welcome to environmental...
TRANSCRIPT
Welcome to environmental
Science
www.csa.com/.../design/images/earth.jpg
Your Planet !
www.csa.com/.../design/images/earth.jpg
Earth at Night, NASA Satellite Photo, November 27, 2000
You are Here
Our Planet
www.csa.com/.../design/images/earth.jpg
The Earth’s Legacy
Obj. Investigate our planet and it’s natural resources
Environmental Science
Marking period Grade
Projects – 25 %
Tests / Quizzes – 25%
80%
Notebook and Critical Thinking Exercises – 25%
Classwork, Activities, and Games – 25%
Midterm + Final – 20% of Final grade
You and Environmental Science • Be an active participant - Investigate concepts on your own
- Synthesize your thoughts
- Discuss your ideas
• Open your thought process - Listen attentively
- Enter discussions knowing that there are different points of view
- Be willing to embrace the ideas of others
- Try not to focus on the black and white but instead investigate the
gray
• Work diligently - Know that effort in = results out
- Run with hunches, thoughts and questions
- Learn for the sake of learning
• Be respectful - Appropriate language
- Appropriate behavior
- Discuss with respect for others thoughts and beliefs
What is Environmental Science ?
http://thestartingfive.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/02/question.jpg
Natural Science
http://www.amazon-tribes.com/Indigenous-People-Hunting.html
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MTBE.svg
www.atmos.albany.edu/.../atm301/soil_xsec.jpg
http://www.strandtea.com/shop/images/uploads/inline-
images/sustainable-agriculture.jpg
http://scribalterror.blogs.com/scribal_terror/
images/recycle.jpg
Social Sciences
http://www.2012predictions.net/images/politics%20economics.jpg
http://thesituationist.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/ballot-
box.jpg
http://springboardmarketing.net/Blog/wp-
content/uploads/2009/06/ethics-sign.jpg
http://www.bouge.ca/img/law-school.jpg
Environmental Science
The interdisciplinary science of
our planet
Why should we care?
www.csa.com/.../design/images/earth.jpg
What can we expect form our
planet?
www.csa.com/.../design/images/earth.jpg
What can we expect from our planet ?
These are the things
bequeathed or inherited by us!
What can we expect form our
planet?
www.csa.com/.../design/images/earth.jpg
Natural Capital
Natural Capital
• All available natural resources
• All continuing natural processes / services
• Finite
• Perpetual
• Renewable
• Nonrenewable
thetyee.ca
What are natural resources?
• Renewable
Perpetual
Timeframes?
• Nonrenewable
http://www.defra.gov.uk/sustainable/government/what/priority/natural-resources/
http://jewelryandgemsforselfdiscovery.com/blog/?p=1219
http://qwickstep.com/search/the-element-silicon.html
Natural Resources
Soil / Mineral
Water
Biodiversity Sunlight
Air
What are natural services?
• Biogeochemical cycles
• Timeframes?
• Value?
http://www.hylandseeds.com/agronomy_facts.php
• Nature
Volume
387
May 15 2007
http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/council/services/stormwater/about.asp
CARBON CYCLE http://www.co2logic.com/home.aspx/en/our+climate/the+carbon+cycle
Natural
Services
NATURAL CAPITAL
NATURAL CAPITAL
NATURAL RESOURCES
NATURAL RESOURCES
Air
Water
Soil
Land
Life (biodiversity)
Nonrenewable minerals
(iron, sand)
Renewable energy
(sun, wind, water flows)
Nonrenewable energy
(fossil fuels, nuclear
power)
NATURAL SERVICES
NATURAL SERVICES
Air purification Water purification Soil renewal Nutrient recycling Food production Pollination Grassland renewal Forest renewal Waste treatment Climate Control Population control (species interactions) Pest control
Natural Capital
=
=
+
+
http://www.maniacworld.com/holding-the-sun.html
Determining location of the sun
Read
degrees
here
Class Data
Mean =
Median =
Which might be more useful?
GMT • Greenwich Mean Time
• Now Designated as UTC Coordinated Universal Time
http://wwp.eastern-standard-time.com/
These flames are from plants a pocket of
sunlight … pure energy ….. harnessed
over millions of years by millions of plants
over 100 millions years ago.
This pocket of sunlight freed
humans from their toil on the land.
Energy • Electricity is sold in kilowatt hours
• 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts per hour
• For instance a 60W bulb uses 0.06
Kilowatts of energy per hour
• New full size refrigerator uses
about 500 kWh/ yr.
