week 3 katcahchurian and kabel 2014

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Week 3 Khachaturian and Kabalevsky The insider and outsiders. The events a8er the war in Soviet Music – Zhadanovshchina. Profiles of the Music of Khachaturian as an Armenian composer. Kabalevsky – children’s music – and his meanness in the events of 19469.

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Week  3  Khachaturian  and  Kabalevsky  

•  The  insider  and  outsiders.  •  The  events  a8er  the  war  in  Soviet  Music  –  Zhadanovshchina.  

•  Profiles  of  the  Music  of  Khachaturian  as  an  Armenian  composer.  

•  Kabalevsky  –  children’s  music  –  and  his  meanness  in  the  events  of  1946-­‐9.  

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Adagio  from  Spartacus  (1954)    

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Essay  Ntles  

•  Contrast  the  music  styles  and  personaliNes  of  Profokiev  and  Khachaturian.    How  did  their  experiences  of  living  in  the  Soviet  Union  affect  their  musical  development?    Use  a  range  of  musical  examples.    

•  What  was  ‘socialist  realism’  and  how  did  it  translate  in  terms  of  musical  styles.    Take  works  by  at  least  two  composers  of  the  Soviet  era  and  show  how  socialist  realism  informed  these  works.    

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Purges  of  1948  

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Insiders  and  outsiders  

•  Aram  Khachaturian  was  a  leading  composer  of  the  generaNon  born  into  the  Soviet  system.    

•  Rose  to  be  chairman  of  the  organising  commiYee  (Orgkomitet)  of  the  Composers  Union  –  dismissed  in  the  the  purge  of  1948  –  listed  as  anN-­‐people  composer.    Replaced  by  34  year-­‐old  Tikhon  Krennikov.  

•  Kabalevsky  preserved  his  insider  status  through  his  party  contacts  –  Popov  the  fall-­‐guy      

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Aram  Khachaturian  (1903-­‐78)    

•  One  of  the  three  Ntans  of  Soviet  Music  (with  Shostakovich  and  Prokofiev).    

•  CombinaNon  of  Armenian  folk  music  within  a  language  of  European  classical  music  –  but  constrained  by  working  within  the  soviet  system.    

•  A  true  believe  in  the  Socialist  project  –  a  naNonalist    composer  but  his  naNonalism  was  in  the  form  approved  of  by  the  soviet  system.  

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Background  •  First  19  years  in  Armenia  –  did  not  have  a  musical  educaNon  and  taught  himself  to  read  music  and  play  piano  –  however  deeply  interested  in  the  folk  music  he  heard  around  him.    

•  Armenian  family  –  born  in  Tiflis  (capital  of  Georgia)  –  not  in  Armenia.    Youngest  of  5  of  a  bookbinder-­‐shop  owner.    

•  1920  Armenia  declared  a  Soviet  republic  –  Aram  joined  a  propaganda  troupe  touring  Georgian-­‐Armenia.    A  commiYed  Soviet  idealist.      

•  From  1922  Gnessin  academy.  

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To  Moscow  1929  

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Move  to  Moscow  from  1921  

•  ConservaNore  in  1929    –  started  study  of  music  from  near  scratch  –  with  Myakovsky  for  orchestraNon.    Also  studied  cello.    Brother  a  well-­‐established  in  Moscow  as  theatre  director.    Rose  fast  as  he  had  superb  proletarian  profile.  

•  Joined  the  Composer’s  Union  –  deputy  chairman  Moscow  branch  1937-­‐  Chairman  of  Organising  commiYee  1939.  

•  Joined  Communist  Party  in  1939.  

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An  Armenian  Composer  

•  All  his  works  have  a  clear  strain  of  Armenian  idenNty  in  them  –  although  he  led  the  life  of  a  cosmopolitan  Russian.      

•  Melodies  and  rhythms  especially.    •  However  the  orchestraNon  is  rich  and  western  .  

•  First  Symphony  (wrote  3  –  the  third  a  Symphony-­‐Poem)  brings  these  elements  together.    

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The  First  Symphony  1934  

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Ballets  

•  Perhaps  best  know  for  his  Ballet  Scores    •  Gayane  (1939-­‐41)  –  famous  Sabre  Dance.    •  Spartacus  (1950-­‐54)    •  Both  have  orchestral  suites  drawn  from  them  which  are  widely  played.  

•  Large  amount  of  incidental  music  (for  plays  and  producNons)  and  film  scores.      

•  Also  chamber  music,  songs  and  piano  music.  

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Piano  Concerto  

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 Piano  Concerto  

   •  TradiNonal  form  –  like  late  romanNc  concerto.  Heroic  opening  themes  followed  by  lyrical  secondary  themes.    

•  Slow  myt  –  variaNons  on  folk-­‐  song  from  Tiblisi  –  featuring  the  Flexatone.    

•  Finale  –  lively  dance  –  big  cadenza  for  soloist.    •  Violin  Concerto    

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Flexatone  

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Piano  Concerto  (1936)  and  War  

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Gayane  

•  4  act  ballet,  first  staged  1942.  •  Original  version  (later  wholly  revised)  about  a  young  Armenian  woman  whose  patrioNsm  conflicts  with  love  of  treasonable  husband.    Love  betrayal  and  friendship  in  Armenian  sejng.    Kolkhoz  collecNve  farm  in  mountains  –  Giko  (Gayane’s  husband  is  a  lazy  drunkard).    Kazakov  (Soviet  commander  arrives)  –  husband  jealous.    Giko  works  with  smugglers  –  Giko  is  caught  but  Gayane  is  stabbed  by  him.    Gayane  recovers  and  marries  Kazakov  (loyal  officer)  –  lots  of  folk  dancing  –  costume  and  display  of  orientalism.  

