welcome oklahoma impaired driving prevention summit reducing recidivism february 28 th 2012
TRANSCRIPT
CONTACT
• Ray Caesar LPC, LADC• Director of Addiction Specialty Programs• Oklahoma Department of Mental Health & Substance Abuse Services• P.O. Box 53277• Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73152-3277• [email protected]• Office 405-522-3870• Fax 405-522-4470
COST
Costs for DUI and related offenses are intended to:
~ Pay for the services provided,
~ Discourage the behavior of driving while intoxicated.
COST
The cost for DUI or a related offense in Oklahoma and nationally is estimated to be
$10,000.00.
COST
INSURANCEAutomotive insurance coverage will increase for 3 to 5 years.
These cost increases will be double to quadruple basic costs.
PROBLEM
AVERAGE OKLAHOMA INCOME
MEDIAN INCOME $42,979.00
< POVERTY 16.2% $14,570.00 (Two person
household)
2010 US Census
FY96 FY97 FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY100%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
DUI Convictions by Offense Type: FY96 - FY10
% of Convictions for Offense Type 3 (drug related)% of Convictions for Offense Type 4 (alcohol related)% of Convictions for Offense Type 1 (refusal to test for alcohol)
TRENDS
In the last five years license revocations for Refusal to test have continued to increase while other revocation categories have decreased.
FY96 FY97 FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY100%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
DUI Convictions by Offense Type: FY96 - FY10
% of Convictions for Offense Type 3 (drug related)% of Convictions for Offense Type 4 (alcohol related)% of Convictions for Offense Type 1 (refusal to test for alcohol)
FY96 FY97 FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06 FY07 FY08 FY09 FY100%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
17% 18% 17% 16% 17% 17% 17%18% 18% 18% 19% 19% 20% 20% 21%
83% 82% 83% 84% 83% 83% 83% 82% 82% 82% 81% 81% 80% 80% 79%
DUI Convictions by Gender: FY96 - FY10
Female Percentage Male Percentage
TRENDS
Between 1996 and 2010 DUI and related convictions for males fell by 4%.
Between 1996 and 2010 DUI and related convictions for females rose by 4%.
TRENDS
The rates for DUI & related offense by gender indicates the numbers of male offenders are reducing, while the numbers of female offenders continue to increase.
This pattern is most pronounced in rural areas.
Female Male0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
10.3%
13.7%
6.0%6.5%
7.2%7.6%
5.5% 5.6%
Reconviction of DUI Offenders by Gender (after 2 years)
WithOUT Assessments With Assessments With Assessments, Incomplete With Assessments, Complete
TRENDS
• AT TWO YEARS
• Without ADSAC as an intervention, females are less likely to recidivate than males
• With ADSAC as an intervention, female and male recidivism rates are almost identical
TRENDS
FEMALE DUI OFFENDERS• As DUI arrest rates have continued to reduce for approximately twenty years the proportion of female DUI offenders has increased dramatically.• Overall DUI arrest rates have not declined in rural areas.• Female DUI offenders in rural areas present one of the greatest challenges to the system.
The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2009, Vol. 35, No. 1, Pages 24-27
TRENDS
THE MALE DUI OFFENDER
PROFILEUnmarried, undereducated, underemployedAge late twenties to early thirtiesPoor anger management & stress coping skills
Initial attention of law enforcement due to aggressive not erratic driving
TRENDS
THE FEMALE DUI OFFENDER
PROFILEUnmarried, separated or divorcedAge twenty to fiftyUnemployed but seeking employmentArrested secondary to a vehicular crash
Evaluating, Treating and Monitoring the Female DUI Offender William White & Maya Hennessey, Illinois Department of Transportation
TRENDS
MALE TO FEMALE DUI OFFENDER
15.7% of females aged 18 to 25 met criteria for alcohol abuse or alcohol dependency.
26.3% of males aged 18 to 25 met criteria for alcohol abuse or alcohol dependency.
