week logical fallacies
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8/16/2019 Week Logical Fallacies
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GXEX1406
Thinking and Communication Skills
Logical Fallacies
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2GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
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GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Premise & Conclusion
Premise:All girls have long eyelashes.
Cows has long eyelashes
Conclusion:Therefore, all girls are cows
!s this statement logicall" #ight$
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4GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Is this reasoning logical?
Premise:
! cloud is "0# $ater%
! $atermelon is "0# $ater%! &lane can 'l( through a cloud%
Conclusion:
There'ore) a &lane can 'l( througha $atermelon*
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%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
There is logic in the premiseof the statements –
BUT the conclusion makes no
logical sense.
The reasoning is flawed
The conclusion is illogical
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6GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Fallac" is a mistake in #easoning
& statement o# a#gument 'ased on (alsein(e#ence that causes inco##ectness in #easoning
)sed to cloud ou# logical thinking* a++eal to ou#emotions #athe# than intellect
,(ten mas-ue#ade as logical statements
This t(&e o' arguments are called
+ogical 'allacies
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.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
,-.ecti/e o' the course
/ou ill 'e a'le to identi("(allacies
&'le to indicate instanceso# t"+e o( (allac"
Situations
ound in ne$s&a&ers)magaines) re&orts)ad/ertisements
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GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
&'le to s+ot +oo##easoning kno h" it is#ong
&'le to co##ect othe#3smistakes* o# #e(ute themconincingl"
Su++lements "ou#knoledge on logic
2h( Stud(
allacies ?
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5GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
no hen "ou##easoning in an essa" is(laed o# -uestiona'le
7#eent "ou (#om makinggene#ali8ed statementsithout 'acking it u+ ith
sound eidence
2h( Stud(
allacies ?
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10GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(1) Fallacies that aeal to emotions(total !)
9 Claims a#e made that a++eal to emotions#athe# than #eason
(") Fallacies that #istract (total $)
9 Claims made to die#t attention(#om the main issue
($) %ther common tyes (total &)
3 categories o' 'allacies
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11GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(a) Aeal to fear'force'scare tactics a#aculum
The claim makes use o( th#eats:
The th#eats a#e i##eleant to the a#gument:
The#e(o#e the claim is (allacious
15 TPE 17 a&&eal to emotions
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12GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Example appeal to fear!force!scare tactics
*f you #on+t finish yourvegetales, you will get cancer
*f you #o not forwar# this mail to1 frien#s, you will face a# luc- (chain mail)
Listerine: -ills the germ thatcauses a# reath
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1GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
28 !++!CI,9S?
o roof that not eating veges cancause cancer / ot all cancers are
cause# y not eating veges
9 o roof that the chain mail causes a#luc-
%ther factors may also cause a#
reath.
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14GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
() Aeal to vanity'flattery
)se (latte#" to make the #eade# o# listene# (eel
s+ecial:
)se +e#suasie language:
,(ten used in ade#tisements: To entice
consume#s to 'u" +#oducts o# se#ices
15 TPE 1
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1%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Example "ppeal to #anit$!flatter$
* #on+t moisturi0e, * #on+t tone, * ust use 2ove3
456 $.7i: for those who #eny
themselves nothing
744 luechi 5asterCar#, a
ra#ically new way of life
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16GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
28 !++!CI,9S?
9 6here is the roof that 2ove is $ in18 That it moisturi0es 9 tones otherthan it ust cleans 8
9 Can a car really last for life8
9having the new master car# may notnecessary change your life in ara#ical way
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1.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
() Aeal to numers' an#wagon
'eer ressure
)se to solicit g#ou+ identit"
7ut +#essu#e on indiiduals to (ollo the
c#od:
,(ten used in ade#ts 9 to 'u" so(ta#e o#ha#da#e o# othe# +#oducts se#ices
15 TPE 1
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1GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Example "ppeal to num%ers!%andwagon!peer pressure
5illions of eole smo-e. Therefore
smo-ing must not e a# for eole.