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Story  and  Music  

•  Simple  story  –  to  allow  for  lots  of  colourful  dancing.    

•  Performed  for  Stalin  –  and  a  modest  success.    •  Excerpts  sNll  danced  today    –  ethnic  diversity  of  collecNve  farm  is  celebrated  in  score.    

•  Three  orchestral  suites  from  score  are  frequently  played.    

•  Helped  the  survival  of  character  dancing  within  classical  Ballet  tradiNon.    

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Gayane  (1939-­‐41)  Sabre  Dance  

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War  –  Masquerade    

•  Russia  entered  war  in  1942  and  his  hopeless  unNl  Stalingrad  and  the  siege  of  Leningrad.    The  Nde  is  turned  by  1943  and  the  long  road  to  Berlin  starts  as  Russia  takes  back  Eastern  Europe.    

•  A  great  Nme  for  the  arts  in  Russia  –  people  could  speak  freely  and  Russians  relearnt  patrioNsm.    The  Great  Patriot  War.    

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War,  Second  Symphony,  and  a8ermath  

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Disaster  of  Zhadanov  Decrees  of  1948  

•  Zhadanov  encouraged  younger  generaNon  to  damthe  established  leaders  work  as  ‘formalisNc  distorNons  and  anN-­‐democraNc  tendencies  which  are  alien  to  the  Soviet  people  and  its  arNsNc  taste’  .    

•  Composers  acknowledged  their  guilt  and  went  to  compose  simplisNc  accessible  works  –  Shostakovich  (The  Song  of  Forests),  Prokofiev  (On  Guard  for  Peace),  Myakovsky  (27th  Symphony.    

•  Soviet  Music  is  forging  ahead  –  set  of  essays  to  show  how  the  decree  had  helped  Soviet  Music.    

•  Spartacus  got  caught  up  in  the  poliNcs  –  the  subject  should  have  been  acceptable  but  suddenly  was  not.  

•  Quickly  rehabilitated  such  that  Khachaturian    got  the  Stalin  Prize  in  1950.    

•  Khachaturian  aYacked.    Odd  as  Khatchaturian  was  never  a  modernist.    

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RehabilitaNon  

•  Made  Professor  at  Gnessin  State  Musical  InsNtute  and  Moscow  Conservatoire  1951.  

•  Scandal  and  rehabilitaNon  of  Spartacus.    1954.    

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1953  Stalin  Dies  –  Violin  Concerto    

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Later  Years  •  Few  big  pieces  a8er  1960  –  lots  of  conducNng  and  teaching.    

•  Four  Stalin  prizes,  Lenin  Prize,  Hero  of  Socialist  Labor.  Deputy  in  the  Fi8h  Supreme  Soviet  of  the  Soviet  Union  (1952-­‐62).  

•  A  true  believer  in  the  Soviet  experiment.    •  Crushed  by  the  accusaNon  of  being  an  anN-­‐people  composer.      

•  He  aimed  always  to  be  approachable  and  appealing  in  his  blend  of  socialist  realism  and  Armenian  Folk.    

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Dmitry  Kabalevsky  (1904-­‐1987)  

•  Pianist  and  much  of  his  music  is  for  piano.    •  Like  Shostakovich  an  accomplished  silent  cinema  pianist.    

•  1925  to  Moscow  Conservatory.  •  Joined  party  in  1940  and  editor  of  music  magazine.    

•  Name  removed  from  list  of  accused  by  Zhadanov  of  formalism.    

•  Embraced  socialist  realism  in  all  his  music.    

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PoliNcs  

•  joined  PROKULL  (ProducNon  CollecNve  of  Student  Composers)  

•  AcNve  in  student  group  affiliated  with  Moscow  Conservatory  aimed  at  bridging  the  gap  between  the  modernism  of  the  ACM  and  the  uNlitarian  music  of  the  RAPM  

•  PoliNcally  acNve  as  a  musician  and  composer  

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Children’s  Music  

•  Wrote  a  large  amount  of  it.    •  Set  up  programme  of  music  educaNon  in  soviet  schools.    

•  Always  involved  in  state  music  educaNon  in  Soviet  Union.  

•  Also  wrote  songs,  chamber  music  and  some  opera.    But  a  large  amount  of  piano  music.    

•  Always  an  insider.      

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Rondo  –  Toccata  op.60  no.4  

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Bibliography  

•  Khachaturian  Documentary  DVD.    In  library.  •  Hans  Gunther,  ed.    The  Culture  of  the  Stalin  Period,  122-­‐48  ‘The  Birth  of  Socialist  Realism  from  the  Spirit  of  the  Russian  Avant-­‐Garde’.      

•  Nicolas  Slominsky:  WriNngs  on  Music:  Russian  and  Soviet  Music  and  Composers  (2004).  

•  G.  Khubov:  Aram  Khachaturian  (Moscow,  1962)