WELCOME TO BIOLOGY 11 Mr. Gandha

TOPICS OF BIOLOGY 11

Chemicals of life

Cells

Evolution

Taxonomy

Microbio

Plants

Animals

BIOLOGY THIS SEMESTERReview of Biology and Processes

Adaptation and Evolution: A theory to explain relationships between living things

Microbiology: The study of microscopic organisms

Viruses

Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Protista - briefly

Plant biology: The study of plants

Green Algae, Mosses, Ferns

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Animal biology: The study of animals (you may be surprised!)

Kingdoms Porifera and Cnidaria

Kingdoms Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida

Kingdoms Mollusca and Echinodermata

Kingdom Arthropoda

Kingdom Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata

THE CELL Cells: Part 1

OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson you should be able to:

• State the 2 types of cells

• Relate the structure to function for all the organelles

TYPES OF CELLS

There are two types of cells:

1. Prokaryotic

2. Eukaryotic

PROKARYOTES VS EUKARYOTES

• Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on whether they contain a nucleus

• Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

• A nucleus is a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA

• Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not contain a nuclei and Eukaryotes are cells that contain a nuclei

PROKARYOTES• Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes, although many exceptions

• Prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus

• They all grow, reproduce, respond to their environment, and some can move

•Typically we call prokaryotes, Bacteria

EUKARYOTES

• Generally these cells are larger

• Usually contain dozens of structures and internal membranes and many are highly specialized

• Eukaryotes contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell

• Some are single-celled and others form multi-cellular organisms.

• Plants, animals, fungi and protists are eukaryotes

WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER??

Label your eukaryotic cells – Plant and Animals

CELL MEMBRANE

AKA: Plasma Membrane

Confines the cytoplasm

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Made of a phospholipid bilayer

CELL MEMBRANE

Structure of Cell Membrane

The fatty acid tails are “water hating”

The phosphate heads are “water loving”

There are proteins embedded in the membrane to transport molecules through the membrane

NUCLEUS

• Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making proteins and other important molecules

• Nuclear envelope a double layer of nuclear membrane with pores

• Chromatin – DNA with protein (synthesis)

•Houses nucleoplasm, DNA and nucleoli

•Nucleolus – Where Ribosomes are assembled

•Nuclear membrane is connected to the RER

RER & SER

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Made of cell membrane folded into sacs

There are two types:

1. Rough: has ribosomes attached

2. Smooth: no ribosomes attached

RER & SER

RER: processes proteins and sends them to the Golgi Apparatus

SER: makes lipids, contain enzymes for specialized tasks, detoxifies poisons, drugs and other toxins

RIBOSOMES

• Found attached to the RER and floating in the cytoplasm

• Are the site of protein synthesis

• They receive coded instructions that come from the nucleus

GOLGI BODYAKA: Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex

Made of flattened sacs of cell membrane

Receives and exports proteins via vesicles

VACUOLES & VESICLESMembrane bound sacs used for storage

Formed from ER and Golgi Apparatus

MITOCHONDRIAPowerhouse of the cell

Converts chemical energy (glucose) into biological energy (ATP)

Mitochondria comes from your mom!

CHLOROPLAST

Site of photosynthesis, found in plants only

Uses chlorophyll to convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose)

MIRCROTUBULES

•Hollow structures made up of proteins

•Maintain cell shape

•Cell division

•Centrioles:

•Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division

•Centrioles are not found in plant cells

FLAGELLA & CILIA

Microtubules also help build projections from the cell surface for things like flagella and cilia

Flagella: move cells

Cilia: move things past cells

CYTOSKELETON

Gives the cell its shape and supports organelles

Moves things inside the cell

Made of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

LYSOSOMES & PEROXISOMES•Lysosomes: sac of hydrolytic enzymes that digest or breakdown lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

•Peroxisomes: transfer hydrogen and detoxify parts of the cell

YOUR TURN!

Crash Course Video

Complete the Chart on Cell Organelles

DIFFUSION & OSMOSIS The Cell: Part 2

DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

DIFFUSION

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

When the concentration of the solute is the same throughout the solventit is called equilibrium.

