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Welcome. What is a dihybrid cross?. Agenda. Quiz Sex Linked Traits Mutations. Sex Determination. Thomas Hunt Morgan – studied fruit flies in the early 1900’s. Sex Determination. Observed that one pair of chromosomes was different between males and females - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Welcome
What is a dihybrid cross?
Agenda
• Quiz• Sex Linked Traits• Mutations
Sex Determination
• Thomas Hunt Morgan – studied fruit flies in the early 1900’s
Sex Determination
• Observed that one pair of chromosomes was different between males and females
– Large one named “X” chromosome
– Smaller one named “Y” chromosome
– XX = female; XY = male
XY XX
X Y X X
X X
X
Y
XX
FemaleXX
Female
XY
Male
XY
Male
50% Female; 50% Male
Sex Linkage
• Sex Linkage: the presence of a gene on a sex chromosome (X or Y)
Sex Linkage
• X-linked genes: genes found on the X chromosome– X chromosome carries more genes
• Y-linked genes: genes found on the Y chromosome
Fruit Fly Eye Color
• Fruit flies normally have red eyes
• A few males have white eyes
• Red is dominant; white is recessive
Morgan’s Fruit Fly Experiments
• Red-eyed female (XRXR) x White-eyed male (XrY)
XR XR
Xr
Y
XRXr XRXr
XRY XRY
RESULTS:
F1 generation – all red-eyed
Morgan’s Fruit Fly Experiments
• Red-eyed female (XRXr) x Red-eyed male (XRY)
XR Xr
XR
Y
XRXR XRXr
XRY XrY
RESULTS:
F2 generation – 3 red-eyed and 1 white-eyed
** all white-eyed where males…why?
Morgan’s Conclusions
• Gene for eye color is carried on the X chromosome = eye color is an X-linked trait
• Y chromosome does not carry a gene for eye color
• Red-eyed = XRXR, XRXr , XRY• White-eyed = XrXr, XrY
In humans colorblindness (b) is an example of a sex-linked recessive trait. A male with colorblindness marries a female who is not colorblind but carries the (b) allele.
Using a Punnett square, determine the genotypic and phenotypic probabilities for their potential offspring.
In fruit flies red eye color (R) is dominant to white eyes (r). In a cross between two flies, 50% of the male and 50% of the female offspring had red eyes. The other half of the males and females had white eyes.
What are the phenotype, and all possible genotypes, of the offspring?
Worksheet
Linkage Groups
• 2 or more genes that are on the same chromosome are “linked”
• Linked genes tend to be inherited together
More Fruit Fly Experiment
• Gray, long-winged (GGLL) x black, short-winged (ggll)
• F1 generation = all heterozygous gray, long-winged (GgLl)
Morgan’s Fruit Fly Experiment
• Cross F1 flies: GgLl x GgLl
• F2 generation – If alleles on different chromosomes, they assort
independently and get a 9:3:3:1 ratio– If alleles on same chromosome, get 3 gray, long-
winged: 1 black, short-winged ratio– Morgan saw roughly the 3:1 ratio
Morgan’s Fruit Fly Experiment
• Unexpected results– Some gray, short-winged (Ggll)– Some black, long-winged (ggLl)
Morgan’s Fruit Fly Experiment
• How were these alleles separated?– Alleles were rearranged through
crossing-over during meiosis
• Genes that are farther apart are more likely to be separated by crossovers
Chromosome Mapping
• Chromosome Map: diagram that shows the possible genes on a chromosome
• Made using crossing-over data
Chromosome Mapping
• The percentage of crossing-over between the genes for 2 traits is equal to the distance between them on a chromosome
• This distance is measured in map units
MUTATIONS
Mutations
• Mutation: change in DNA
VIDEO
Mutations
• Germ-cell mutation: occurs in sex cells– Affect the offspring– Example – Down Syndrome
• Somatic mutation: occurs in body cells– Affect the individual– Example - Cancer
Possible Effects of Mutations
• Lethal mutations: cause death, often before birth
• Beneficial mutations: provide variation needed for evolution
• No effect
Chromosome Mutations
• Chromosome Mutations: a change in the chromosome structure or loss/addition of entire chromosome
Chromosome Mutations
• Deletion: loss of piece of chromosome due to breakage
Chromosome Mutations
• Deletion: loss of piece of chromosome due to breakage
– Example – Cri du chat; deletion of part of chromosome 5
Chromosome Mutations
• Duplication: part of chromosome is duplicated/copied
Chromosome Mutations
• Duplication: part of chromosome is duplicated/copied
– Example – Charcot-Marie Tooth Disease
Chromosome Mutations• Inversion: piece breaks off and reattaches to
SAME chromosome in wrong order
Chromosome Mutations
• Inversion: piece breaks off and reattaches to SAME chromosome in wrong order
– Example – Hemophilia (this disorder is also X linked)
Chromosome Mutations
• Translocation: piece breaks off and reattaches to DIFFERENT chromosome
Chromosome Mutations
• Translocation: piece breaks off and reattaches to DIFFERENT chromosome
– Example – Cancer
Chromosome Mutations
• Nondisjunction: chromosomes do not separate during meiosis
Chromosome Mutations
• Nondisjunction: chromosomes do not separate during meiosis
– Example – trisomy, monosomy
Gene Mutations
• Gene Mutations: involve large segments of DNA (genes) or a single nucleotide
– Causes possible changes in the amino acid sequence
Gene Mutations
• Point Mutation: substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide
Gene Mutations
• Point Mutation: substitution, addition, or deletion of a single nucleotide
– Example – sickle cell anemia
Gene Mutations
• Frame Shift Mutation: occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3