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TRANSCRIPT
9/15/15
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Welcome, This Web Conference
Will Begin Soon
Rethinking Serial Perpetra;on of Sexual Violence: Implica;ons for Preven;on
PreventConnect 1215 K Street Suite 1850 Sacramento CA 95814
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How to Use This Technology • Raise hand • Text chat & private chat • PowerPoint slides • Polling quesGons • Phone • Closed capGoning • Web conference guidelines
Please send a private chat message for help.
Call iLinc Technical Support at 800.799.4510. PreventConnect is a national project of the California Coalition Against Sexual Assault sponsored by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The views and information provided in this web conferences do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. government, CDC or CALCASA.
PreventConnect
• DomesGc violence/inGmate partner violence • Sexual violence • Violence across the lifespan • Prevent before violence starts • Connect to other forms of violence & oppression
• Connect to other prevenGon pracGGoners
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Making ConnecGons, Honoring CommuniGes • February 26: Using Popular EducaGon to Engage CommuniGes in Sexual Violence
PrevenGon • March 12: SupporGng Community Culture as Norms Change Strategy for PrevenGng Sexual
and DomesGc Violence • March 26: The Role of Alcohol Policies to Prevent InGmate Partner Violence and Sexual
Violence PerpetraGon • April 9: Men of Color and Community Trauma PrevenGon: What Do Sexual And DomesGc
Violence Efforts Offer to Support Well-‐Being? • May 7 & June 2: From FoundaGons to the Future: A PrevenGon Approach to Sexual and
DomesGc Violence • June 11: Linking with Child Focused Approaches when PrevenGng Sexual and DomesGc
Violence • July 9: Joint Strategies: How Does Sexual and Domes;c Violence BeRer Leverage Local
Health, Jus;ce, Educa;on, and Community Sectors? • August 13: Closing the Loop: Increasing Investment and Sustainability for Sexual and
domesGc violence prevenGon.
• September 21: Going beyond the individual: The evidence suppor;ng mul;level adolescent da;ng abuse preven;on
September 15, 2015 11am-‐12:30pm PT; 2pm-‐3:30pm ET
Rethinking Serial Perpetra;on of Sexual Violence: Implica;ons for Preven;on
PreventConnect is a national project of the California Coalition Against Sexual Assault sponsored by U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The views and information provided in this web conferences do not necessarily represent the official views of the U.S. government, CDC or CALCASA.
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Rape on Campus
ObjecGves
• Describe the serial perpetraGon hypothesis
• IdenGfy two implicaGons of the serial perpetraGon hypothesis on sexual violence prevenGon programs
• Describe at least one acGon step to take to support sexual violence prevenGon efforts based on the informaGon and issues raised in this web conference
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Please Answer the Polling QuesGon
Answer on the leb
Have you seen The Undetected
Rapist?
Undetected Rapist
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What are the prevenGon pracGces
that have resulted from this work?
Text Chat
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Rethinking Serial PerpetraGon
hcp://nsvrc.org/publicaGons/nsvrc-‐publicaGons-‐research-‐briefs/key-‐findings-‐rethinking-‐serial-‐perpetraGon
Kevin Swartout, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychology,
Georgia State University
Andra Teten Tharp, Ph.D. Division of Violence PrevenGon,
Centers for Disease Control and PrevenGon
About Our Guests
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RETHINKING SERIAL PERPETRATION
Serial Perpetra;on Assump;on • Serial perpetraGon has been dominant narraGve of perpetraGon – Played a criGcal role in the field
• Over Gme, the assumpGon had some unintended consequences for sexual assault prevenGon – Extreme portrayals of perpetrators – Emphasis on law enforcement response as prevenGon
– Focus on rape vs. range of sexually violent acts
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Serial Perpetra;on Assump;on • Research and the assumpGon
– Research basis of the assumpGon is surprisingly limited
– Research has evolved providing addiGonal insights into the issue
• AssumpGon has three elements, two of which have been challenged by recent research: – Very few men perpetrate rape – Rapists chronically perpetrate over Gme – The majority of rapists have mulGple vicGms
DefiniGons Rape: PenetraGon, no macer how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetraGon by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the vicGm. (FBI, 2012)
Rape Act: A specific behavior that meets the definiGon of rape, which occurs within the context of an assault that may include addiGonal behaviors that meet that definiGon.
Serial Rape: Three or more incidents with a “cooling off” period between. (Burgess, Burgess, & Ressler, 2013)
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New Research Two largest exisGng longitudinal datasets with yearly measurements of sexual violence across adolescence and college
– DerivaGon Data (N=847) 4 Gme-‐points
– ValidaGon Data (N=795) 5 Gme-‐points
• Measure: The Sexual Experiences Survey
• Opera;onaliza;on: Only completed rapes
• Analysis: Advanced analyGc techniques that idenGfied pacerns of offending over Gme
VERY FEW MEN PERPETRATE RAPE?
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Prevalence of Rape Perpetra;on
• Lisak & Miller (2002): Using cross-‐secGonal design
– 6% of sample reported perpetraGng rape
• Swartout et al. (2015): Using longitudinal design, across two samples
– 10.8% reported perpetraGng rape
VERY FEW MEN PERPETRATE RAPE? APPROXIMATELY 1 IN 10 MEN REPORT PERPETRATING RAPE
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ImplicaGons for PrevenGon
• Underscores need for universal primary prevenGon
• Suggests comprehensive approaches are needed to address social and cultural factors that create environments in which rape seems accepted, condoned, or tolerated
What prevenGon approaches can be used to address
potenGal perpetrators?
