week 2 (2) inflammation lect-1 13-14 ().pptx

8/10/2019 WEEK 2 (2) inflammation lect-1 13-14 ().pptx

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES Upon completing this session students should

be able to:

Define the inflammation, causes, and types

Describe the processes of acute inflammation

and inflammatory exudate

Mention the clinical features of acute

inflammation

List the fate of acute inflammation.

Describe the chronic inflammation, character,

types


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IntroductionInflameto set fire.Inflammation: defined as the vascular

and cellular response of livingtissue to injury.

Aim of inflammation:*The inflammatory process serves to

destroy, dilute or wall-off the

injurious agent.

*Repair is the process by which lost ordestroyed cellsare replaced by vitalcells.


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Nomenclature

The nomenclatures of inflammatory lesion are

usually indicated by the suffix 'itis'.

Thus, inflammation of the appendix is called

appendicitis and that of meninges as

meningitis, etc.

However, like any rule, ithas its own exceptions examples as lung is

pneumonia .


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CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION

Inflammation is caused by injurious agents calledirritants.Irritants are of different types:

(1) Living Irritants: Bacteria and their toxins, viruses,parasites and fungi.

(2) Non Living Irritants:Physical irritants: e.g. excess heat, excess cold and

radiations.

Chemical irritants: e.g. acids, alkalis, and plantpoisons, organic and inorganic poisons.

Mechanical irritants: e.g. trauma and mechanicalfriction.

(3)Immunological: e.g. allergic inflammation.


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Classification of inflammation

Classification of inflammation according to duration:

(1)Acute Inflammation:

Caused by an irritantof short duration of action.

The tissue response is rapid.

Inflammation lasts for daysto weeks.

(2)Chronic Inflammation:

Caused by an irritant of prolonged action.

The tissue response is slow. Inflammation lasts for months to years.

(3)Subacute Inflammation:

Grades between the acute and the chronic types.


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DISTRIBUTION of inflammation Indicates the location of the lesion

within an organ. Used both macroand microscopically.

FOCAL: Single abnormality or

inflamed area within a tissue

MULTIFOCAL: Several foci are

separated from one another by

relatively normal tissue

LOCALLY EXTENSIVE:

Involvement of considerable area

within an organ.

DIFFUSE: Involve all the tissue or

organ.


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I- ACUTE INFLAMMATION

Acute inflammation is an immediate and earlyresponse to an injurious agent and it is relatively of

short duration.

It is characterized by fluids and cellularexudation at the site of injury.

NOTE: Clinically, an acute disease is one thatarises suddenly, often within a few hours, and

progresses rather within a matter of days or a

few weeks to recovery or death.


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GENERAL CHANGES IN ACUTE

INFLAMMATION

Effects of acute inflammation:

1-General effects:

a. Leucocytosis: Increase in the number of

polymorphonuclear leucocytes.

b. Fever (Pyrexia):

Pyrogenic substances (pyrexin) (fever producing)

are released from the bacteria and dead leucocytes.Pyrogenic substances disturb the function of the

heat regulating center in the hypothalamus causingfever.

Fever disturbs the vitality of bacteria, but is alsoharmful to the tissues of the body.

c. Degeneration and damage of parenchmatousorgans as liver, kidney and, heart by absorbed

toxins


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- oca e ec s:CARDINAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF

ACUTE INFLAMMATION

(1) Redness: Caused by cappilary vasodilatation andopening of all the collapsed capillaries.

(2) Hotness: Caused by arteriolar dilatation andincreased blood flow.

(3) Swelling: Caused by the cappilary vasodilatationand lead to accumulation of the inflammatory fluidandcellular exudate.

(4) Pain:Caused by: (a)Irritation of the nerve endingsby the chemical mediators, (b) Pressure of theinflammatory exudate on the sensory nerves.

(5) Loss of function: Due to: (a) Pain. (b) Tissuedama e.


11/12 Heat Redness Swelling Pain Loss Of Function.


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(3) Neurofibromatosis

A hereditary familialdisease transmitted as adominant trait. The diseaseis characterized by:

(a) Multiple neurofibromaswhich appear as small firm

nodules in the skin alongthe course of thecutaneous nerves.

(b) Cafe au lait skinpigmentation.

(c) Pigmented irishamartomas called Lischnodules.

Malignant tumours:Malignant Schwannoma(neurofibrosarcoma).

Multiple neurofibromas

Cafe au lait skin

Malignant NeurofibromaPlexiform Neurofibroma

week 2 (2) inflammation lect-1 13-14 ().pptx

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