weighing the evidence for psychic experiences

8/17/2019 Weighing the Evidence for Psychic Experiences

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Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw ;

Vakt Krl Rùr @ggs @d0 Vlbfabdf tal Jurrldt C`gy `h

Lvbgldjl h`r ]syjabj Lxplrbldjls

Crykd N. Vbiibkes

]syjabjki Slslkrja Hùdgktb`d

Kcstrkjt> K crblh iky”`rbldtlg survly bs fbvld `h wakt ebfat jurrldtiy cl j`dsbglrlg tal clst ibdls

`h ’pr``h―”`rbldtlg lvbgldjl h`r rlp`rtlg psyjabj lxplrbldjls suja ks tlilpktay, jikbrv`ykdjl,

prlj`fdbtb`d, psyjaòbdlsbs (’ebdg `vlr ekttlr―), kdg ta`sl rliktbdf t` p`ssbcil survbvki khtlr

glkta (kppkrbtb`dki lxplrbldjls, elgbuesabp, dlkr”glkta lxplrbldjls, kdg rlbdjkrdktb`d). Zèl

`h tal rliktbvl lvbgldtbki strldftas kdg wlkodlssls `h lkja krl gbsjusslg, kdg sèl jèeldts

krl ekgl `d jlrtkbd tal`rltbjki `cnljtb`ds t` tal lvbgldjl takt krl `htld ekgl cy solptbjs.

Bdtr`gujtb`d

]l`pil akvl tkiolg kcùt akvbdf akg sllebdfiy psyjabj lxplrbldjls tarùfaùt tal jùrsl `h

abst`ry, wbta sèl `h tal lkriblst od`wd kjjùdts rlkjabdf ckjo t` tal kdjbldt Frllo kdg Sèkd plrb`gs.; @dl suja kjjùdt bdvìvlg tal Frllo pabi`s`palr kdg eystbj Z`sbpktrk `h Lpalsus, wa` ibvlg bd tal 7ta jldtury C.J.L. Ks tal tkil f`ls, Z`sbpktrk wks

...bd tal ebgst `h kggrlssbdf k elltbdf `h pabi`s`palrs _wald salU kcruptiy hlii sbildt, kdg tald

pr`jllglg t` glsjrbcl kd kjjbgldt wabja wks akppldbdf sèlwalrl bd tal jùdtry (wl eust

kssuel kt tal skel eèldt) t` k rliktbvl kdg kgebrlr `h alrs. ’Vakt bs tabs0 Ey obdsekd

]abièlt`r rbgbdf bd k jkrrbkfl! Wal jkrrbkfl aks `vlrturdlg bd k rùfa pikjl! Abs ilfs krl bd

gkdflr! @a, tal slrvkdts akvl f`t abe ùt udakrelg, lxjlpt h`r juts `d tal lic`ws kdg akdgs ‚

d`t gkdflrùs `dls. Kdg d`w al bs clbdf jkrrblg `d k strltjalr wabil al ekols k i`t `h huss.―

Wakt bs wakt sal skbg, kdg bt wks s`. Kdg s` lvlryc`gy odlw takt Z`sbpktrk wks èdbprlsldt kdg,

ks tal pabi`s`palrs sky kcùt tal f`gs, k wbtdlss `h kii takt akpplds.;,p.3=7

Kjjùdts `h psyjabj lxplrbldjls j`dtbdulg t` cl rlp`rtlg wlii bdt` tal e`glrd lrk, wbta ekdy clbdf jkrlhuiiy g`jueldtlg ks tal Zpbrbtukibse e`vleldt swlpt tarùfa Xbjt`rbkd s`jblty bd tal iktl ;2ta jldtury.3 @dl bdtrbfubdf lxkepil hrè tabs tbel jèls hrè k Ers. Clttkdy, wa`

rleleclrs kd lxplrbldjl hrè alr jabiga``g>

@d `dl `jjksb`d (B ke udkcil t` hbx tal gktl, cut B eust akvl clld kcùt ;= ylkrs ìg) B wks

wkiobdf bd k jùdtry ikdl kt K., tal pikjl walrl ey pkrldts tald rlsbglg. B wks rlkgbdf flèltry

ks B wkiolg ki`df, k sucnljt ibttil iboliy t` pr`gujl hkdjbls `r e`rcbg paldèldk `h kdy obdg,

wald, bd k eèldt, B skw k clgr`è od`wd ks tal Vabtl S`è bd ey aèl, kdg up`d tal hi``r

iky ey e`talr, t` kii kpplkrkdjl glkg. Wal vbsb`d eust akvl rlekbdlg sèl ebdutls, gurbdf

wabja tbel ey rlki surrùdgbdfs kpplkrlg t` pkil kdg gbl ùt? cut ks tal vbsb`d hkglg, kjtuki

surrùdgbdfs jkel ckjo, kt hbrst gbeiy, tald jilkriy.

B jùig d`t gùct takt wakt B akg slld wks rlki, s`, bdstlkg `h f`bdf aèl, B wldt kt `djl t`

tal aùsl `h ùr elgbjki ekd kdg hùdg abe kt aèl. Al kt `djl slt ùt wbta el h`r ey aèl,

`d tal wky puttbdf qulstb`ds B jùig d`t kdswlr, ks ey e`talr wks t` kii kpplkrkdjl wlii wald B

ilht aèl.

B ilg tal g`jt`r strkbfat t` tal Vabtl S`è, walrl wl hùdg ey e`talr kjtukiiy iybdf ks bd

ey vbsb`d. Wabs wks trul lvld t` ebdutl gltkbis. Zal akg clld slbzlg suggldiy cy kd kttkjo `h tal

alkrt, kdg wùig s``d akvl crlktalg alr ikst cut h`r tal g`jt`r‒s tbeliy kgvldt...3, Xì.;, p.;27


2/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw 3

Kdg ekdy `h tal lxplrbldjls glsjrbclg cy pl`pil ibvbdf bd tal prlsldt tbel akvld‒t jakdflg euja ks tal ylkrs akvl f`dl cy.: Kd biiustrktbvl lxkepil jèls hrè Ibdgk, k Iktbd` wèkd ibvbdf bd Dlw Nlrsly>

B ke k e`talr `h tarll. Ww` c`ys kdg `dl fbri. Wal tw` c`ys krl tal ìglst kdg ey fbri tal

yùdflst.

...Vald

ey

c`ys

wlrl

kcùt

lilvld

kdg

slvld

`r

plrakps

k

cbt

yùdflr,

B

akg

tkold

tale t` ey eè‒s aùsl h`r tal wlloldg. B ke gbv`rjlg kdg akvl rkbslg ey obgs `d ey `wd

wbta tal alip `h ey pkrldts. B usukiiy slrvlg k elki t` ey obgs hbrst, kdg taly jùig f` t` piky

wabil tal kguits wlrl akvbdf gbddlr. Wabs Zudgky wks d` gbhhlrldt. Ey eè kdg B slrvlg tal obgs

kdg ekgl surl taly ktl talbr h``g, kdg tald taly wlrl ùt t` piky wabil wl wlrl akvbdf gbddlr.

Wabs bs k Iktbd` justè. ...Ks wl wlrl akvbdf gbddlr, tal c`ys, ks usuki, t`ò talbr cbjyjils ùt

kdg wldt t` rbgl `d tal sbglwkio takt ruds bd hr`dt `h ey eè‒s aùsl.

Vl wlrl akvbdf k dbjl tbel wabil wl wlrl lktbdf kdg jakttbdf kdg tkiobdf kcùt trbvbkibtbls.

Ks B wks tkiobdf t` ey gkg, wa` wks sbttbdf bd hr`dt `h el, B suggldiy hlit tabs bdjrlgbcil hllibdf `h

pkdbj, kdg B st`pplg tkiobdf t` abe. B skt up, kdg sjrlkelg, ’Zèltabdf akppldlg t` tal obgs!― B

rkd ùt, kdg ks B rlkjalg tal sbglwkio, B jùig sll ey ìglst obg wkiobdf up abii wbta ey yùdflst

s`d bd abs kres, wbta ci``g kii `vlr abe. Waly akg tblg k r`pl t` `dl `h tal cbols kdg ey ìglst

s`d akg ekgl k suggld turd, kdg tal ibttil `dl olpt `d f`bdf. Al hilw kii tal wky up bd tal kbr

kdg ikdglg `d t`p `h k i`t `h st`dls kdg glcrbs. Al kie`st obiilg abeslih. B akg t` tkol abe t` tal

a`spbtki. Walrl wks d` wky h`r el `r h`r kdy`dl lisl bd ey hkebiy t` od`w wakt wks f`bdf `d, B

nust hlit bt. Walsl tabdfs akppldlg e`stiy wbta ey yùdflr s`d.7,pp.::”:7

Krl psyjabj lxplrbldjls rlkiiy wakt taly kpplkr t` cl0 Bs bt p`ssbcil t` plrjlbvl `talr pl`pil, pikjls, kdg lvldts kt k gbstkdjl, `r t` khhljt `cnljts wbta tal ebdg0 Jkd pl`pil p`ssbciy survbvl cly`dg tal eèldt `h glkta0 @r jkd kii talsl tabdfs cl jakiolg up t` `rgbdkry slds`ry jiuls, j`bdjbgldjl, ebsplrjlptb`d, gljlptb`d, bekfbdktb`d, kdg wbsahui tabdobdf0

Jlrtkbdiy bt‒s prugldt t` cl jkutbùs. Auekd plrjlptb`d bs d`t plrhljt (wabja bs way `ptbjki biiusb`ds w`ro s` wlii), kdg bt‒s p`ssbcil t` ebebj sèl sllebdfiy psyjabj hlkts tarùfa eldtkibse kdg trbjolry. Z` wakt‒s rlkiiy tal jksl0 A`w iboliy bs bt takt psyjabj (`r psb )

lxplrbldjls krl fldubdl0 Bh wl s`rt `h tabdo kcùt bt ks sèltabdf kobd t` ekobdf k clt bd k jksbd` fkel, wakt saùig wl cl ikybdf ùr `ggs `d ‚ takt psb lxplrbldjls krl rlki, `r takt

taly‒rl hkol0 Slkjabdf k e`rl gljbsbvl kdswlr `d tabs bssul bs `dl `h tal e`tbvktb`ds udglriybdf rlslkrja bd tal hblig `h pkrkpsyjaì`fy.

