week 2: systems and energy systems science energy: forms and transformations radiation reading:...
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![Page 1: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Week 2: Systems and Energy
•Systems science
•Energy: forms and transformations
•Radiation
Reading: Chapter 2 of your textAssignment 2 (Due Friday)
![Page 2: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Today –Change in Complex Systems
•Systems
•Earth Climate System
•Couplings and Feedbacks
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Earth’s Atmosphere•Gases and some condensed phases
•Extends from Earth’s surface to about 100 Km.
•Primary components % by volume
•N2 (78%) •O2 (21%) •Argon (0.9%)•H2O vapor (0.00001 – 4%)•CO2 (0.038%)
•Many trace and ultra-trace components that are important
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Earth’s Hydrosphere
![Page 5: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Earth’s Lithosphere
![Page 7: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Earth’s Biosphere
Microbes: most abundant life form. Phytoplankton, bacteria, etc.
Vegetation
????
Other life forms?
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Earth as a Coupled System
Fig 1-1 from text
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Couplings
If a change in one subsystem is “felt” by another—these parts are coupled
Couplings can give rise to feedbacks
![Page 10: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
An increase in the population of wolves would cause the population of bunnies to
decrease. Is this a positive or negative coupling?
Posi
tive
Neg
ativ
e
100%
0%
1. Positive2. Negative
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But wait, a decrease in the number of bunnies would cause a decrease in the
wolves, so shouldn’t it be a positive coupling?
Yes N
o
83%
17%
1. Yes2. No
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Feedbacks
X Y
Something increases X
Positive coupling causes Y to increase when X increases
Positive coupling causes X to increase further when Y increases
+
+
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Air T increases, sea surface T increases, causing stronger winds.
Posi
tive
feed
back
loop
Neg
ativ
e fe
edbac
k lo
op
Not a
feed
back
loop
31%
63%
6%
1. Positive feedback loop
2. Negative feedback loop
3. Not a feedback loop
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Today –Climate Stability and Energy
•Equilibrium – Stable and Unstable
•Perturbations and Forcings
•Energy: Work + Heat
![Page 15: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Today –Announcements
•Please take online poll for office hours!
•Homework 2 link should be working now
•DUE TUESDAY 22nd of JAN
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Steady-State and EquilibriumSteady-state some property does not change in time.
Equilibrium implies steady state, but is more specific to a system’s energy.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics: The equilibrium state of a system has maximum disorder and minimum free energy
Energy “landscape” and equilibrium states.
“Local” equilibrium
unstable equilibrium
“Global” equilibrium
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Changes in Climate Time Series
Fluctuations around stationary long-term trend
Fluctuations around non-stationary long-term trend
step change between two mean states
(e.g. Internal readjustments)
(e.g. external forcings or perturbations)
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Vostok Ice Core Record
T based on water isotope proxy
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E = W + Q
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics
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Pred > PATM
PATM
Pred = PATM
PATM
Plunger at rest after expansion
Connection to atmospheric motions
Release plunger
Expansion Work: Happens in Atmosphere
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Something Else Involved
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Something Else Involved
No mechanical or electrical work done on the system, and yet, the system’s ability to do work was increased.
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Heat
system
surroundings
Energy
system
surroundings
Energy
Heat transport through Earth components is a fundamental aspect of climate and weather
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For Prof. Thornton’s office hours, I prefer
Tu 1
1:30
Th 1
1:30
Tu 4
Th 4
38%
13%
30%
19%
1. Tu 11:302. Th 11:303. Tu 44. Th 4
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For Brian’s 1st office hour set at 9 – 10 AM, I prefer
M Tu W T
h
25% 25%
36%
15%
1. M2. Tu3. W4. Th
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For Brian’s 2nd set of office hours, I prefer
Tu 5
Th 5
47%
53%1. Tu 52. Th 5
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Today –Announcements
•Please set your preferences for discussion page.
•Homework link should be working now
•DUE TUESDAY 22nd of JAN•Brian will take questions about it on Fri.
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Summary
• 1st Law of Thermodynamics E = W + Q
• Equilibrium – minimum in energy/order
• Forcings, perturbations, and feedbacks– Induce natural variability around stable
equilibrium – or destabilize a system causing a state
change.