How does a
photovoltaic
cell work?
Check it out
Dubai
Dubai
Growth
Ecological Footprint
• Your individual impact on the Earth’s
natural capital
• Function of affluence
• Function of technology
EF = A x T
Natural Capital Natural Capital
What is meant by sustainability?
Natural Capital Natural Capital
Sustainability
Where are we at ?
Ecological Footprint
1 hectare = 2.47105381 acres
Ecological Capital
vs.
Ecological Interest
• You start your adult life with $1,000,000
and are able to invest the money safely at
an interest rate of 2.5%. What happens?
Ecological Capital
vs.
Ecological Interest
• You live sustainably on the $25,000 a year
interest.
Your change in capital = ZERO
$1,000,000
Ecological Capital
vs.
Ecological Interest
• You spend $ 50,000 each year. You reduce both capital
and your yearly interest.
Yr 1 975,000
Yr 2 949,375
Yr 3 923,109
Yr 4 896,186
Yr 5 868,590
Yr 6 840,304
Yr 7 811,311
Yr 8 781,593
Yr 9 751,132
Yr 10 719,910
Environmental Science Field Natural History
Poison Ivy – Toxicodendron radicans
http://en.wikivisual.com/images/d/d5/Poison_ivy_lg.jpg
Poison Ivy
• 3 Forms
- Free living
- Rhizome spreading
- Climbing
• Compound trifoliate leaves
• Shiny bright green
• New leaves often reddish
www.lni.wa.gov/.../21to25/images/Poison20Ivy.jpg
www.cirrusimage.com/.../poison_ivy_vine_2.jpg
Poison Ivy Flower
• Angiosperms
• Flower in May - July
http://www.ipm.msu.edu/cat07land/images/8-10PoisonIvyFlower.jpg http://www.dailypress.com/media/photo/2006-06/23890301.jpg
SCIENTIFIC
CLASSIFICATION
KINGDO
M Plant
PHYLUM Magnoliophyta
CLASS Magnoliopsida
ORDER Sapindales
FAMILY Anacardiacae
GENUS Toxicodendron
SPECIES Toxicodendron radicans
Poison Ivy Fruit • Shiny green to white
• Drupes
¼ inch
• Important food
http://www.ontariowildflower.com/images/poison_ivy_fruit.jpg www.wildmanstevebrill.com/.../Poison%20Ivy.html
Ecological Importance •Food Source
•Leaves
- Deer
- Cottontail Rabbit
- Insects
- Muskrat
- Bears
•Shelter
- Dense foliage
- Turtles
- Amphibians
- Rodents
- Vine tendrils
- Nest building
- Northern Cardinal
- American Goldfinch
•Food Source
•Berries
- Many birds
- Crows
- Pileated
woodpecker
- Robin
- Turkey
- Squirrels
- Racoons
- Rodents
Urushoil • Toxic sap of poison ivy, sumac, and oak
• Oil based
• Absorbed by skin in as short as 3 minutes
• Leaves, vines, and fruit
• 85% of humans allergic
• Allergic response may require repeated exposure
• Immune response by T cells and white blood cells
• White blood cells
destroy surrounding tissue
contact dermatitis
Urushiol Oil is Potent
• Only 1 nanogram (billionth of a gram) needed to cause rash
• Average is 100 nanograms for most people
• 1/4 ounce of urushiol is all that is needed to cause a rash in every person on earth
• 500 people could itch from the amount covering the head of a pin
• Specimens of urushiol several centuries old have found to cause dermatitis in sensitive people.
• 1 to 5 years is normal for urushiol oil to stay active on any surface including dead plants
• Derived from urushi, Japanese name for lacquer
EDGE EFFECT
1
2 • Increase niches
• Increase biodiversity
• Some species thrive here
Environmental Science Field
Natural History
Cooper’s Hawk vs. Eastern Chipmunk
Thicket Game
Rules of engagement
• What did we
• learn yesterday?