@h jùrsl, e`st solptbjs wùig iboliy pikjl talbr `ggs `d psb clbdf hkol. Waly‒rl d`t bd tal cusbdlss `h ekobdf ’i`df sa`ts― ‚ taly‒rl kii kcùt ’Za`w el tal lvbgldjl.― Kdg takt‒s tal purp`sl `h tabs krtbjil ‚ t` fbvl k crblh survly `h wakt ebfat cl j`dsbglrlg tal clst ibdls `h ’pr``h―”`rbldtlg lvbgldjl jurrldtiy kvkbikcil bd pkrkpsyjaì`fy, bd tlres `h `ggs rktb`s takt e`st `h us jkd pr`ckciy rliktl t` (bd ibdl wbta ùr clttbdf kdki`fy). Ks sèl stkrtbdf rlki”w`rig lxkepils takt wl ebfat usl h`r jèpkrbs`d, tal `ggs `h wbddbdf tal ]`wlrckii i`ttlry nkjop`t

bd tal \.Z. krl kcùt 323 ebiib`d t` `dl<

, wabil tal `ggs `h wbddbdf tal ]ucibsalrs Jilkrbdf Aùsl swllpstkols kdg akvbdf tal ]rbzl ]ktrì sa`w up kt yùr hr`dt g``r wbta ckii``ds, jakepkfdl, kdg k ebiib`d”gìikr jaljo krl kcùt ;.: cbiib`d t` `dl.8

W` ollp tabdfs j`djbsl, `diy k hlw sliljtlg ibdls `h lvbgldjl h`r tal od`wd typls `h psyjabj lxplrbldjls wbii cl sueekrbzlg alrl, kdg sèl `h tal lvbgldtbki strldftas kdg wlkodlssls h`r tale wbii cl gbsjusslg. Bdtlrlstlg rlkglrs wa` ebfat ibol t` ilkrd e`rl kcùt

talsl kdg `talr ibdls `h lvbgldjl saùig j`dsuit sèl `h tal iktlst c`òs `d pkrkpsyjaì`fy takt krl kvkbikcil h`r tal fldlrki rlkglr (h`r k skepil ibst, sll Slhlrldjls 6 ‚ ;=).


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t` tal rljlbvlr ks hllgckjo. Bh tal rljlbvlr rktlg tal kjtuki jibp ks akvbdf tal abfalst glfrll `h j`rrlsp`dgldjl wbta abs/alr bekfls kdg beprlssb`ds, tald tal lxplrbeldt bs j`dsbglrlg k sujjlss (`r k ’abt―). Vbta tal pr`ckcbibty `h k abt clbdf ; bd 7, tal kvlrkfl abt rktl lxpljtlg `vlr tbel cy jakdjl ki`dl bs 3


5/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw


6/28


taly h`jus talbr taùfats t`wkrg tal `cnljt `r i`jktb`d bd qulstb`d. Wabs tljadbqul bs d`w wbgliy od`wd ks rle`tl vblwbdf. Iktlr bd tal ;21=s kdg lkriy ;22=s, tal tljadbqul wks hurtalr rlhbdlg kdg sèl bts paysbjki j`rrliktls wlrl stugblg bd k slj`dg pr`frke jkrrblg ùt kt Zjbldjl Kppibjktb`ds Bdtlrdktb`dki J`rp`rktb`d (ZKBJ) bd Jkibh`rdbk cy paysbjbst Lgwbd Eky kdg abs

jìilkfuls.33 Kd bdtrbfubdf kspljt t` talsl tw` pr`frkes bs takt, udclod`wdst t` e`st pl`pil

udtbi ;22

@ur j`dtrkjt e`dbt`r, k paysbjbst hrè tal JBK, akg crùfat us j``rgbdktls hrè wakt al

glsjrbclg ks k ’Z`vblt sbtl `h frlkt bdtlrlst t` tal kdkiysts.― Waly wkdtlg kdy bdh`rektb`d wl

jùig fbvl tale, kdg taly wlrl lkflr t` hbdg ùt bh wl jùig glsjrbcl k tkrflt tld”taùskdg ebils

kwky, wbta `diy j``rgbdktls t` w`ro hrè.

Krelg wbta k sibp `h pkplr clkrbdf tal j``rgbdktls, ]rbjl kdg B jibeclg t` tal slj`dg hi``r `h

ZSB‒s Skgb` ]aysbjs cubigbdf kdg i`jolg ùrslivls bdt` k sekii liljtrbjkiiy sabliglg r`è wabja wl

akg clld usbdf h`r ùr lxplrbeldts. ...Ks kiwkys, B clfkd ùr ibttil rbtuki `h stkrtbdf tal tkpl

rlj`rglr, fbvbdf tal tbel kdg gktl, kdg glsjrbcbdf wa` wl wlrl kdg wakt wl wlrl g`bdf. B tald

rlkg tal j``rgbdktls.

Kfkbd, ks wks ]kt‒s justè, al pìbsalg abs spljtkjils, ilkdlg ckjo bd abs jakbr, kdg ji`slg abs

lyls. Al wks sbildt h`r kcùt k ebdutl, kdg tald stkrtlg t` ikufa. Al skbg ’Wabs rlebdgs el `h

tal ìg nòl takt stkrts wbta k fuy bd abs pldtaùsl i`òbdf up kt tal :rg Kvldul Li.― ]kt tald

clfkd abs glsjrbptb`d> ’B ke iybdf `d ey ckjo `d tal r``h `h k tw` `r tarll st`ry crbjo cubigbdf.

Bt‒s k suddy gky. Wal sud hllis f``g. Walrl‒s tal e`st kekzbdf tabdf. Walrl‒s k fbkdt fkdtry jrkdl

e`vbdf ckjo kdg h`rta `vlr ey alkg. ...Ks B grbht up bd tal kbr kdg i`ò g`wd, bt slles t` cl rbgbdf

`d k trkjo wbta `dl rkbi `d lkja sbgl `h tal cubigbdf. B‒vl dlvlr slld kdytabdf ibol takt.―37, pp.1;”13

]rbjl soltjalg kd bekfl `h tal jrkdl al skw. Iktlr `d, wald sktliibtl bekfls wlrl tkold `h tal Z`vblt sbtl, k fbkdt jrkdl wks bdgllg slld bd tal bekfls takt ji`sliy rlslecilg ]rbjl‒s soltja. Bt wks iktlr rlvlkilg takt tal sbtl wks k Z`vblt dujilkr hkjbibty walrl ktèbj wlkp`ds tlsts wlrl clbdf jkrrblg ùt gurbdf tal Jìg Vkr ylkrs.

Bd ;22


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Kt kcùt tal skel tbel takt tal pr`frkes kt ZSB kdg ZKBJ wlrl clbdf jkrrblg ùt, k tabrg lxplrbeldtki pr`frke `d rle`tl vblwbdf wks clbdf bdglpldgldtiy j`dgujtlg kt tal ]rbdjlt`d Ldfbdllrbdf Kdèkibls Slslkrja (]LKS) Ikc`rkt`ry kt ]rbdjlt`d \dbvlrsbty.36 Bd talsl lxplrbeldts, vìudtllrs trblg t` rle`tliy plrjlbvl gbstkdt fl`frkpabjki sbtls takt wùig cl

vbsbtlg cy kd`talr plrs`d hrè tal ikc kt sèl iktlr tbel. Vald kii `h tal lxplrbeldts

j`dgujtlg cy tal ]LKS frùp hrè ;268 t` ;222 wlrl kdkiyzlg, talbr rlsuits keùdtlg t` `ggs `h `vlr k ebiib`d t` `dl kfkbdst jakdjl (z 5 Slsuits Zueekry

;<

3=

3<

:=

:<

7=

7<

ZSB ZKBJ ]LKS Hrll-Slsp`dsl

Jikbrv`ykdjl

Fkdzhlig Wlilpktay

Gktkcksl

A b t S k t l ( % )

Hbfurl 3. Lstbektlg abt rktls (kdg kss`jbktlg 2


8/28


tal pr`frke rlekbds udjlrtkbd. Kfkbd, `dl wky t` flt krùdg tabs bssul wùig cl t` prl”rlfbstlr tal gltkbis `h k rle`tl vblwbdf lxplrbeldt bd kgvkdjl, s` takt taly krl kvkbikcil kdg ekgl jilkr t` lvlry`dl clh`rl tal lxplrbeldt clfbds.