All the really smart eole watch
niversity Challenge. ;ou shoul# watch
too.
Classical music is really neat ut li-e
my frien#s * refer Lin-in+ Par-. 6e are
not ner#s.
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15GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
28 !++!CI,9S?
9 <ust ecause millions of eole #osomething is a oor asis to say that theaction is right.
9 ot smart eole also watch that T=show3
9 ;ou #on+t have to follow your frien#s in
your choice of music to listen to. 6hereis the roof that classical music loversare ner#s8
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20GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
() Aeal to ity (a# miserico#ium)
)se +it" to esta'lish the t#uth o( aconclusion
)se language to eoke com+assion toinduce the listene# to acce+t the claim
15 TPE 1
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21GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Example "ppeal to pit$
;ou shoul# hire him as a coach ofour footall team ecause he ro-e
his leg an# cannot lay ig time
footall anymore.
6e shoul# reelect >nci- Fau0i as
our 5P ecause his wife ust #ie#an# his crile# mother lives with
him.
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22GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
7it" does not se#e as eidence (o# aclaim:
The#e(o#e the claim is (allacious
2h( allacious?
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2GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(a) A# ?ominem ' against the erson
Sometimes called 9 (allac" o( o++osition
&ttacks the +e#son3s +e#sonalit"*'elie(s* a((iliation* ethnicit" to #e;ect aclaim
TPE 7 allacies that distract total 3
7 Claim that di#erts attention from the
main issue
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24GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Example "d'(ominem
Encik Lati( ;ust dio#ce his i(e: <ocan his +#o+osal 'e an" good$
<o can "ou ote (o# Salmah as
+#e(ect hen she is #elated to the<eadmist#ess$
/ou ag#ee that the goe#nment shouldinc#ease on milita#" s+ending 'ecause
"ou# (athe# o#ks in a munitions (acto#":
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2%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
The cha#acte# o# ci#cumstance o( the+e#son has no claim on the t#uth o( the
claim:
Encik Lati( dio#cing his i(e has got nothingto do ith his o#king a'ilit"
Salmah ma" hae the makings o( a good
+#e(ect een though she is #elated to the
head mist#ess:
2h( allacious?
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26GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
() @e# ?erring
&n issue '#ought into the +ictu#e to die#t thelistene#3s o# #eade#3s attention (#om the #eal
issueThis ha++ens a lot in meetings and g#ou+discussions:
=e aa#e o( this>
TPE
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2.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Example )ed herring
Wh" o##" a'out the 7andas'ecoming e?tinct hen e hae a la#ge
num'e# o( homeless in ou# on
count#"$ Wh" should e donate to the !#a- a#
hen e still hae +eo+le liing in
+oe#t"$
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2GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
,ne issue is not #elated to the othe#:The#e(o#e the (i#st claim cannot ;usti(" the
second claim:
The e?tinction o( +andas and the homelessa#e to se+a#ate issues
The cont#i'ution to !#a- a# and the +light o(
the +oo# a#e to se+a#ate issues:
2h( allacious?
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25GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(c) 7traw 5an
,e#sim+li(" an eidence to su++o#t aclaim:
The sim+li(ication* the#e(o#e cannotsu++o#t the claim
TPE
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0GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le: Stra$ <an = $h( 'allacious
Those ho (ao# gun cont#ol also (ao#
disa#ming the +olice
This is oe#sim+li("ing the issue: The
(i#st claim is not st#ong enough to
su++o#t the second claim:
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1GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
What omen in he# #ight mind ould
su++o#t total e-ualit" ith men: @o
omen ants the #ight to go to a# o#the #ight to +a" alimon"
,e#sim+li(" the issue: E-ualit" does not
mean (o# ee#" situations>
Example Straw *an & wh$ fallacious
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2GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(a) 4egging the uestion (circularargument)
The claims in the +#emise is again d#an in
the conclusion:Aedundant
Ae+eating an issue Bgoing in ci#cles
The a#gument does not go an"he#e>
TPE 3 7 ,ther common 'allacies
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GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le: -egging the >uestion = $h(
'allacious?