Text Chat
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MOST RAPISTS CHRONICALLY PERPETRATE OVER TIME?
Number of men who commiced rape during single or mulGple pre-‐college/college years
123
37
12 5 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1 Yr. 2 Yrs. 3 Yrs. 4 Yrs. 5 Yrs.
69% raped during only 1 Gme period (73% if only considering college years)
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Trajectories of Rape Likelihood
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Before College
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Before College
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Low or ;me-‐limited (92.6%) Increasing (2.1%) Decreasing (5.3%)
Deriva;on model Valida;on model
Trajectories of Rape Likelihood
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Before College
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Before College
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
Low or ;me-‐limited (92.6%) Increasing (2.1%) Decreasing (5.3%)
Deriva;on model Valida;on model
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MOST RAPISTS CHRONICALLY PERPETRATE OVER TIME? MOST RAPISTS PERPETRATE DURING A DISCRETE DEVELOPMENTAL TIME
ImplicaGons for PrevenGon • Much perpetra;on may be developmentally limited
– Very few perpetrators (2%) perpetrated in adolescence and college
• 1 in 10 men report perpetra;ng rape, but only 1 in 4 of these rapists consistently perpetrate across ;me
– Focusing on chronic perpetrators would miss 3 of 4 rapists
– Developmentally limited perpetrators more difficult to detect
– Many perpetrators desist over Gme without adjudicaGon
• Across studies, 1 in 3 men report using sexual coercion – 68% of perpetrators use coercive sexual tacGcs mulGple Gmes
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Implica;ons for Preven;on
• Need to stop first act – But even past perpetrators can stop perpetraGng
• Need to provide effec;ve preven;on to everyone
• Need to focus on broad range of sexual violence
• Given varying trajectories, there is always an opportunity for primary preven;on – Risk factors addressed may vary by development
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Developmental Differences • Consider adolescent and collegiate offenders as different groups – Adolescent rapists are unlikely to conGnue offending in college • Among those who offend in college, most likely to do so in first year and then desist
– A small group show an increased likelihood of rape across Gme
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Developmentally Informed Preven;on
• Offending paRerns influenced by proximal risk factors, which may be targets for preven;on – Low or Time-‐Limited
• OpportunisGc, influenced by substance use • PrevenGon can address substance use and impulsivity, monitor high risk situaGons, miGgate peer pressure
– Decreasing • Learned maladapGve aptudes and behaviors from family and peers
• PrevenGon can foster healthy relaGonships, teach social-‐emoGonal skills
– Increasing • Influenced by unhealthy aptudes and peer norms • PrevenGon can increase social controls, foster healthy norms
What are some developmental differences for
prevenGon in reaching adolescents and college-‐aged?
Text Chat
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MOST RAPISTS HAVE MULTIPLE VICTIMS?
Why the focus on serial rape?
Serial Rape (3+ rape acts): • 35% of rapists (42/120) • > 69% of the rape acts (251/363)
Number of rapists who commiced single and mulGple rape (acts)
Lisak & Miller (2002)
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Number of men who commiced single or mulGple acts of rape
34 29
12 8 7 7 5 5
21
11
4
9
4 2 3 3
14
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9+ Rape Acts
Overall (3+ rape acts): • 56% of rapists (100/178) • >85% of the rape acts (635/746)*
Light Blue: Rape acts perpetrated before college
Dark Blue: Rape acts perpetrated during college *Calculated from Table data to correspond with previous slide
MOST RAPISTS HAVE MULTIPLE VICTIMS? THIS REMAINS UNRESOLVED
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# of VicGms Per Un-‐adjudicated Rapist: Unanswered QuesGon
Due to measurement issues, neither study provides a clear answer about how many rapes each perpetrator commiced • Swartout Study
– Finding – Most rapists don’t perpetrate chronically over Gme – Possibility – Rapists who perpetrated in 1 year only, had mulGple assaults in that year but not before or aber
– Likely underesGmated repeat perpetraGon • Lisak Study
– Finding – Most rapist are serial offenders – Possibility -‐ Perpetrators use mulGple rape acts within a single assault
– Likely overesGmated repeat perpetraGon
SUMMARY AND OVERALL IMPLICATIONS
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Summary and ImplicaGons
• Repeat perpetrators do exist, but likely consGtute a smaller proporGon of rapists than originally thought – Must recognize the heterogeneity of rapists
– Avoid one-‐size-‐fits-‐all insGtuGonal responses to misconduct resoluGon or sexual violence prevenGon
– PrioriGze procedures to idenGfy sexually-‐violent men who persist across Gme
Other Takeaways • Primary preven;on is cri;cal across development • Language: Sexual predator vs. perpetrator
– Predators are repeat perpetrators that have specific behaviors, style of vicGmizaGon, and personality characterisGcs
– Other perpetrators do not necessary have these qualiGes
• Stereotypical perpetrator scenarios: Frank
• Field has changed substan;ally, use recent research and primary sources
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How does the quesGons raised in this
study potenGally impact how you
conduct sexual violence prevenGon work?
Text Chat
PreventConnect 1215 K Street Suite 1850 Sacramento CA 95814
Website: preventconnect.org
Email: [email protected]
Email Group:
preventconnect.org/email-‐group
eLearning: learn.preventconnect.org
Wiki: wiki.preventconnect.org
preventconnect.org/Facebook
preventconnect.org/TwiRer
preventconnect.org/Flickr
preventconnect.org/YouTube
preventconnect.org/LinkedIn
preventconnect.org/Pinterest 44