Walrl krl, a`wlvlr, k dueclr `h `talr rle`tl vblwbdf lxplrbeldts takt akvl clld

j`dgujtlg sbdjl tal ZSB, ZKBJ, kdg ]LKS pr`frkes wlrl jèpiltlg, kdg bdtlrlstlg rlkglrs

saùig j`dsbglr tal jakptlr cy Ztlpakd Zjawkrtz bd tal rljldt kdtaì`fy Lvbgldjl h`r ]sb h`r k cr`kglr kdg e`rl gltkbilg `vlrvblw.::

]rlj`fdbtb`d

]rlj`fdbtb`d bs plrakps tal e`st ckhhibdf h`re `h LZ], bdvìvbdf bdstkdjls bd wabja k

plrs`d slles t` cljèl kwkrl `h k jlrtkbd lvldt `r j`dgbtb`d ks bt wbii supp`slgiy `jjur bd tal huturl. Bh tabs bs kjablvlg wbtaùt usbdf tal `rgbdkry sldsls `r i`fbjki bdhlrldjl, tald a`w jkd `dl p`ssbciy od`w kcùt lvldts takt akvld‒t lvld akppldlg ylt0

W` stugy prlj`fdbtb`d, pkrkpsyjaì`fbsts akvl glsbfdlg k dueclr `h gbhhlrldt lxplrbeldts bd wabja prlgbjtb`ds krl ekgl kcùt tal ùtjèls `h jlrtkbd lvldts clh`rl ta`sl lvldts akvl lvld tkold pikjl. H`r bdstkdjl, bd jkrg”fulssbdf lxplrbeldts, pkrtbjbpkdts krl ksolg t` prlgbjt tal rlsuitbdf slquldjl `h syecìs bd k pkjo `h LZ] jkrgs takt wbii jèl up k sa`rt tbel iktlr, wald tal pkjo bs sauhhilg k dueclr `h tbels. Bd `talr w`rgs, tal pkrtbjbpkdts try t` fulss tal ldgbdf syecì `rglr takt rlsuits hrè sauhhibdf tal jkrgs, cut taly g` s` clh`rl tal jkrgs akvl lvld clld sauhhilg.

Zèl prlj`fdbtb`d lxplrbeldts akvl rlslecilg tal jksbd` fkel `h jrkps, bd takt clh`rl k pkbr `h gbjl bs tar`wd, tal pkrtbjbpkdts krl ksolg t` prlgbjt tal dueclrs takt wbii jèl up `d tal rìi. @talr lxplrbeldts akvl bdvìvlg ksobdf tal pkrtbjbpkdts t` fulss tal tkrflts takt wùig cl iktlr sliljtlg cy kd liljtr`dbj rkdgè dueclr fldlrkt`r. Vald kii `h tal vkrbùs

lxplrbeldts j`dgujtlg hrè ;2:


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prljlgl bts jkusl0 Jùig ùr c`gy suctiy rlkjt wbta k ’nuep― lvld clh`rl wl ldjùdtlr tal tarlktldbdf kdbeki0 Zuja kd lxplrbldjl eky cl kobd t` tal hilltbdf bdtubtb`ds, prle`dbtb`ds, `r ’fut hllibdfs― takt sèl pl`pil glsjrbcl akvbdf waldlvlr taly suggldiy hlli takt sèltabdf ckg bs kcùt t` akppld.

Glkd Skgbd kt tal Bdstbtutl `h D`ltbj Zjbldjls bd Jkibh`rdbk akg ilg tal wky bd lxpi`rbdf

tabs bd tal iktl ;22=s wbta abs lxplrbeldts bd prlsldtbeldt (k tlre rlhlrrbdf t` k ’prl”hllibdf― `r kd le`tb`dki ’prl”rlsp`dsl―).:1”:2 Bd abs lxplrbeldts, Skgbd ksolg vìudtllrs t` sbt clh`rl k e`dbt`r sjrlld kdg vblwlg k rkdgè slrbls `h khhljtbvl kdg dlutrki pbjturls wabil tal liljtrbjki

kjtbvbty bd tal dlrvl jliis `h talbr sobd (jkiilg liljtr`glreki kjtbvbty , `r LGK) wks j`dtbdukiiy e`dbt`rlg. Wal khhljtbvl pbjturls sa`wlg tabdfs takt tldg t` krùsl k str`df le`tb`dki rlsp`dsl bd us, waltalr takt rlsp`dsl bs dlfktbvl (suja ks hlkr `r gbsfust) `r p`sbtbvl (suja ks

slxuki krùski). W` libjbt k dlfktbvl rlsp`dsl, pbjturls `h tabdfs ibol vbìldt kjts, eutbiktlg c`gbls, kdg tarlktldbdf kdbekis wlrl sa`wd, wabil lr`tbj bekfls wlrl sa`wd t` libjbt k p`sbtbvl rlsp`dsl. Bd j`dtrkst, tal dlutrki pbjturls sa`wlg tabdfs takt tldg t` cl rliktbvliy ’cikdg― kdg stbr vlry ibttil le`tb`d bd us, suja ks ikdgsjkpls kdg aùslaìg btles.

Bd fldlrki, Skgbd‒s rlsuits bdgbjktlg takt bd hlw slj`dgs clh`rl taly wlrl sa`wd kd khhljtbvl pbjturl, tal LGK `h tal vìudtllrs akg d`tkciy bdjrlkslg (ks jèpkrlg t` tal LGK bd tal slj`dgs clh`rl taly skw k dlutrki pbjturl, wabja wks i`wlr) t` k stktbstbjkiiy sbfdbhbjkdt glfrll. Wabs sufflsts takt, lvld clh`rl sllbdf tal khhljtbvl pbjturl, tal vìudtllrs akg lxabcbtlg k suctil ’nuep― bd talbr c`gy‒s dlrvùs systle kjtbvbty bd kdtbjbpktb`d `h bts kpplkrkdjl. Wabs cljkel od`wd ks tal prlsldtbeldt rlsp`dsl.7=

K t`tki `h 3= LGK”ckslg lxplrbeldts kobd t` Skgbd‒s akvl clld j`dgujtlg sbdjl tal iktl ;22=s. Vald jècbdlg kdg kdkiyzlg, talsl lxplrbeldts wlrl j`dslrvktbvliy hùdg t` cl kss`jbktlg wbta kd `ggs rktb` frlktlr takd :,:== t` `dl (z 5 :.77, p 9 .===:).7;

@dl ebfat hbfurl takt bh tal prlsldtbeldt rlsp`dsl bs k fldubdl paysbì`fbjki lhhljt, tald

bt saùig kis` cl rlhiljtlg bd e`rl hkebibkr obdgs `h clakvb`rki rlsp`dsls. W` lxpi`rl takt

p`ssbcbibty, Gbjo Cblrekd kt tal \dbvlrsbty `h Kestlrgke kis` rl”kdkiyzlg tal LGK gktk jìiljtlg bd jlrtkbd ekbdstrlke psyja`paysbì`fbjki stugbls rliktbdf t` le`tb`d kdg gljbsb`d ekobdf.73 Bd

`dl `h talsl stugbls, rlslkrjalrs kt tal \dbvlrsbty `h B`wk akg e`dbt`rlg tal LGK `h vìudtllrs ks taly ekgl rbsoy gljbsb`ds bd k sbeuiktlg fkecibdf sbtuktb`d.7: Bd kd`talr stugy, k frùp `h Lur`plkd rlslkrjalrs e`dbt`rlg tal stkrtilg rlhilx rlsp`dsls `h pl`pil wald k pbjturl sa`wbdf k jlrtkbd typl `h kdbeki taly hlkrlg (lbtalr sdkols `r spbglrs) wks rkdgèiy hiksalg clh`rl

tale, kjjèpkdblg cy iùg stkrtibdf d`bsls.77

Ks `dl ebfat lxpljt, tal pkrtbjbpkdts bd talsl tw` stugbls sa`wlg ikrfl bdjrlksls bd LGK khtlr ilkrdbdf takt taly‒g ekgl k ckg gljbsb`d ‚ `r khtlr sllbdf tal pbjturl `h tal kdbeki taly hlkrlg, rlspljtbvliy. A`wlvlr, Cblrekd‒s kdkiysbs kis` sa`wlg takt, bd tal hlw slj`dgs ilkgbdf

up t` talbr

gljbsb`d

(`r

t`

sllbdf

tal

hlkrlg

kdbeki),

tal

pkrtbjbpkdts

kis`

lxabcbtlg

sekii

cut

sbfdbhbjkdt bdjrlksls bd LGK (kobd t` prlsldtbeldt), ks bh taly wlrl kirlkgy suctiy rlsp`dgbdf t` tal gljbsb`d taly‒g cl ekobdf ‚ `r tal pbjturl taly‒g cl sllbdf ‚ bd tal eèldts t` jèl. Iktlr bd abs `wd stugy, Cblrekd hùdg sbebikr prlsldtbeldt”ibol rlsp`dsls bd tal LGK `h vìudtllrs nust clh`rl taly ekgl ’lrr`rs― (bd tal h`re `h bdj`rrljt ja`bjls) bd ilkrdbdf k cksbj frkeekr tkso takt uslg syecìs t` rlprlsldt ’w`rgs.―7


10/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw ;=

]syjaòbdlsbs (’Ebdg @vlr Ekttlr―)

]syjaòbdlsbs, `r ]O h`r sa`rt, bs k typl `h psyjabj lxplrbldjl bd wabja talrl slles t` cl kd bdtlrkjtb`d cltwlld tal auekd ebdg kdg paysbjki ekttlr, suja takt tal ebdg bs kcil t` akvl

kd bdhiuldjl `d tal clakvb`r `h ekttlr. Wabs kppkrldt bdhiuldjl bs jèe`diy glpbjtlg bd p`puikr

hbjtb`d, hbie, kdg tlilvbsb`d ks k pl`pil e`vbdf `cnljts wbta talbr ebdgs, kdg s` tal e`rl hkebibkr paksl `h ’ebdg `vlr ekttlr― bs `htld uslg ke`df tal fldlrki pucibj.

