACK RUBY

November 24, 1963 Shot and killed Oswald

November 25, 1963 Kennedy’s Funeral

WEEK 11 JOURNAL 43

Copy the following:There will be at least one Hot Topic Quiz

each week until the State Test on December 5.

Answer the following:What are the major issues Kennedy

addressed during his administration?

WARREN COMMISSION Headed by Chief Justice Earl

Warren Investigate assassination

Concluded that :Oswald killed KennedyProbably acted alone

1979 CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE

Reinvestigated assassination Concluded that :

Oswald probably killed Kennedy

He acted in a conspiracy with unknown others

Possibly 2 others fired at Kennedy

MANY DIFFERENT THEORIES

Plot by anti-Castro Cubans Communist sponsored

attack Conspiracy by the CIA

Led by Johnson

Americans learned that the US system of government was very sturdy in a crisis

Smooth transition from Kennedy to Johnson

SECTION 3

THE GREAT SOCIETY

FROM TEXAS TO CAPITOL HILL

Elected in 1937 to House of Representatives

FDR liked his style / became friends 1948 – elected to Senate 1955 – became Senate majority

leader As congressman he was very good

at persuading others to his view

Kennedy liked Johnson’s approach and his connections

CIVIL RIGHTS OF 1957

A voting rights act First civil rights legislation

passed since reconstruction (1875)

JOHNSON TAKES OFFICE Continued Kennedy’s tax cut

and civil rights bills Feb. 1964 – Tax cut bill passed

Stimulated the consumer spending which led to profits for corporations which gave more tax $ to the government to help cut the deficit from 6 billion to 4 billion

CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964

Passed July of 1964 Prohibited discrimination in public facilities based on race, religion, national origin, or gender

Gave Federal Government power to enforce it

JOHNSON’S WAR ON POVERTY Also read “The Other America” Early in ‘64 he declared war on

poverty August of ‘64 Congress passed Economic Opportunity Act

ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT

Established the following Job Corps

Youth training programs VISTA –

volunteers in service to America Head Start

Educational programs for underprivileged preschoolers

Community Program Encouraged poor to participate in public works

1964 ELECTION Johnson – Democrat – liberal – did

not want involvement in Vietnam Campaign commercials

A girl picking daisy petals fading into a mushroom of bomb smoke

Johnson won in a landslide Democrats also won majority in

Congress – easier to pass his agenda

THE GREAT SOCIETY Johnson’s programs From 1965 to 1966 Johnson’s

administration introduced many bills to congress

By 1969 Congress has passed 206 of Johnson’s bills

Most, Johnson worked to pass himself

POVERTY Medical Care Act of 1965 Established :

MedicareMedical care for Americans 65 and up

MedicaidMedical care for the needy

CITIES Department of Housing and

Urban Development (HUD) Congress appropriated $ to build low rent public housing and help low-moderate income families pay for better public housing

ROBERT WEAVER

Secretary of HUD FIRST AFRICAN – AMERICAN CABINET MEMBER - EVER

EDUCATION Elementary and Secondary

Education Act of 1965 Provided more than 1 billion $$$ in federal aid for textbooks and library supplies

First major federal aid package for education in US history

DISCRIMINATION

Immigration Act of 1965 Established a quota system for immigrants

No more than 20,000 from any one country

ENVIRONMENT Water Quality Act of 1965

Required states to clean up rivers

Air Quality Act of 1967 Set federal air pollution guidelines and extended federal enforcement power

CONSUMER ADVOCACY Truth in Packing Act of 1966 Set standards for labeling

consumer goods

RALPH NADER – young lawyer that criticized auto industry for not including safety features

ADD THESE TO THE OUTLINE

National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act – 1966 Set federal safety standards for Auto and tire industries

Department of Transportation Created to deal with national air, rail, and highway transportation

22nd Amendment – Passed by congress in 1947 – ratified in 1951

Limited presidential terms Can be elected to no more than two four year terms Can serve up to ten years if finishing out previous

president’s term

23rd Amendment – Passed congress in 1960 – ratified 1961

District of Colombia has the right to vote for president and vice-president.

24th AMENDMENT

1964 Eliminated the poll tax

VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 Dropped the literacy test to vote

REFORMS OF THE WARREN COURT

Wave of liberal decisions starting with Brown v. Board of Ed. (1954)

Banned prayer in public schools Declared state required loyalty

oaths unconstitutional Limited communities power to

censor books and films

One more Warren Reform

Extended freedom of speech to include symbolic speech Wearing black armbands to protest the war

REAPPORTIONMENT Redrawing of district lines to

compensate for population shifts From rural areas to urban areas

Several court cases were involved Baker v. Carr Reynolds v. Sims

RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED

Many cases had an impact on these changes

MAPP V. OHIO

1961 Evidence seized illegally

could not be used

GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT

1963 Required criminal courts to

provide free legal council for the accused if they could not afford it

ESCOBEDO V. ILLINOIS

1964 The accused had the right

to have their lawyer present when questioned

MIRANDA V. ARIZONA 1966 All suspects must be read their

rights (MIRANDA RIGHTS) You have the right to remain

silent…… Very debated - Liberals praised it

Conservatives criticized it

IMPACT OF THE GREAT SOCIETY

Was the nation better or worse? New awareness of social problems

Civil rights Poverty

War on poverty worked – number of poor feel (25% in ‘62 to 11% in 73)

MORE IMPACT Tax cut stimulated economy Funding Great Society caused a

budget deficit (lasted for more than 3 decades)

Conservative backlash began to develop – Ronald Regan was elected governor of California – 1966

Vietnam War took funds away from the Great Society

HAWK In 1964 Johnson ran for

president as a peace candidate against the war (remember the commercial?)

He would be labeled a HAWK because he changed to support the war in Vietnam.