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Thermochemistry
C H
H
H
H + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O E ~ 5.6x104 KJ/kg
H2O(s) H2O(liq) requires 333 KJ/kg of heat
H2O(liq) H2O(gas) requires 2260 KJ/kg of heat
Consider the amount of heat released when reversed!
Heats of Fusion and Vaporization
Heats of Combustion
![Page 30: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
I put a glass of water in a dry, insulated container and record the water temperature
which
initi
ally
dec
reas
es
initi
ally
incr
ease
s
sta
ys c
onst
ant
14%
67%
19%
1. initially decreases
2. initially increases3. stays constant
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How much energy is required to operate a 100-Watt light bulb for 24
hrs (86400 s). 1W = 1J/s
~8.
6x10
6 kJ
~8.
6x10
3 kJ
~24
00 J
52%
8%
41%
1. ~8.6x106 kJ2. ~8.6x103 kJ3. ~2400 J
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A coal fired power plant can produce 3x107 J per 1 kg of coal burned. How much coal is
required to operate a 100 W light bulb for a day?
~ 3
kg
~ 0
.3 k
g
~ 3
00 k
g
21%25%
54%1. ~ 3 kg2. ~ 0.3 kg3. ~ 300 kg
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Summary
•Heat flow into or out of a substance changes its temperature (heat capacity)
•Land-sea T differences•Energy required to increase sea surface T
•Phase changes require or release heat
•Energy required to melt a glacier•Energy released during cloud formation•Evaporative cooling: liquid itself
supplies heat for vaporization•A form of T regulation
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Announcements
• Device ID check• What’s recorded• Seminars:
www.atmos.washington.edu– ATMS colloquium Fridays 3:30pm
here– Program on Climate Change– ESS
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Towards a Climate Model
• The energy of a gas is a function of its temperature only (vice versa).
• Thus, if the atmosphere’s T changes, its energy balance has changed.
• If we can describe the sources and sinks of energy, we can predict T.
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Earth’s Primary Energy Source
• Light is energy? • How much energy does the Earth receive?
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Charged Particle Motion
- +
Electromagnetic field disturbance
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Charged Particle Motion
-
+
Electromagnetic field disturbance
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Charged Particle Motion
-
+
Electromagnetic field disturbance
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Charged Particle Motion
-+
Oscillations in the electric and magnetic fields move, “radiate”, through space.
Such oscillations are known as electromagnetic radiation (which encompasses light)
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The chair you are sitting on is emitting electromagnetic radiation
Tru
e
Fal
se
52%
48%
1. True2. False
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Electromagnetic Radiation
Wavelength (): distance between peaks: m,cm,m
Frequency (): # of full cycles passing a point per second: Hz
and related by speed of light (c): = c/
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Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Radiation
The energy a photon carries is directly proportional to its frequency
Ephoton = h
h is Plank’s constant6.636x10-34 Js
The intensity (brightness) of radiation is related to the number of photons of a particular frequency
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List the wavelengths of light in order of increasing energy
220
nm
, 530
nm
, 50.
.
500
0 nm
, 530
nm
, 2..
72%
28%
1. 220 nm, 530 nm, 5000 nm
2. 5000 nm, 530 nm, 220 nm
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Electromagnetic SpectrumEnergy increases this way
Wavelength increases this way
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The sun emits the most photons as green light (~ 500 nm6x1014 s-1). Our bodies intercept ~200 W
during a sunny summer day (very rough). Estimate, or guess, roughly how many green photons your
body intercepts per second.
100
0 photo
ns/s
1x1
07 p
hotons
/s
1x1
020
photon
s/s
2%
19%
79%1. 1000 photons/s2. 1x107 photons/s3. 1x1020
photons/s
![Page 47: Week 2: Systems and Energy Systems science Energy: forms and transformations Radiation Reading: Chapter 2 of your text Assignment 2 (Due Friday)](https://reader031.vdocuments.net/reader031/viewer/2022032310/56649d805503460f94a63d3d/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Electromagnetic SpectrumEnergy increases this way
Wavelength increases this way