Walrl krl kjtukiiy tw` rlj`fdbzlg h`res `h ]O> ebjr`sj`pbj kdg ekjr`sj`pbj. Ebjr`sj`pbj

]O (`r ebjr`”]O h`r sa`rt) bs tal `dl takt‒s clld e`st jèe`diy stugblg bd tal ikc`rkt`ry. ]krt `h tal rlks`d h`r tabs bs takt, wald taly `jjur, ebjr`”]O lhhljts usukiiy krld‒t `vlrtiy d`tbjlkcil. Bdstlkg, taly kpplkr t` cl vlry suctil kdg ebdutl, kjtbdf e`stiy `d tal ebjr`sj`pbj ilvli `h

rlkibty takt bs bdakcbtlg cy sucktèbj ekttlr (b.l., pkrtbjils suja ks liljtr`ds kdg pr`t`ds). Kt tabs lxtrleliy sekii ilvli, tal clakvb`r `h ekttlr bs f`vlrdlg ikrfliy cy pr`ckcbibty. Wabs elkds takt, sbdjl wl jkd‒t gbrljtiy `cslrvl tale, wl jkd `diy lstbektl tal jakdjls `h tabdfs e`vbdf `r kjtbdf bd k jlrtkbd wky.

W` pr`gujl bts lhhljts, bt‒s taùfat takt ebjr`”]O sèla`w khhljts `r jakdfls tal pr`ckcbibtbls kss`jbktlg wbta sucktèbj ekttlr, wabja bd turd khhljts bts rlsuitbdf clakvb`r. Kdg sbdjl tabs obdg `h lhhljt bs s` suctil takt bt jkd‒t cl `cslrvlg wbta tal dkolg lyl, tal `diy wky bd wabja wl‒rl kcil t` ksslss tal lhhljt `h ebjr`”]O bs cy e`dbt`rbdf stktbstbjki jakdfls bd tal rkdgè ùtput `h paysbjki glvbjls takt krl ckslg `d pr`jlssls `plrktbdf kt tal sucktèbj ilvli. @dl suja glvbjl bs tal liljtr`dbj rkdgè dueclr fldlrkt`r (SDF). Wabs glvbjl aks clld k prbel t`ì bd tal stugy `h ebjr`”]O lvlr sbdjl tal ;28=s, wald bt wks glvli`plg h`r kppibjktb`d bd pkrkpsyjaì`fbjki lxplrbeldts cy paysbjbst Alieut Zjaebgt.

Wal SDF j`dsbsts `h kd liljtr`dbj jbrjubt takt pr`gujls k rkdgè slrbls `h cbdkry dueclrs (b.l., k duelrbjki slrbls `h ’;―s kdg ’=―s) ckslg `d tal kjtbvbty `h k truiy rkdgè kdg

udprlgbjtkcil sùrjl, suja ks rkgb`kjtbvl gljky `r tal d`bsl jrlktlg cy k e`vbdf strlke `h

liljtr`ds. Ks k j`dvldbldt kdg uslhui kdki`fy, tabs elta`g `h fldlrktbdf k slrbls `h rkdgè dueclrs jkd cl iboldlg t` rlplktlgiy hibppbdf k j`bd bdt` tal kbr, kdg tald sllbdf waltalr

’alkgs― (krcbtrkrbiy rlprlsldtlg cy k ’;―) `r ’tkbis― (rlprlsldtlg cy k ’=―) jèls up `d lkja hibp. Waus, tal pr`ckcbibty `h flttbdf ’alkgs― `r ’tkbis― wbta lkja hibp bs lxkjtiy


11/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw ;;

-;==

-


12/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw ;3

E`rl alkgs

lxpljtktb`d

E`rl tkbis

Hbfurl 7. SDF gktk hrè tal ;3”ylkr slrbls `h ebjr`”]O lxplrbeldts j`dgujtlg cy ]rbdjlt`d \dbvlrsbty‒s

]LKS Ikc`rkt`ry, sa`wbdf tal tarll gbrljtb`ds `h eldtki bdhiuldjl kbelg h`r cy bts 2; pkrtbjbpkdts. Wal jurvlg krjs

bdgbjktl tal tarlsaìg `h stktbstbjki sbfdbhbjkdjl. Jèpkrl tal clakvb`r `h tabs lxplrbeldtki SDF gktk wbta tal

lxkepil gktk sa`wd bd Hbfurl :.

Bd kggbtb`d, hùr kdkiysls akvl clld g`dl t` gktl `h tal audgrlgs `h `talr lxplrbeldtki

ebjr`”]O stugbls takt pkrkpsyjaì`fbsts akvl j`dgujtlg usbdf SDFs.6,76”72

K sueekry `h talbr bdgbvbguki rlsuits bs frkpabjkiiy gbspikylg cli`w bd Hbfurl


13/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw ;:

72.22

72.22<


14/28


15/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw ;


16/28


Walrl akvl kis` clld sliljt jksls `h akudtbdfs bd wabja pl`pil akvl wbtdlsslg gltkbilg, ibhl”ibol kppkrbtb`dki hbfurls `h gljlkslg bdgbvbgukis kt jlrtkbd pikjls walrl ta`sl bdgbvbgukis akg `djl ibvlg `r w`rolg bd ibhl.83 @dl suja jksl bs tal ’F`rgy― jksl bdvlstbfktlg bd tal ;21=s cy tal iktl Vbiibke Sìi.8:,p.;8= K crblh dkrrktbvl `h tal jksl bs ks hìi`ws>

Z``d khtlr e`vbdf t` k dlw aèl wbta alr hkebiy, k ibttil fbri dkelg Albgb Vyrbjo akg

elt k ekd bd alr dlbfac`ra``g dkelg ’J`d,― wa` bdvbtlg alr t` piky `d k trll swbdf bd k dlkrcy ykrg. Vald Albgb ksolg h`r plrebssb`d t` g` s`, alr e`talr ksolg kcùt J`d kdg Albgb glsjrbclg abe ks akvbdf k ckdgkflg rbfat akdg kdg wlkrbdf k W”sabrt ’wbta ci``g kii `vlr.―

J`djlrdlg takt J`d ebfat try t` akre `r obgdkp tal fbri, Albgb‒s pkrldts akg tal dlbfac`ra``g slkrjalg h`r tal ekd, cut taly wlrl udkcil t` hbdg abe.

K sa`rt tbel iktlr, Albgb clfkd splkobdf `h rlfuikriy elltbdf wbta kd`talr ekd bd tal

dlbfac`ra``g dkelg ’Er. F`rgy― t` piky `d tal swbdf, kdg alr pkrldts sbepiy hbfurlg takt J`d kdg Er. F`rgy wlrl tal fbri‒s bekfbdkry pikyektls. Lvldtukiiy, tarùfa k slrbls `h g`jueldts, taly gbsj`vlrlg takt kd liglriy fldtilekd dkelg Nkels F`rgy, ks wlii ks k ekd dkelg ’I`d,― akg kjtukiiy ibvlg bd tal dlbfac`ra``g ekdy ylkrs ckjo, kdg takt I`d akg i`st abs rbfat akdg bd k ekjabdlry kjjbgldt. Wal glsjrbptb`ds takt Albgb fkvl `h tal tw` eld wlrl iktlr hùdg t` ji`sliy ektja pa`t`frkpas `h tale, kdg sal wks kcil t` j`rrljtiy pbjo tale ùt `h k rkdgè jìiljtb`d `h ìg pa`t`frkpas. Wry ks al ebfat, Sìi jùigd‒t hbdg kdy `rgbdkry wky bd wabja Albgb jùig‒vl ilkrdlg kcùt tale prb`r t` alr hkebiy‒s gbsj`vlry `h talbr bgldtbtbls. Wabs sufflsts takt talrl eky akvl clld k psyjabj jèp`dldt t` Albgb‒s kppkrbtb`dki lxplrbldjls.