D" a#gument must 'e co##ect 'ecause
! am the sma#test student in the class:
The conclusion me#el" #estate the
+#emise: =eing sma#t does not mean
that "ou a#e co##ect:
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4GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le: -egging the >uestion = $h(
'allacious?
Du#de#e#s should 'e e?ecuted
'ecause the" a#e kille#s>
The conclusion me#el" #estate the
+#emise: Du#de#e#s a#e kille#s '"
de(inition: So* hat is the ;usti(ication
h" kille#s must 'e e?ecuted$
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%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le: -egging the >uestion = $h(
'allacious?
The 'i'le is the o#d o( God 'ecause itsa"s it is:
Whethe# o# not the 'i'le is the o#d o( God is amatte# o( +e#sonal (aith: The statement should'e #itten as
The =i'le sa"s that it is the o#d o( God: The
o#d o( God cannot 'e (alse: The#e(o#e* the=i'le is the o#d o( God:
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6GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
() 7liery slo (snowall argument'#omino theory)
Suggests to the listene# that i( one action is
taken* it ill lead to simila# actions the end#esult is negatie o# undesi#a'le
&ssumes a chain #eaction o( cause9e((ect o(
eents
TPE 3 7 ,ther common 'allacies
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.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le: sli&&er( slo&e = $h( 'allacious?
Let one student dis#u+t m" lectu#e*
then othe# students ould ant to ask
! the#e(o#e cannot com+lete m" lectu#e
in time:
Student3s inte##u+tions ma" dis#u+t a
lectu#e =)T not all lectu#es a#e dela"ed'ecause o( students dis#u+tions:
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GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le = $h( 'allacious?
7#esident Aicha#d @i?on 9 We hae toin in ietnam o# the enti#e SE& ill
'ecome communist
Winning the ietnam a# might hae
saed ietnam (#om Communism =)T
not all communist state a#e de+endent
o( the success o( the ietnam Wa#:
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5GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(c) False #ilemma or lac- ' white
argument' either or
& limited num'e# o( o+inion is gien
hen in #ealit" the#e a#e mo#e o+tions
&n illegitimate use o# the o#d o#H
TPE 3 7 ,ther common 'allacies
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40GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le o' alse ilemma -lack@$hite5 =
$h( 'allacious?
FSTD Loe it o# leae it:
Should hae 'een #itten as
,ne o( the a"s to e?cel in FSTD is to loethe li(e he#e: <ating it ould a((ect "ou#
studies and ma" #esult ith "ou haing toleae:
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41GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le o' alse ilemma -lack@$hite5 =
$h( 'allacious?
Sto+ smoking o# die "oung:
Fallacious 'ecause death can 'e
caused '" othe# (acto#s not ;ust '"smoking: Should hae 'een #itten as
,ne o( the a"s to aoid d"ing "oung is
to sto+ smoking as smoking might a((ect
one3s health:
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42GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le o' alse ilemma -lack@$hite5 =
$h( 'allacious?
Eithe# go to college o# (o#get a'out
getting a good ;o':
Fallacious 'ecause good ;o's a#e notde+endent on going to college alone:Should hae 'een #itten as
Going to college and getting a deg#ee isone means o( getting a good ;o':
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4GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(#) ?asty generali0ation
This is the chie( e##o# made '" man":
Lea+ing to a conclusion ithout ast#ong o# la#ge enough ;usti(ication:
TPE 3 7 ,ther common 'allacies
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44GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le o' 8ast( generaliationFeminists hate men: Aamlah is a (eminist:
Aamlah hates men:! notice that m" (at (#iend is ;oll":
The#e(o#e all (at +eo+le a#e ;oll":
&ll +o+ sta#s a#e #ude: ! asked Elton Iohn(o# his autog#a+h at a #estau#ant and hetold me to get lost:
"ll the arguments are %ased on insufficient e#idence
& there fore are not #alid.