Evaluating, Treating and Monitoring the Female DUI Offender William White & Maya Hennessey, Illinois Department of Transportation
TRENDS
MALE TO FEMALE DUI OFFENDER
At the highest rates of consumption males and females report driving while impaired at the same rates.
DUI arrests are the single greatest category of alcohol related crimes for women.
Evaluating, Treating and Monitoring the Female DUI Offender William White & Maya Hennessey, Illinois Department of Transportation
WHO GETS A DUI
1% of all licensed drivers are arrested for DUI & related offenses each year, more than any other crime.
NHTSA
WHO GETS A DUI
25% to 40% of 30% of the population the population consume 90% of never drink the alcohol
========================================
* * * *
========================================
Of this group only 30% or(10% of the total
population) are physically dependent
WHO GETS A DUI
Access to ADSAC services may be required for almost anyone living in Oklahoma
* Only a very small percentage of the population will not be possible candidates for ADSAC services.
*
WHAT WORKS
After a predictable increase in arrests between 2003 and 2005 the rate stabilized.
In 2009 the rate began to fall dramatically.
WOULDN’T IT BE NICE IF…
From the assessment process we could:
~ Identify static and dynamic risk factors related to alcohol and other drug use
~ Identify Pathological Using Patterns
WOULDN’T IT BE NICE IF…
From the assessment process we could:
~ Assess truthfulness
~ Assess comprehension ability
~ Identify mental health issues
WOULDN’T IT BE NICE IF…
From the assessment process we could:
~ Clearly and accurately identify recidivism risk
~ Double check the results
WHAT WORKS
The DRI II consistently places high in studies of DUI assessment instruments.
When cost, ability to screen for drugs as well as alcohol, truthfulness scales, and research to determine reliability and validity are considered, then the DRI II places highest.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Review of Screening Instruments and Procedures for Evaluating DUI Offenders AAA Foundation for Public Safety 2002
The Illinois DUI Assessment Instrument Project & National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
ASSESSMENT DRIVEN
FIFTY STATES AND WASHINGTON DC (2010)
30 Assessment driven process 66%
7 Modified assessment driven process15.5%
6 Offense driven 13.3%
2 No statewide regulation 4.5%
6 Unknown NA
WHAT WORKS
INDICATEDTargeted to high risk individuals identified as
having minimal but detectable signs and/or symptoms of the high risk behavior.
This intervention is for those known to have involvement (DUI)
TODAY WE CAN
SIX INTERVENTION CATEGORIES
INTERVENTION CATEGORY I Education OnlyII Education Only
III OutpatientIV Intensive
Outpatient V Residential Treatment
TODAY WE CAN
SIX INTERVENTION CATEGORIES
INTERVENTION CATEGORY I Education OnlyII Education Only
III OutpatientIV Intensive
Outpatient V Residential Treatment
TODAY WE CAN
In a random 100 offenders
40% Minimal risk to recidivate30% Moderate risk to recidivate
20% Problem risk to recidivate10% Severe risk to recidivate
PROBLEM
The average number of times an offender drives while legally intoxicated for each DUI & related arrest is 1 in 200.
In some communities this is as high as 1 in 2000.
NHTSA
PROBLEM
• Nationally, about 1/3 of all DWI & related offenders are repeat offenders• Average 32%
• Low 21% in Iowa
• High 47% in New Mexico
NHTSA
WHAT DOESN’T WORK
A 10% INCREASE IN INCARCERATION YIELDS
A 2% TO 4% DECREASE IN RECIDIVISM
What Work Effective Recidivism Reduction and Risk-Focused Prevention Programs February 2008
PROBLEMS WITH EXIT SURVEYS
Repeat offenders allow approximately six years between offenses.
American Journal of Forensic Psychology
PROBLEMS WITH EXIT SURVEYS
Driving history prior to the first offense was predictive of future recidivism.