K p`tldtbki wlkodlss wbta talsl obdgs `h kppkrbtb`d kdg akudtbdf jksls bs takt glspbtl a`w bdtlrlstbdf taly slle t` cl, talrl jurrldtiy tldgs t` cl rliktbvliy hlw `h tale takt akvl clld lxtldsbvliy bdvlstbfktlg, jkrlhuiiy g`jueldtlg, kdg talbr gltkbis vlrbhblg. Kdg kitaùfa taly krl rktalr kcudgkdt bd hìoi`rl, suja jksls g` d`t slle t` cl ks wbgliy prìbhbj bd tal prlsldt tbel, wabja eky ekol bgldtbhybdf kdg bdvlstbfktbdf jksls ibol talsl rktalr jakiildfbdf.

Cut bh kggbtb`dki jksls jkd cl bgldtbhblg, bdvlstbfktlg, kdg g`jueldtlg, tald k str`dflr

lvbgldtbki cksbs h`r j`dsbglrktb`d jkd p`ssbciy cl ekgl.

Elgbuesabp> Walrl aks i`df clld k pucibj hksjbdktb`d wbta tal jikbelg kcbibty `h

elgbues t` jèeudbjktl wbta kdg rljlbvl elsskfls hrè tal glkg. Wabs lxtldgs ckjo t` tal albfat `h tal Zpbrbtukibse e`vleldt bd tal iktl ;2ta jldtury, wald bt wks qubtl p`puikr h`r pl`pil t` fktalr bd pkri`r r`ès h`r k sâkdjl wbta k elgbue wa` wùig sllebdfiy crbdf tarùfa elsskfls wabil bd k stktl `h trkdjl. Zystlektbj stugy `h elgbuesabp kis` t`ò k stlp

h`rwkrg kt tabs tbel wbta tal hùdgbdf `h tal Z`jblty h`r ]syjabjki Slslkrja (Z]S) bd Ldfikdg bd ;113. Kitaùfa ekdy hrkuguildt elgbues wlrl lvldtukiiy bgldtbhblg kdg lxp`slg cy tal lkriy eleclrs `h tal Z]S, taly gbg jèl kjr`ss jlrtkbd bdgbvbgukis, suja ks Ers. Il`d`rl ]bplr, wa` sllelg t` p`sl fldubdl ldbfeks.


17/28


lxplrbeldtki slrbls bd jkrg”fulssbdf, bd wabja Ers. Fkrrltt wks ksolg t` jkii tal syec`is bd k stkdgkrg gljo `h 3


18/28


Hurtalre`rl, wald tlstlg bd alr trkdjl stktl, Ers. Fkrrltt‒s `vlrkii abt rktl wks hùdg t` stbii cl sbfdbhbjkdt kt 3:.;% (z 5 :.=16, p 5 .==;), wabja bs kss`jbktlg wbta kd `ggs rktb` `h ;,=== t` `dl. Walsl rlsuits slle t` bdgbjktl takt Ers. Fkrrltt akg plrh`relg rlekrokciy wlii udglr rliktbvliy wlii”j`dtrìilg j`dgbtb`ds (wabja bdjiuglg sbtuktb`ds bd wabja sal fulsslg tal syecìs

bd k ta`rùfaiy sauhhilg gljo `h LZ] jkrgs takt wks i`jktlg bd k slpkrktl r`è).

]ucibj bdtlrlst bd elgbuesabp aks slld rlsurfldjl bd rljldt ylkrs wbta tal p`puikrbty `h WX sa`ws ibol Elgbue kdg hbies suja ks Wal Zbxta Zldsl, kdg bd tkdgle wbta tabs, talrl aks clld k akdghui `h lxplrbeldtki lhh`rts t` stugy tal jikbes `h prlsldt”gky elgbues wa` krl

kjjustèlg t` fbvbdf rlkgbdfs gbrljtiy t` tal pl`pil j`dsuitbdf tale (wa` krl trkgbtb`dkiiy jkiilg sbttlrs).

W` cl e`rl jlrtkbd takt elgbues krl psyjabjkiiy rljlbvbdf bdh`rektb`d kcùt k sbttlr‒s

gljlkslg i`vlg `dls (kdg d`t hrè vbsuki juls, i`fbjki bdhlrldjl, kdg `talr `rgbdkry elkds), bt‒s clld bep`rtkdt bd talsl lxplrbeldts t` j`dgujt tal elgbuesabp rlkgbdfs bd k ekddlr takt tldgs t` cl qubtl gbhhlrldt hrè tal obdgs `h rlkgbdfs takt elgbues akvl clld sa`wd t` fbvl t` sbttlrs `d WX. Bd k j`dtrìilg lxplrbeldtki slttbdf, tal elgbue bsd‒t tìg kdytabdf kcùt tal sbttlr (`r tal gljlkslg i`vlg `dl taly a`pl t` j`dtkjt) clh`rl tal rlkgbdf, kdg bs ksolg t` j`dgujt tal rlkgbdf wbtaùt tal sbttlr lvld clbdf prlsldt (s` takt tal sbttlr jkd‒t bdkgvlrtldtiy fbvl hkjbki juls `r hllgckjo abdts t` tal elgbue). Bdstlkg, `dl `h tal lxplrbeldtlrs kjts ks k ’stkdg bd― `d tal sbttlr‒s clakih kdg rlj`rgs tal rlkgbdf h`r tal sbttlr. Khtlrwkrg, tal rlkgbdf bs trkdsjrbclg kdg fbvld t` tal sbttlr, ki`df wbta tal trkdsjrbpts `h slvlrki `talr ’glj`y― rlkgbdfs takt wlrl bdtldglg h`r `talr sbttlrs. Clh`rl clbdf tìg wabja rlkgbdf bs talbrs, tal sbttlr bs ksolg t` rlkg tarùfa kii `h tal trkdsjrbclg rlkgbdfs kdg rktl lkja `h tal elgbue‒s beprlssb`ds kjj`rgbdf t` a`w wlii bt slles t` kjjurktliy hbt tal sbttlr‒s gljlkslg i`vlg `dl. ]rlsuekciy, bh tal elgbue rlkiiy bs rljlbvbdf j`rrljt beprlssb`ds hrè tal sbttlr‒s gljlkslg i`vlg `dl, tald tal sbttlr saùig rktl tal ’tkrflt― rlkgbdf (b.l., tal rlkgbdf takt wks kjtukiiy bdtldglg h`r abe `r

alr) ks clbdf tal e`st kjjurktl, ks jèpkrlg t` tal ’glj`y― rlkgbdfs.

K rljldt rlvblw `h hbvl elgbuesabp lxplrbeldts j`dgujtlg bd tabs j`dtrìilg ekddlr akg hùdg takt `diy tw` akg pr`gujlg sbfdbhbjkdtiy p`sbtbvl rlsuits.88 C`ta `h talsl jkel hrè

tal Vbdgcrbgfl Bdstbtutl, wabja tal rlvblwlrs d`tlg akg uslg ’...k pkbrbdf pr`jlgurl `h tal gljlkslg plrs`ds t` `ptbebzl gbhhlrldjls _cltwlld taleU (bd jktlf`rbls ibol kfl kt pkssbdf, a`ccbls, paysbjki glsjrbptb`d, jkusl `h glkta). Aldjl, bt slles takt...ja``sbdf tal tkrflt rlkgbdf wks ilss gbhhbjuit h`r sbttlrs `h tal ‑p`sbtbvl‒ takd h`r tal ‑dlfktbvl‒ stugbls.―88,p.;:: Bh takt bs tal

jksl, tald tabs jùig `hhlr `dl p`ssbcil wky t` kjjùdt h`r tal sbfdbhbjkdt rlsuits. Bd kggbtb`d, `talr p`tldtbki bssuls akvl clld rkbslg kcùt tal glsbfd `h tal Vbdgcrbgfl lxplrbeldts wabja eky ilkvl sèl qulstb`d rlfkrgbdf tal vkibgbty `h talbr p`sbtbvl rlsuits.86

Bd lvkiuktbdf lkriblr lxplrbeldtki stugbls wbta elgbues kdg psyjabjs, psyjaì`fbst Zyc`

Zjaùtld

akg

kis`

hùdg

takt

’...ilss

takd

akih

`h

tal

stugbls

rlp`rtlg

p`sbtbvl

rlsuits.―

81,p.37<

Jùpilg wbta tal iktlst rlvblw `h elgbuesabp lxplrbeldts, tabs slles t` p`sl k rktalr j`dsbglrkcil wlkodlss h`r tal lvbgldtbki cksbs h`r elgbuesabp kt tal prlsldt tbel. Vabil talrl kpplkr t` akvl clld sèl d`tkcil elgbues bd tal pkst (ibol Ers. Fkrrltt), tal iktlst stugbls slle t` bdgbjktl takt takt eky d`t dljlsskrbiy cl tal jksl d`w h`r elgbues `h tal prlsldt gky. Cut bt‒s kis` bep`rtkdt t` rlj`fdbzl takt tal jurrldtiy kvkbikcil gktkcksl `d tabs t`pbj bs stbii rliktbvliy sekii, kdg takt kggbtb`dki j`dtrìilg lxplrbeldts krl dllglg h`r k hkbrlr lvkiuktb`d.