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4%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
() 4ur#en of Proof (Aeal to ignorance)
7#emise !( something has not 'een +#oen as(alse* the claim must 'e t#ue:
Shi(ts the 'u#den the othe# +a#t" to +#oe ino#de# to make a claim:
TPE 3 7 ,ther common 'allacies
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46GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
E;am&le o' -urden o' &roo' = $h(
'allacious?
Since "ou cannot +#oo( that ghosts does note?ist* then the" do e?ist:
Since scientists cannot +#oo( that glo'ala#ming ill take +lace* it +#o'a'l" ont:
The ne e?+e#imental d#ug must 'e o#king'ecause not a single +atient has #etu#ned tocom+lain:
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4.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
S9<<!A , !++!CIES
+, -allacies that appeal to emotions +total
7 Claims are made a&&eal to emotions rather
than reason "ppeal to -ear!-orce! Scare tactics or ad %aculum
"ppeal to /anit$!-latter$
"ppeal to 0um%ers! Belief!
Bandwagon!Peer pressure
"ppeal to Pit$ +"d misericordium
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4GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(") Fallacies that #istract (total $) 9 Claims made die#t attention (#om the
main issue
A# hominem (attac-'against the
erson)
@e# herring
7traw 5an
3 categories o' 'allacies
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45GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
($) %ther common tyes (total &)
4egging the uestion (circulararguments)
7liery sloe (#omino theory)
False #ilemma (either or)
?asty generali0ation
4ur#en of roof
3 categories o' 'allacies
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%0GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
T(E E01
T(E E01
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%1GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
2dentif$ & explain the logical
fallac$ in the following
statements.
3")*204 UP
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%2GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
,. Could 2 recei#e an " for this class. 2f 2
don5t get an 5"5 2 won5t get the
scholarship that 2 appl$ for
1% !&&eal to 'ear@scare tactics
% !&&eal to num-ers @-and$agon@ &eer
&ressure3% Aedherring@smokescreen
4% !&&eal to &it(
B% Sli&&er( slo&e @ domino theor(6% egging the >uestion @ circular argument
D% 8ast( generaliation
, C i " f i f
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%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
This line o' reasoning is 'allacious
-ecause &it( does not ser/e as
e/idence 'or a claim
Fust to get a scholarshi& does not
.usti'( a &erson to -e gi/en an ! There are other criteria to -e considered
"ppeal to pit$
,. Could 2 recei#e an " for this class. 2f 2
don5t get an 5"5 2 won5t get the
scholarship that 2 appl$ for
6 Th i f il l
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%4GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
6. The women in m$ famil$ lo#e
%a%ies. "ll women lo#e %a%ies
1% !&&eal to num-ers @-and$agon@&eer
&ressure
% Aedherring@smokescreen
3% !&&eal to &it(4% !&&eal to 'ear @scare tactics @ad
-acculum
B% !d hominem6% egging the >uestion@circular argument
D% 8ast( generaliation
6 "ll i f il l
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%%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
ault( logic un>uali'ied
! generaliation% This 'allac( is
committed $hen a &erson dra$s
a conclusion a-out a &o&ulation
-ased on a sam&le that is not
large enough
6. "ll women in m$ famil$ lo#e
%a%ies. "ll women lo#e %a%ies
(ast$ generali7ation
8 9 h ld :t t ti l
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%6GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
8. 9ou shouldn:t accept national
health care %ecause it is a socialist idea
1% !&&eal to num-ers @-and$agon@&eer
&ressure
% Aedherring@smokescreen3% !&&eal to &it(
4% !&&eal to 'ear @scare tactics @ad
-acculum
B% !d hominem
6% egging the >uestion@circular argument
D% 8ast( generaliation
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%.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
8. 9ou shouldn:t accept national
health care %ecause it is a socialist idea
)ed herring
S$itching to another issue to distract
'rom the main argument% This sort o'
reasoning is 'allacious -ecause
merel( changing the to&ic o'
discussion hardl( counts as an
argument against a claim%
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%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
. 2n a democrac$ the people are free
%ecause democracies are free countries.