American Journal of Forensic Psychology
WithOUT Assessments With Assessments With Assessments, Incomplete
With Assessments, Complete
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0% 13.1%
6.4%
7.5%
5.6%
Reconviction of DUI Offenders (after 2 years)
ADSAC
AT TWO YEARS
• 13.1% recidivism for those not initiating the ADSAC process
• 5.6% recidivism for those completing the ADSAC process
ADSAC
Reconviction rates after 24 months
Reconviction Rates Without Assessments 13.1%With Assessments Initiated 6.4% With Assessments Incomplete 7.5% With Assessments Complete 5.6%
• The DUI reconviction percentage among offenders w/o assessments was 134% more than among those with completed assessments.
ADSAC
VIRGINIA
1 year study of DUI offenders on probation and assigned to VASAP program.
9% recidivism during probation5% recidivism after probation15% total
5.6% recidivism for those completing the ADSAC process at 2 years
Recidivism Rate Comparison Study Rappahannock Area Alcohol Safety Action Program
ADSAC
MISSOURI
At two years post intervention there was a 16% recidivism rate
5.6% recidivism for those completing the ADSAC process at 2 years
Missouri Department of Mental Health 1999
ADSAC
TENNESSEE
Recidivism at one year 8.7%Recidivism at two years 10.4%Recidivism at three years 18.3%Recidivism at six years 52.3%Recidivism at ten years 61.5%
5.6% recidivism for those completing the ADSAC process at 2 years
Little, Baker, McCarthy, Davison & Urbaniak, An MRT Based Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for fiirst-time DUI Offenders: Two and Three year Cohort of Davidson County, Tennessee Offenders With a Comparison to the Prime For Life Program March 2010
Drug Related Alcohol Related0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
5.0%
6.0%
7.0%
8.0%
9.0%
10.0%9.2%
5.5%
8.2%
3.3%
8.8%
3.2%
3.8%
2.5%
Reconviction of DUI Offenders by Offense Type (after 2 years)
WithOUT Assessments With AssessmentsWith Assessments, Incomplete With Assessments, Complete
ADSAC
AT TWO YEARS
The recidivism rate for drug offenders is 60% greater than that of alcohol offenders.
ADSAC
RECONVICTIONS for ADSAC COMPLETIONS AFTER TWO YEARS
DRUG OFFENDERS3.8% an almost 60% reduction
ALCOHOL OFFENDERS2.5% an almost 50% reduction
16 through 20 21 through 25 26 through 54 55 through 640.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
14.0%
16.0%
9.5%
15.4%
13.2%
10.8%
3.8%
9.8%
7.9%
5.6%
3.9%
6.7%
5.8%
3.6%
Reconviction of DUI Offenders by Age (after 2 years)
WithOUT Assessments With Assessments, Incomplete With Assessments, Complete
ADSAC
AT TWO YEARS
The recidivism rate for the 21 to 25 year old age group is the highest, followed closely by the 26 to 54 year old age group.
The lowest rate of recidivism is found in the 16 to 20 year old age group.
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
CALIFORNIA
Each year of age decreased recidivism risk by 2.1%
Full time employment decreased recidivism risk by 37.6%
1995 California State Report
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
CALIFORNIA
Each prior conviction increased recidivism risk by 26.9%
Each 0.01% increase in BAC increased recidivism risk by 5.4%
Being male increased recidivism risk by 57.5%
1995 California State Report
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Excessive drinking rather than alcoholism creates the majority of alcohol related problems.
The prevalence of alcohol dependence among excessive drinkers in New Mexico, Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, Jan. 2007
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
CALIFORNIA
Completion of Tx decreased recidivism risk but, multiple Tx completions increased recidivism risk
1995 California State Report
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Alcohol related fatalities were eight times more likely to have had a DUI/DWI conviction in the five years prior to the crash
New England Journal of Medicine 1994
FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Repeat offenders are overrepresented in fatal crashes.
Drivers with prior convictions are 4.1 times more likely to be involved in a fatal traffic accident.
The risk of involvement in a fatal automobile accident increases with the number of prior DWI & related arrests.
NHTSA
CONTACT
• Ray Caesar LPC, LADC• Director of Addiction Specialty Programs• Oklahoma Department of Mental Health & Substance Abuse Services• P.O. Box 53277• Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73152-3277• [email protected]• Office 405-522-3870• Fax 405-522-4470