19/28


Dlkr ”Glkta Lxplrbldjls> Duelrùs kjjùdts lxbst `h pl`pil akvbdf pr`hùdg lxplrbldjls gurbdf eèldts bd wabja taly‒vl sllebdfiy jèl ji`sl t` glkta. Walsl jkd bdjiugl vldturbdf tarùfa k gkro tuddli, sllbdf ’`talr”w`rigiy― vbsb`ds `h kd khtlribhl lxbstldjl, ldjùdtlrbdf gljlkslg rliktbvls kdg hrbldgs, kdg sldsbdf tal prlsldjl `h gbvbdl clbdfs, ke`df

`talrs.8= ]lrakps tal e`st bdtrbfubdf kspljt `h talsl dlkr”glkta lxplrbldjls (DGLs) hrè k

pkrkpsyjaì`fbjki stkdgp`bdt aks clld tal sldsl takt sèl pl`pil akvl akg `h rlekbdbdf huiiy kwkrl `h talbr surrùdgbdfs kt tbels wald taly‒rl prlsuelg t` cl huiiy udj`dsjbùs, jèkt`sl, `r lvld jibdbjkiiy glkg.82”6

Bd tal iktl ;26=s, Zul Zkudglrs wks w`robdf kt Akrth`rg A`spbtki ks k rlspbrkt`ry talrkpbst.

@dl gky, sal wks alipbdf t` rlsusjbtktl k 8=”bsa ekd bd tal lelrfldjy r`è, wa`sl

liljtr`jkrgb`frke _b.l., alkrt e`dbt`rU akg f`dl hikt. Elgbjs wlrl sa`jobdf abe rlplktlgiy wbta

d` rlsuits. Zkudglrs wks trybdf t` fbvl abe `xyfld. Bd tal ebggil `h tal rlsusjbtktb`d, sèl`dl

lisl t`ò `vlr h`r alr kdg sal ilht.

K jùpil `h gkys iktlr, sal ldjùdtlrlg tabs pktbldt bd tal BJ\. Al sp`dtkdlùsiy jèeldtlg,

’Rù i`òlg s` euja clttlr bd yùr ylii`w t`p.―

Zal…wks s` sa`jolg kt tabs rlekro takt sal f`t f``slcueps, h`r sal akg clld wlkrbdf k

ylii`w se`jo tal prlvbùs gky.

’Rlka,― tal ekd j`dtbdulg, ’B skw yù. Rù akg sèltabdf `vlr yùr hkjl kdg yù wlrl

pusabdf kbr bdt` el. Kdg B skw yùr ylii`w se`jo.―

Zkudglrs j`dhbrelg takt sal akg akg sèltabdf `vlr alr hkjl ‚ k ekso ‚ kdg takt sal akg

w`rd tal ylii`w se`jo wabil trybdf t` fbvl abe `xyfld, wabil al wks udj`dsjbùs kdg wbtaùt k

alkrtclkt.6

B i`òlg g`wd kt tal clg hrè ey vkdtkfl p`bdt dlkr tal jlbibdf...B skw k fbri talrl wa` i`òlg

t` cl bd k frlkt glki `h pkbd. Alr lylcr`ws wlrl grkwd t`fltalr, alr ibps wlrl ciul, sal

kpplkrlg t` akvl k ciul eustkjal, talrl wks kd `xyfld tucl bd alr d`sl, alr akbr wks wlt

i`òbdf kdg strudf ùt `d tal pbii`w. B hlit s`rry h`r alr. G`jt`rs kdg dursls wlrl jèbdf kdg

f`bdf hrè tal r`è. B skw `dl g`jt`r abt alr akrg bd tal jalst. B rlkiiy hlit j`dhuslg kt wakt B

wks sllbdf kdg alkrbdf. Wal dursls‒ stktb`d wks kcùt hbhty hllt hrè ey r`è. B skw k g`jt`r

jèl t` tal stktb`d takt B rlj`fdbzlg. Al wks k hkebiy hrbldg kdg B akg clld rkbslg dlxt g``r t`

abe. Wal dursl tìg abe takt ]lffy Kgkes _Ers. Sks`‒s ekbgld dkelU akg nust gblg. Al rlpiblg

takt al wùig jkii Ekrfkrlt (ey e`talr). Ey alkrbdf wks lxtrleliy kjutl. B alkrg kdg skw

kd`talr pktbldt `d tal hi``r jèpikbdbdf kcùt tal kjtbvbty kdg d`bsl jèbdf hrè ey r`è....


20/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw 3=

Bt gkwdlg `d el taly wlrl tkiobdf kcùt el. B trblg t` tlii tale B wks d`t g`wd talrl. Bt

cljkel `cvbùs taly wlrl d`t alkrbdf el. B rlj`fdbzlg kd`talr dursl hrè kd`talr hi``r jèl

bdt` tal r`è. B odlw alr taùfats. Zal akg alkrg hrè tal a`spbtki frkplvbdl takt B akg gblg

kdg wkdtlg t` sll. Zal ilkdlg `d tal h``t `h tal clg kdg skbg, ’W`` ckg, kdg sal wks `diy

twldty”hbvl.― Zal ilht tal r`è sakobdf alr alkg dlfktbvliy kdg skbg t` sèl`dl bd tal akii, ’B‒e

s` s`rry.― B wks kwkrl `h k prblst clbdf bd tal r`è kdg hrè ey vkdtkfl p`bdt B wktjalg abe

ilkvl. Ks al ldtlrlg tal akii, B alkrg abe sky, ’B wbii prky h`r alr sùi.― B skw ey ausckdg s`htiy jrybdf bd tal akii. Al skbg, ’Vakt jkd B tlii tal jabigrld0― Ey kudt, kd SD, kdswlrlg abe wbta,

’F`g nust wkdtlg alr.― B hlit s`rry h`r tale....

Ey kttldtb`d wks jkiilg ckjo t` tal akii cy ey kudt‒s v`bjl. B skw alr sbttbdf bd k squkttbdf

p`sbtb`d ilkdbdf kfkbdst tal wkii kdg tkiobdf t` kd`talr dursl wa` wks `d guty. Zal skbg, ’Zal

wks suja k f``g ibttil e`talr.― B odlw sal wks tkiobdf kcùt el kdg B taùfat, ’B ke stbii k f``g

ibttil e`talr.― Alr w`rgs stkrtilg el bdt` rlkibzbdf B wks glkg. B i`òlg kt tal c`gy kfkbd kdg B

odlw bt wks ebdl. B trblg s` akrg t` tlii tale B wksd‒t talrl kdye`rl kdg B wksd‒t bd pkbd. B

wbsalg taly jùig kii cl up talrl wbta el....6;, p.:2:

Iktlr `d, Ers. Sks`‒s ausckdg vlrbhblg takt alr kudt, wa` gbg w`ro ks kd SD kt tal skel a`spbtki, akg bdgllg skbg, ’Zal wks suja k f``g ibttil e`talr,― kdg al rleleclrlg takt al akg

skbg t` alr, ’B g` d`t od`w wakt B wbii g` d`w. B akvl tarll jabigrld t` tkol jkrl `h d`w.― Al gbg d`t cliblvl takt abs wbhl jùig akvl slld abe hrè abs p`sbtb`d tarùfa tal g``rwky, kdg gbg d`t tabdo sal jùig akvl alkrg abe jrybdf `r wakt al kdg alr kudt wlrl skybdf.

Kitaùfa taly krl gbhhbjuit t` bfd`rl, tal p`tldtbki wlkodlss wbta DGL jksls suja ks talsl bs takt taly rlekbd purliy kdljg`tki. Krfukciy, e`rl lvbgldtbki wlbfat jùig cl fbvld t` tale bh bt wlrl p`ssbcil t` vlrbhy tal ùt”`h ”c`gy plrjlptb`ds takt pl`pil rlp`rt gurbdf DGLs bd k e`rl j`dtrìilg ekddlr. Zuja kd lhh`rt aks clld kgv`jktlg cy paysbjbkd Zke ]krdbk, wa` krfulg takt bt ebfat cl p`ssbcil t` g` usbdf k quksb”lxplrbeldtki kppr`kja.68 Bd pkrtbjuikr, al sufflstlg takt lxplrbeldtki trbkis jùig cl slt”up bd a`spbtkis walrl abggld vbsuki tkrflts krl

strktlfbjkiiy pikjlg krùdg jrbtbjki jkrl kdg lelrfldjy r`ès, bd p`sbtb`ds (kdg kt albfats) takt

`diy

k

plrs`d

i`òbdf

g`wd

kt

talbr

c`gy

hrè

kc`vl

jùig

sll

tale

(l.f.,

cy

pikjbdf

k

rkdgèiy”sliljtlg pbjturl hikt `d k salih suspldglg hrè tal jlbibdf). ]krdbk ekgl k prlibebdkry kttlept t` g` tabs gurbdf abs stugy `h jkrgbkj pktbldts kt Zùtakept`d Fldlrki A`spbtki,

kitaùfa d`dl `h tal DGL pktbldts bd abs stugy rlp`rtlg akvbdf kd @CL.66

]krdbk kjtukiiy wksd‒t tal hbrst rlslkrjalr t` pr`p`sl tabs obdg `h lxplrbeldt? Nkdbjl Ebdlr Aìgld `h tal \dbvlrsbty `h D`rta Wlxks akg bdbtbkiiy ekgl k sbebikr pr`p`ski bd tal iktl ;21=s.61 A`wlvlr, prkjtbjki bssuls kdg gbhhbjuity bd hbdgbdf a`spbtkis wbiibdf t` a`st suja lxplrbeldtki trbkis akg ekgl alr `wd prlibebdkry kttlept t` j`dgujt tale jakiildfbdf, wbta d` rlp`rts `h kd DGL.62 E`rl rljldtiy, bd jìikc`rktb`d wbta tal \dbvlrsbty `h Xbrfbdbk rlslkrjalrs, Aìgld aks j`dgujtlg kggbtb`dki trbkis gurbdf crblh eèldts `h surfbjkiiy”bdgujlg jkrgbkj krrlst. Cut kfkbd, d`dl `h tal


21/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw 3;

gbgd‒t tkol pikjl bd r`ès lqubpplg wbta tal lxplrbeldtki kppkrktus, udh`rtudktliy, kdg s` bt wksd‒t p`ssbcil t` hurtalr vlrbhy talbr plrjlptb`ds.