1% !&&eal to num-ers @-and$agon@&eer
&ressure
% Aedherring@smokescreen3% !&&eal to &it(
4% !&&eal to 'ear @scare tactics @ad
-acculum
B% !d hominem
6% egging the >uestion@circular argument
D% 8ast( generaliation
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%5GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
. 2n a democrac$ the people are free
%ecause democracies are free countries.
Begging the ;uestion
Circular argument
This sort o' reasoning is 'allacious -ecause
sim&l( assuming that the &remise is true does
not constitute e/idence 'or that conclusion%
emocrac( H 'ree countr( H 'ree &eo&le%
Circular argument $ith no end%
<. The gang mem%ers caught %$ the police last
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60GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
g g g $ p
night comprises immigrants from countr$ =.
*ost immigrants who work in this countr$
ha#e trou%le with the law and come fromcountr$ = where thie#er$ are rampant.
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(
3% Scare tactics @ad -acculum
4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% 8ast( generaliation
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
<. The gang mem%ers caught %$ the police last
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61GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
(ast$ generali7ation
ault( logic un>uali'ied
Generaliation% <aking a .udgment -ased on a small
Sam&le%
g g g $ p
night comprises immigrants from countr$ =.
*ost immigrants who work in this countr$
ha#e trou%le with the law and come fromcountr$ = where thie#er$ are rampant.
>. )alph 0ader was the %est candidate
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62GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
>. )alph 0ader was the %est candidate
for president? %ecause he was totall$
%etter than an$ of the others.
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(
3% Scare tactics @ad -acculum4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% 8ast( generalisation
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
>. )alph 0ader was the %est candidate
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6GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
!ssum&tion 77 ader is -etter than the other
candidates) conclusion 77 ader is the -est%
This sort o' reasoning is 'allacious -ecause
sim&l( assuming that the conclusion is truedirectl( or indirectl(5 in the &remises does not
constitute e/idence 'or that conclusion%
Begging the ;uestion!
Circular argument
>. )alph 0ader was the %est candidate
for president? %ecause he was totall$
%etter than an$ of the others.
@ 2f $ou don5t finish $our homework $ou
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64GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
@. 2f $ou don5t finish $our homework $ou
won5t get a good grade. Then $ou won5t %e
a%le to get into the college $ou want. 9ouwill end up cleaning toilets for a li#ing.
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(3% Scare tactics @ad -acculum
4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% 8ast( generaliation
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
@ 2f $ou don5t finish $our homework $ou
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6%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
"ppeal to fear !scare tactics
It is an a&&eal to 'orce or threat
instead o' tr(ing to con/ince
someone $ith 'acts or a logicalargument
@. 2f $ou don t finish $our homework $ou
won5t get a good grade. Then $ou won5t %e
a%le to get into the college $ou want. 9ouwill end up cleaning toilets for a li#ing.
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66GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
A. (ow could an$one #ote for (ilar$ Clinton
for senatorThe fact that she is married to
Clinton pro#es that she has no self respect.
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(3% Scare tactics @ad -acculum
4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% 8ast( generaliation
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
A
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6.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
"d hominem
!ttacking the &erson rather than the issue% !d 8ominem
means against the man or against the &erson%
!d 8ominem is a 'allac( -ecause the character)
circumstances) or actions o' a &erson do not in mostcases5 ha/e a -earing on the truth o' the claim -eing made
or the >ualit( o' the argument -eing made5%
A. (ow could an$one #ote for (ilar$ Clinton
for senatorThe fact that she is married to
Clinton pro#es that she has no self respect.
U-D t i t % t %l t di
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6GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
. U-D must exist %ecause no reputa%le studies
ha#e pro#en conclusi#el$ that the$ do not.
