welcome! seminar – monday 6:00 est hs305-02 seminar unit 4 prof. jocelyn ramos
TRANSCRIPT
Welcome!
Seminar – Monday 6:00 EST
HS305-02Seminar Unit 4Prof. Jocelyn Ramos
HS305 Research Methods for Health Sciences
Audio Seminar!
Please be sure your speakers are on!
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Slide presentation by Ellen Westonwith modifications
Agenda
Review of unit project
Key Terms
Critique of an interview
Key Terms
Qualitative Research Designs – Case Study
– Ethnography
– Phenomenological Study
– Grounded Theory Study
– Content Analysis
Key Terms
Research Methods for Qualitative Designs– Observation
– Interviews
Questionnaires– Open-ended questions– Fixed alternative questions
Unit 6 Project: Questionnaire
Two Parts– Cover letter and questionnaire– Discussion of data collection method
You might want to try Survey Monkey: http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:yahoo – Free and fun to use!
Organization of Questionnaires
Create introductory material to increase response rate– Cover letter
– Introductory statement
– Thank respondents for participating
Use descriptive title
Ensure question order does not influence responses
Use instructions throughout questionnaire to minimize respondent confusion
Craft questions so they are easy to complete
Use numbers to designate response choices
Unit 6 Questionnaire Cover letter
Write for expected participants
Be clear and to the point
Identify purpose of questionnaire to– Enhance likelihood of completion– Add to the credibility of the project
Be concise!
Unit 6 Questionnaire Scenario
Problem in Dr. Know’s Clinic:
Pediatric patients with respiratory infections resistance to antibiotics
Many children underweight
Immigrants
Do parents understand nutrition?
Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section
Appropriate for ethnography research
What is ethnography research?
Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section
Appropriate for ethnography researchQualitative research Studies an intact cultural groupConducted in a natural settingFocuses on a period of time
What cultural factors may be related to Dr. Know’s problem?
Unit 6 Questionnaire
Factors to consider
Focus: factors contributing to malnutrition
Immigrants
Knowledgeable of nutrition?
Native foods available locally?
Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section
Ethical issues related to an ethnography study
Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section
Ethical issues related to an ethnography study – Cultural sensitivity needed– Potential language barriers– Reluctance to be truthful– Because of cultural mores may feel they
cannot refuse
Unit 6 QuestionnaireSurvey section
Appropriate for ethnography research10-15 questions (no more) including: – 2 fixed alternative questions with only 2 potential
answers– 5 fixed alternative questions with 4-5 potential
answers– 1 open-ended question– Other questions for a minimum of 10 questions;
maximum of 15 questions
Basic Principles of Writing Survey Questions
Avoid confusing phrasing & jargon
Use correct grammar and spelling
Be concise, but clear. Use shorter rather than longer words & sentences
Relate questions to the purpose of the questionnaire
Types of Questions
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
Types of Questions
Allow respondent to fill in own answer
May ask for specific information or
May ask for narrative response– Respondent says/writes
whatever he/she wants
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
Types of Questions
Allow respondent to fill in own answer
May ask for specific information or
May ask for narrative response– Respondent says/writes
whatever he/she wants
Respondent chooses from list of possible responsesMay also be called– Fixed choice questions– Forced choice
questions
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
Examples of Types of Questions
What is your annual income? Check appropriate box:
no income
Less than $5000
$5001 - $20,000
More than $20,000
Open-Ended Fixed Alternative
Fixed Alternative Questions
Must have mutually exclusive and exhaustive response categories – Exhaustive=all possible choices
included– Exclusive=only one possible response
Fixed Alternative Questions
Exhaustive=all possible choices includedWhich example is exhaustive? How many times have you visited a doctor in
the last year? • 0• 1-2• 3-5• 6-10• 11 or more
o1-2o2-3o3-4o5o6
Fixed Alternative Questions
Exclusive=only one possible response
Which example is exclusive? How many times have you visited a doctor in
the last year? • 0
• 1-2
• 3-5
• 6-10
• 11 or more
o1-2o2-3o3-4o5o6
Likert “Questions”
Usually framed as declarative statements – not questionsDescribe intensity of feeling/belief/opinion– With or without an explicitly measured neutral
point in the center
1 2 3 4 5Strongly Agree No Disagree Strongly Agree Opinion Disagree
1 2 3 4Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Agree Disagree
Ethical Issues
Ethical Issues
Dealing with Sensitive Subjects– Self-report– No identifying information
Web-based studies – Researcher cannot guarantee absolute
anonymity of web surveyHarm– Most harm in survey research arises from
breach of confidentiality– Some surveys may cause psychological harm
Unit 6 Questionnaire Part 2
Analyze how you would conduct your survey
Approximately 1 page
Use Standard English
Use APA format with citations and references
Methods to conduct a Questionnaire
Methods to conduct a Questionnaire
Telephone
Internet
Self administered question given in a group of people
Face to face Interview
Interviews v. Questionnaires
Interviews– Structured– Unstructured– Semi-Structured
Questionnaires– Written questions with response area– No opportunity to clarify meaning of
questions
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Face to Face Interviews
Pros Cons
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Face to Face Interviews
Rapport - increases completion rates
Meaning explained that is not clear
Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions
Pros Cons
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Face to Face Interviews
Rapport - increases completion rates
Meaning explained that is not clear
Interviewer can go into unplanned areas to get the most complete info from respondents; tailor questions
Time consuming
Expensive
Respondent might give answer that she/he expects will please interviewer
Pros Cons
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Let’s have Some Fun!Web Field Trip
Use two windows– DO NOT CLOSE the seminar!!!
Go to http://video.search.yahoo.com/video/play?p=health+interview&ei=UTF-8&fr=att-portal&vid=0001147179657 What type of interview is this? Structured?
Unstructured? Semi-structured? Explain your answer!
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Web Field Trip
Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?
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Web Field Trip
Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport?
Were questions focused rather than abstract?
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Web Field Trip
Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport? Were questions focused rather than abstract? Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers?
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Web Field Trip
Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport? Were questions focused rather than abstract? Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers? Do you think the interview was effective?
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Web Field Trip
Did the interviewer establish rapport? What are some of the specific steps used to develop rapport? Were questions focused rather than abstract? Did the interviewer lead the discussion to get specific desired answers? Do you think the interview was effective?Would the interview prompt you to learn more about the person interviewed? About what?
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Your Experience
How are questionnaires used in your area of health science?
How are interviews used?Have you ever created a questionnaire?
Please share your experience!With what type do you think you would be most comfortable: creating a questionnaire or conducting an interview? Explain your answer! 40
Why are Surveys used in Health Science?
Easy to complete
Many people find them enjoyable and readily participate
Standardized answers are easier to analyze
Scientific Research Process Step 4c. Research MethodsData Collection tools, such as– Experiments– Surveys & Interviews– Naturalistic Observation – Correlation– Case studies– Other methods
More than one method can be used in a single study
Coming Attractions: Unit 7
Seminar: Helping Dr. Iwant T. Know develop a sampling plan
Discussion: Analysis of various Descriptive designs