Kitaùfa tal kttlepts ekgl s` hkr akvld‒t clld sujjlsshui, bt eust kis` cl rlj`fdbzlg takt tal dueclr `h lxplrbeldts bd tabs gktkcksl bs kfkbd qubtl sekii, kdg takt kggbtb`dki

lxplrbeldts krl dllglg bd `rglr t` ekol k hkbrlr ksslsseldt.

Slbdjkrdktb`d> Bdbtbkiiy, Nkels Ilbdbdflr ebfat akvl sllelg t` cl k typbjki Kelrbjkd c`y wbta k frlkt hksjbdktb`d h`r kbrpikdls. Cut hrè tal tbel al hbrst clfkd t` splko ks k t`ggilr, Nkels glsjrbclg jlrtkbd ’ele`rbls― al'g akg `h clbdf k hbfatlr pbi`t wa`'g clld sa`t g`wd

gurbdf tal Kiiblg bdvksb`d `h Bw` Nbek bd tal Zùta ]kjbhbj gurbdf V`rig Vkr BB. Iktlr `d, tarùfa lxtldsbvl hkjt”jaljobdf, Nkels' pkrldts gbsj`vlrlg takt ekdy `h tal gltkbis Nkels wks glsjrbcbdf bd abs kppkrldt ’ele`rbls― kjtukiiy sllelg t` hbt tal ibhl `h k od`wd Kelrbjkd Kiiblg

pbi`t, Nkels Aust`d, Nr., wa` akg bdgllg clld sa`t g`wd gurbdf tal Bw` Nbek jkepkbfd.13,Ja.7 Jùig yùdf Nkels Ilbdbdflr sèla`w cl ’rleleclrbdf― tal gltkbis `h k prlvbùs ibhl0

Wabs bs k sueekry `h nust `dl `h tal kppr`xbektliy 3,=== jksls sufflstbvl `h rlbdjkrdktb`d takt akvl clld bdvlstbfktlg cy Nbe Wujolr kdg eleclrs `h tal Gbvbsb`d `h ]lrjlptuki Ztugbls kt tal \dbvlrsbty `h Xbrfbdbk. Wabs hìi`ws up`d tal pb`dllrbdf rlslkrja lhh`rts ekgl cy tal iktl psyjabktrbst Bkd Ztlvlds`d, wa` bgldtbhblg kdg jkrlhuiiy g`jueldtlg jksls bd vkrbùs jùdtrbls krùdg tal w`rig bd wabja jabigrld cltwlld tw` t` tarll ylkrs `h kfl clfkd t` sp`dtkdlùsiy ’rljkii― kppkrldt ele`rbls `h k prlvbùs ibhl ks kd`talr plrs`d.1: E`st `htld talsl jksls surhkjlg bd Ksbkd jùdtrbls suja ks Bdgbk, Zrb Ikdok, Zùtawlstlrd Jabdk, Wbclt, kdg Eykdekr (Curek), walrl k trkgbtb`dki cliblh bd rlbdjkrdktb`d bs bdalrldt bd tal rlfb`dki Cuggabst p`puiktb`d. Kggbtb`dki jksls wbta sbebikr jakrkjtlrbstbjs wlrl iktlr udj`vlrlg kdg g`jueldtlg cy Kdt`dbk Ebiis, Lrildgur Akrkigss`d, kdg Nùrfld Olbi bd tal ebg”;22=s, kggbdf sèl glfrll `h bdglpldgldt j`dhbrektb`d t` Ztlvlds`d‒s hbdgbdfs.17

Bd kggbtb`d t` sllebdfiy ’rleleclrbdf― lvldts hrè k gljlkslg plrs`d‒s ibhl, tal

jabigrld bd talsl jksls eky kis` lxabcbt `talr udbqul clakvb`rs. H`r bdstkdjl, k jabig eky cl

kcil t` sp`dtkdlùsiy rlj`fdbzl eleclrs `h tal gljlkslg plrs`d‒s hkebiy `r bgldtbhy hrbldgs takt tal plrs`d akg od`wd bd ibhl. Wal jabig eky kis` lxabcbt `dl `r e`rl udbqul plrs`dkibty

jakrkjtlrbstbjs wabja akppld t` cl j`dsbstldt wbta tal gljlkslg plrs`d‒s ibhlstyil kdg plrs`dkibty.1


22/28


...tal `ggs `h tw` cbrtaekros ektjabdf w`udgs `d kd`talr c`gy cy jakdjl wlrl kc`ut ; bd

3


23/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw 3:

Lxplrbeldtki Krlk Lhhljt Zbzl

Fkdzhlig Wlilpktay;

Wal gllplr rlks`d sjbldtbsts rlekbd udj`dvbdjlg `h psb bs takt talrl bs d` tal`ry h`r a`w psb

w`ros. \dtbi psb pr`p`dldts jkd liujbgktl a`w taùfats fldlrktlg cy dlur`ds bd tal sldglr‒s

crkbd jkd pkss tarùfa tal souii kdg bdt` tal crkbd `h tal rljlbvlr, solptbjbse bs tal kppr`prbktl

rlsp`dsl, ks bt wks h`r j`dtbdldtki grbht skds piktl tljt`dbjs.23,p.:;

Vùig psyjabj lxplrbldjls rlkiiy cl takt bdjèpktbcil wbta ekbdstrlke sjbldjl0 ]lrakps d`t. Vabil taly akvld‒t ylt ilg t` k jèpiltl w`robdf e`gli, sèl tal`rltbjki kppr`kjals bd pkrkpsyjaì`fy akvl clld h`jusbdf iktliy `d p`ssbcil p`bdts `h bdtlrsljtb`d cltwlld psb kdg tal obdgs `h paysbjki paldèldk prlgbjtlg cy qukdtue tal`ry, wabja ldtkbi k h`re `h ’sp`òy kjtb`d kt k gbstkdjl― (ks Lbdstlbd `djl hkeùsiy put bt).6,2: Bd kggbtb`d, vkrbùs lxplrbeldts j`dgujtlg `vlr tal pkst sbxty ylkrs akvl hùdg takt psyjabj lxplrbldjls g` tldg t` sa`w sèl


24/28


j`rrliktls wbta od`wd crkbd kjtbvbty27”2 EjHkrikdg & Jèpkdy, Bdj.

7Hlktalr, Z. S., & Zjaebjolr, E. (3== LZ], tal Lxtrk`rgbdkry Lxplrbldjls `h @rgbdkry ]l`pil. Dlw R`ro>

Zt. Ekrtbd‒s ]rlss. <Kjj`rgbdf t` tal vkiuls fbvld `d tal ]`wlrckii wlcsbtl (attp>//www.p`wlrckii.jè/p`wlrckii/pcPprbzls.ksp) ks

`h Kprbi 2, 3=;8. 8

]ucibsalrs Jilkrbdf Aùsl tldgs t` ollp talbr lstbektlg `ggs `h wbddbdf pr`prbltkry udilss yù kjtukiiy ldtlr tal swllpstkols, cut k fldlrki lstbektl h`r ùr purp`sls `h lxkepil jkd cl filkdlg hrè talbr bdh`rektb`d

pkfl `d Vbobplgbk (attps>//ld.wbobplgbk.`rf/wbob/]ucibsalrsPJilkrbdfPAùsl). 6Skgbd, G. (3==8). Ldtkdfilg Ebdgs> Lxtrkslds`ry Lxplrbldjls bd k [ukdtue Slkibty . Dlw R`ro> ]krkvblw ]`jolt

C`òs. 1Skgbd, G. (3=;:). Zuplrd`reki> Zjbldjl, R`fk, kdg tal Lvbgldjl h`r Lxtrk`rgbdkry ]syjabj Kcbibtbls. Dlw R`ro> Jr`wd

]ucibsabdf/Gllpko Ja`prk C`òs. 2]`wlii, G. A. (3==2). Wal LZ] Ldbfek> Wal Zjbldtbhbj Jksl h`r ]syjabj ]aldèldk. Dlw R`ro> Vkiolr & Jèpkdy.