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(
3% Scare tactics @ad -acculum4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% 8ast( generaliation
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
U-D must exist %ecause no reputa%le studies
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65GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
. U-D must exist %ecause no reputa%le studies
ha#e pro#en conclusi#el$ that the$ do not.
Causal fallac$
Shi'ts the -urden o' &roo' to the other
&art( in order to make a claim%
8o$e/er) no e/idence is gi/en to
&roo' that 9, do e;ist%
Burden of proof
, 2f $ou are %eautiful $ou could li#e like
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.0GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
,. 2f $ou are %eautiful? $ou could li#e like
this? so %u$ But$'EF and %ecome
%eautiful.
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(3% Scare tactics @ad -acculum
4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% !&&eal to /anit(@'latter(
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
, 2f $ou are %eautiful $ou could li#e like
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.1GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
"ppeal to #anit$!flatter$
8ere the a&&eal is to -eauti'ul &eo&le%This line o' reasoning is 'allacious
-ecause the 'act that 'latter( does not)
in general) ser/e as e/idence that theclaim is true%
,. 2f $ou are %eautiful? $ou could li#e like
this? so %u$ But$'EF and %ecome
%eautiful.
,, State the fallac$ implied
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.2GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
,,. State the fallac$ implied
*$ friends uses Ginux %ecause it makes their
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.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
*$ friends uses Ginux %ecause it makes their
PC more powerful & sta%le. *$ friend uses
Ginux so must 2.
"ppeal to num%er !Bandwagon !
peer pressure
Im&lies something is right -ecause
e/er(-od( -elie/es so% This line o'
reasoning is 'allacious -ecause
&eer &ressure and threat o're.ection do not constitute e/idence 'or
re.ecting a claim
,6 3e can:t allow students an$ #oice in
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.4GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(3% Scare tactics @ad -acculum
4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% !&&eal to /anit(@'latter(
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
,6. 3e can t allow students an$ #oice in
decision making? if we do? it wont %e long
%efore the$ are in total control
,6. 3e can:t allow students an$ #oice in
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.%GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
Slipper$ slope !domino theor$
o middle road is gi/en% !ssumes that
$hen the 'irst action is taken) it $ould
su-se>uentl( 'ollo$ through to the
last% Is this true?
,6. 3e can t allow students an$ #oice in
decision making? if we do? it wont %e long
%efore the$ are in total control
,8. 3omen need to %e either %rilliant or
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.6GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(3% alse dilemma -lack or $hite@either7or5
4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% !&&eal to /anit(@'latter(
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
,8. 3omen need to %e either %rilliant or
%eautiful to sur#i#e in this world.
,8. 3omen need to %e either %rilliant or
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..GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
-alse dilemma +%lack or white!
either – or
Include eitherJorJ % Fust gi/es t$oo&&osite e;tremes instead o' allo$ing
'or other &ossi-ilities% ot all $omen
$ho sur/i/e in this $orld are -rilliant
or -eauti'ul%
,8. 3omen need to %e either %rilliant or
%eautiful to sur#i#e in this world.
,. Those who fa#or gun'control legislation
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.GXEX1406 Thinking and Communication Skills – Week 12 Logical Fallacies
1% Aedherring@smokescreen
% Sli&&er( slo&e@ domino theor(3% alse dilemma -lack or $hite@either7or5
4% !d hominem
B% egging the >uestion@circular argument
6% Stra$man o/ersim&li'ication5
D% urden o' &roo'@!&&eal to ignorance
,. Those who fa#or gun control legislation
Hust want to take all guns awa$ from
responsi%le citi7ens and put them into the
hands of the criminals.
,. Those who fa#or gun'control legislation
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Strawman +o#ersimplification
misre&resent an o&&onentKs &osition to
make it easier to attack) usuall( -(
distorting his or her /ie$s to ridiculouse;tremes
,. Those who fa#or gun control legislation
Hust want to take all guns awa$ from
responsi%le citi7ens and put them into the
hands of the criminals.