What does this have to do with cell membranes?

OSMOSIS

Cell membranes are selectively permeable. Some substances cannot diffuse across them.

Water can pass quite easily through the cell membrane to balance out the concentration and reach equilibrium.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

SOLUTIONSIsotonic – When the concentration of two solutions is the same.

Hypertonic – The solution with the greater concentration of solutes.

Hypotonic – The solution with the lesser concentration of solutes.

DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS

Diffusion

Movement of PARTICLES from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Osmosis

Movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

OSMOSIS DETAILS

Isotonic: equal concentration of water inside and outside the cell

the concentration of the solute is equal on both sides of the cell membrane

No net gain of water into or out of the cell

Hypertonic: higher concentration of water inside the cell

the concentration of the solute is higher outside of the cell

Water moves out of the cell; the cell shrinks

Hypotonic: lower concentration of water inside the cell

the concentration of the solute is higher on the inside of the cell so water moves into the cell; the cell swells (if too much it can burst! LYSIS!)

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS The Cell: Part 3

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

A little side-step from all the organelles - Protein Synthesis Demo

DNA – Hank video!

You should be able to describe how these structures work together:

Hormone/Chemical messenger

Nuclear Membrane

Cytoplasm

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Nucleolus

DNA

mRNA

Vesicles

RER

Golgi body

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS1. The nucleus receives a chemical

signal to make a specific protein (RNA)

2. The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called ribonucleic acid or RNA

3. RNA leaves through a nuclear pore

4. The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, where the protein is made

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS CONT’D

5. 5. The manufactured protein enters the ER

6. 6. A vesicle forms off the end of the ER and carries the vesicle to Golgi body

7. Golgi repackages the protein for transport

8. A vesicle forms off the end of Golgi to cell membrane

9. The vesicle attached to cell membrane and is release out

LIFE AND ITS MAJOR MOLECULES

Intro to Bio

OBJECTIVES

By the end of the lesson you should be able to:

Describe the 8 characteristics of life

Draw the structure of the 4 molecules of life

State the function and examples of the 4 molecules of life

THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE

1. All life is made up of at least one cell or more cells

2. All life must eat

3. All life grows - increasing its biomass

4. All life reproduces itself

THE 8 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE5. All life responds to its environment

6. All life adapts - evolves - to survive in its environment

7. All life maintains internal and external homeostasis (stable internal environments)

8. All life ends

4 MOLECULES OF LIFE

Cytoplasm is made of 4 types of molecules

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

These molecules are composed mostly of four elements: H, O, C, & N

Video – Crash Course – You are what you eat

CARBOHYDRATES

Function: energy for cell and structure

There are 3 types:

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

CARBOHYDRATES CONTINUED

Monosaccharides are a single unit of sugar

If two monosaccharides are combined together, the result is called a disaccharide

If there are many monosaccharides combined, the resulting molecule is a polysaccharide

EXAMPLES OF CARBOHYDRATESMonosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides: Amylose, chitin, glycogen, cellulose

LIPIDS (FATS)There are 3 types:

1. Triglycerides: long term energy storage

2. Steroids: hormones

3. Phospholipids: used to make cell

membranes

LIPIDS CONTINUED

This is a phospholipid

Note: the two fatty acid tails

and the one glycerol head

PROTEINS

Proteins are made up of smaller units called amino acids

The amino acids link together to form a chain

These long chains of amino acids fold up in a very specific way

The differences between proteins is the sequence of the amino acids and how they are folded up

NUCLEIC ACIDS

There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

A nucleic acid is

made up of small

molecules called

nucleotides (ACTG&U)

NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUEDDeoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Largest molecule on earth!

Fits in to the nucleus and

is twisted into a double helix

NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUEDRibonucleic Acid (RNA): there are 3 types

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)

2. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

All are single stranded and help DNA make proteins

Has a U base instead of the T base

NUCLEIC ACIDS CONTINUED

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

This is the energy molecule of life

There are 3 phosphate molecules bonded together

The last two have a lot of energy stored in their bonds

Video – Crash Course - DNA