;=Brwbd, A. N., & Vktt, J. K. (3==6). Kd Bdtr`gujtb`d t` ]krkpsyjaì`fy ( EjHkrikdg &

Jèpkdy. ;;

Wrkgbtb`dkiiy, tal j`djlpt `h tlilpktay kssuels takt tal sldglr bs ’trkdshlrrbdf― `r ’sldgbdf― bdh`rektb`d t` tal

rljlbvlr, kobd t` tal bglk `h k ’eldtki rkgb`.― A`wlvlr, talrl bs jurrldtiy vlry ibttil lvbgldjl (bh kdy kt kii)

wabja jilkriy bdgbjktls takt suja k pr`jlss bs bdvìvlg bd tlilpktay. Waus, tal tlres sldglr kdg rljlbvlr krl

clbdf uslg alrl h`r tal j`dvldbldjl `h gbstbdfubsabdf cltwlld tal tw` bdgbvbgukis pkrtbjbpktbdf bd k

tlilpktay lxplrbeldt, kdg saùigd‒t cl tkold t` bepiy takt `dl dljlsskrbiy ’trkdshlrrlg― `r ’sldt―

sèltabdf t` tal `talr. ;3

Vkjolrekdd, N., ]ùtz, ]., & Kiilhlig, J. (3==1). Fkdzhlig”bdgujlg akiiujbdkt`ry lxplrbldjl, bts paldèldì`fy kdg

jlrlcrki dlur`paysbì`fy. J`rtlx , 77, ;:87 ‚ ;:61. ;:

Cle, G. N., & A`d`rt`d, J. (;227). G`ls psb lxbst0 Slpibjkcil lvbgldjl h`r kd kdèkiùs pr`jlss `h bdh`rektb`d

trkdshlr. ]syjaì`fbjki Cuiiltbd, ;; Ksslssbdf tal

d`bsl rlgujtb`d e`gli bd pkrkpsyjaì`fy. ]syjaì`fbjki Cuiiltbd, ;:8, 76; ‚ 71 K cksbj rlvblw kdg ksslsseldt. Nùrdki `h Zjbldtbhbj

Lxpi`rktb`d, 3 Wal psb fkdzhlig j`dtr`vlrsy. Nùrdki `h ]krkpsyjaì`fy ,


25/28

Vbiibkes> ]sb Lvbgldjl @vlrvblw 3 Abst`rbjki

plrspljtbvl kdg rljldt rlslkrja. ]r`jllgbdfs `h tal BLLL , 87, :32 ‚ : K jrbtbjki rl”lvkiuktb`d.―

Nùrdki `h ]krkpsyjaì`fy , 83, :=2 ‚ :;1. :3

Vbslekd, S., & Ebit`d, N. (;222). ’Lxplrbeldt `dl `h tal ZKBJ rle`tl vblwbdf pr`frke> K jrbtbjki rl”lvkiuktb`d―>

Slpiy t` Eky. Nùrdki `h ]krkpsyjaì`fy , 8:, : ‚ ;7. ::

Zjawkrtz, Z. K. (3=; Wal lvbgldjl h`r rle`tl vblwbdf. Bd G. Cr`glrbjo & C. F`lrtzli (Lgs.) Lvbgldjl h`r ]sb> Wabrtlld Lepbrbjki Slslkrja Slp`rts (pp. ;81 ‚ 3;3). Nlhhlrs`d, DJ> EjHkrikdg &

Jèpkdy, Bdj. :7

A`d`rt`d, J., & Hlrrkrb, G. J. (;212). ’Huturl tliibdf―> K eltk”kdkiysbs `h h`rjlg”ja`bjl prlj`fdbtb`d lxplrbeldts,

;2: Kd lxplrbeldt bd prlsldtbeldt. Nùrdki `h

Zjbldtbhbj Lxpi`rktb`d, ;;, ;8: ‚ ;1=. :2

Skgbd, G. B. (3==7). Liljtr`glreki prlsldtbeldts `h huturl le`tb`ds. Nùrdki `h Zjbldtbhbj Lxpi`rktb`d, ;1, 3


26/28


g`lsd‒t hìi`w k slt pkttlrd. Kdg bh yù g`d‒t od`w wald bt wbii `jjur, a`w jkd yù p`ssbciy rlkjt t` bt

clh`rlakdg0 Wabs bs walrl prlj`fdbtb`d bs taùfat t` piky bts rìl, bd tal h`re `h tal prlsldtbeldt

rlsp`dsl. 7;

E`sscrbgfl, N., Wrlssìgb, ]., & \tts, N. (3=;3). ]rlgbjtbvl paysbì`fbjki kdtbjbpktb`d prljlgbdf sllebdfiy

udprlgbjtkcil stbeuib> K eltk”kdkiysbs. Hr`dtblrs bd ]syjaì`fy , :, :2=. (g`b> ;=.::12/hpsyf.3=;3.==:2=) 73

Cblrekd, G. N. (3===). Kdèkiùs ckslibdl lhhljts bd ekbdstrlke le`tb`d rlslkrja usbdf psyja`paysbì`fbjki

vkrbkcils. ]r`jllgbdfs `h ]rlsldtlg ]kplrs> Wal ]krkpsyjaì`fbjki Kss`jbktb`d 7:rg Kdduki J`dvldtb`d (pp. :7 ‚ 76). Skilbfa, DJ> ]krkpsyjaì`fbjki Kss`jbktb`d, Bdj.

7:Cljakrk, K., Gkeksb`, A., Wrkdli, G., & Gkeksb`, K. S. (;226). Gljbgbdf kgvkdtkflùsiy clh`rl od`wbdf tal

kgvkdtkflùs strktlfy. Zjbldjl, 36 Kd Bdvlstbfktb`d `h tal Lvbgldjl. I`dg`d> ]kikgbd

C`òs/Frkdkgk ]ucibsabdf Ibebtlg.

http://www.global-mind.org/http://www.global-mind.org/http://www.global-mind.org/http://www.global-mind.org/


27/28


8:Sìi, V. F., & ]lrsbdflr, E. K. (3==;). Bdvlstbfktb`ds `h pìtlrflbsts kdg akudts> K rlvblw kdg bdtlrprltktb`d. Bd N.

Aùrkd & S. Ikdfl (Lgs.) Akudtbdfs kdg ]ìtlrflbsts> Bdtlrgbsjbpibdkry ]lrspljtbvls (pp. ;3: ‚ ;8:).

Nlhhlrs`d, DJ> EjHkrikdg & Jèpkdy, Bdj. 87

Cbrfl, V. S., & Sabdl, N. C. (;273). \dusuki typls `h plrs`ds tlstlg h`r LZ]> B. K pr`hlssb`dki elgbue. Nùrdki `h

]krkpsyjaì`fy , 8, 1 Wal Jksl Kfkbdst Ibhl Khtlr Glkta (pp. 8; S`wekd & Ibttilhblig. 81

Zjaùtld, Z. K. (;227). Kd `vlrvblw `h qukdtbtktbvliy lvkiuktlg stugbls wbta elgbues kdg psyjabjs. Nùrdki `h tal

Kelrbjkd Z`jblty h`r ]syjabjki Slslkrja, 11, 33; ‚ 3 Nùrdki `h Glkta & Gybdf, 7=, ]krkpsyjaì`fy Hùdgktb`d, Bdj. 6<

Sbdf, O., & Ikwrldjl, E. (;22:). Hurtalr lvbgldjl h`r vlrbgbjki plrjlptb`d gurbdf dlkr”glkta lxplrbldjls. Nùrdki

`h Dlkr ”Glkta Ztugbls, 33: ‚ 332. 68

]krdbk, Z. (3==6). G` rlp`rts `h j`dsjbùsdlss gurbdf jkrgbkj krrlst aìg tal oly t` gbsj`vlrbdf tal dkturl `h j`dsjbùsdlss0 Elgbjki Ayp`talsls, 82, 2:: ‚ 2:6.

66]krdbk, Z., Vkiilr, G. F., Rlktls, S., & Hldwbjo, ]. (3==;). K qukibtktbvl kdg qukdtbtktbvl stugy `h tal bdjbgldjl,

hlkturls kdg kltbì`fy `h dlkr glkta lxplrbldjls bd jkrgbkj krrlst survbv`rs. Slsusjbtktb`d, 71, ;72 ‚ ; ]r`ciles kdg prèbsl.

Nùrdki `h Dlkr ”Glkta Ztugbls, 2, 7


28/28


1<Ztlvlds`d, B. (3===). Wal paldèld`d `h jikbelg ele`rbls `h prlvbùs ibvls> ]`ssbcil bdtlrprltktb`ds kdg

bep`rtkdjl. Elgbjki Ayp`talsls, Wal Dlur`cbì`fy `h ]syjabjs, Elgbues, kdg @talr

Lxtrk`rgbdkry ]l`pil. Zkdtk Ckrckrk, JK> ]rklflr/KCJ”JIB@. 2<

Vbiibkes, C. N. (3=; Lxpi`rbdf tal Dlur`psyjaì`fy `h ]sb . KB]S E`d`frkpa

D`. :. Fikglsvbiil, Dlw Zùta Vkils, Kustrkibk> Kustrkibkd Bdstbtutl `h ]krkpsyjaì`fbjki Slslkrja, Bdj.
http://compellingevidencefortheafterlife.com/?p=239http://compellingevidencefortheafterlife.com/?p=239

weighing the evidence for psychic experiences

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