Raptors
Raptors
• Hawks
• Eagles
• Kites
• Vultures
• Osprey
• Falcons
• Owls
• Secretary Birds
Accipiters
Buteos
Hawks of NJ
• Accipiters
• Smaller hawks
• Hunt in woodlands
• Gliding but not soaring
• Often catch prey on the wing
• Buteos
• Large Birds
• Commonly soaring
• Hunt from perches
• Drop on prey
Accipiters
• Sharp Shinned Hawk
• Northern Goshawk
• Cooper’s Hawk
http://www.coffeecreekwc.org/photos/birds/Sharp-shinned_Hawk.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Northern_Goshawk_ad_M2.jpg
http://www.btblue.com/d/788-4/coopers_hawk_F5R6406.jpg
Cooper’s Hawk
• Scientific classification
• Kingdom:Animalia
• Phylum:Chordata
• Class:Aves
• Order:Falconiformes
• Family:Accipitridae
• Genus:Accipiter
• Species:A. cooperii
• Binomial name Accipiter cooperii (Bonaparte, 1828
Cooper’s Hawk
• Medium sized hawk
- reverse sexual dimorphism
• Monogamous
• Courtship March – April
• 3 – 5 Eggs
• Live to 12 years
• Diurnal hunter
• Keen vision
• 12% of weight in food per day
• Regurgitate hair / feathers
• Deciduous, mixed forests, and riparian forests
Rodents • 2277 species of rodents
• 40% of all mammals
• Continuously growing incisor teeth
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2048/2301485613_ec943f5c86.jpg?v=0
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Rodentia
Family:Sciuridae
Genus:Tamias
Species: striatus
Eastern Chipmunk • Omnivores
• Hoarding
• Mycorrhizal fungi
• Partial hibernation – torpor
• Burrow system
• Two litters per year 4 – 5
young
• Life span 3 years
• 25 species – baculum
diagnostic
http://www.lakevermilionrealestate.com/images/Eastern-
Chipmunk.jpg
What is meant by sustainability?
What factors threaten sustainability?
Population
Human
Other
Economic Growth / Development
Lifestyle
Footprint
Poverty
History of human population
• Current Human
Population =
7,113,000,000 US Census Bureau
• Homo sapiens sapiens
evolves = ~200,000 YA
1 .15
1000 .25
1804 1.0
1927 2.0
1960 3.0
1975 4.0
1987 5.0
1999 6.0
2012 7.0 March 12th
Year A.D. Human Population Billions
UN Population Division
123
33
15
13
12
Population Clock
Old Codger Population by Date
13
10,829,464,220
9,890,896,416
7,039,387,900
Environmental Science
Mr. Smith
http://billysbluegrasschannel.magnify.net/
media/site/DYZFFMK7Q3H6MBC3/upload
s/earth.gif
Do Now
HW – Terms – in your notebook
Current Issue – Both Due next Monday
Finish Human Population Questions
Obj. Investigate the scope and importance of environmental science
Graphing Human Population
• Using Data provided graph Human Population
Rule of 70
• If you wish to find the doubling rate of any
item divide 70 by the rate of growth of that
something.
Example:
NJ 2012 Pop. 8,864,590
NJ Pop. Growth Rate 2008-2010 = 0.8%
70/0.8 = 87.5 yrs.
Human population
• Current human population =7,113,000,000 US Census Bureau
• Current population growth rate = 1.14% U.S. Census Bureau
Rule of 70 - divide 70 by growth rate to determine doubling time
• UN 2050 Population Projection = 9.6 Billion 2012
• UN predicted population stabilization by 2150
Just above 10 Billion
http://www.carbon-projects.co.uk/earth_clock.htm
Population
Hunting and
gathering
Agricultural revolution Industrial
revolution
Black Death—the Plague
Human Population Growth has Been
Exponential
?
Time
Billio
ns
of p
eo
ple
What does exponential human
growth mean?
What does exponential human
growth mean?
Natural Capital
Natural Resources Natural Services
Finite !
The Old Codger
Albert Barlett
Listen to the man!
Think !
What have we learned.
• Human population is growing fast.
Exponential Growth
Old Codger
FINITE
Think !
What have we learned.
• Population growth rate will put more
pressure on natural resources.
http://www.carbon-projects.co.uk/earth_clock.htm
Natural Capital Natural Capital
If you squash
natural capital you
can eat into your
natural interest
Developed
countries
Developing
countries
World total
Human Population Growth
Po
pu
lati
on
(b
illi
on
s)
Year
7 Billion
Finish
worksheet
Finish “Have
and Have
Nots”
What is meant by economic growth
and development?
Economic growth = Increase in GDP / GNP
May increase per capita GDP
May lead to increased economic development
Economic development = Human lifestyle
Often noted by U.N. HDI
Economic Growth and Development.
• Man wants / needs
* food
* shelter
* potable water
* healthcare
* education
* work / income
* recreation
Economic Development
Economic Growth Vs. Economic Development
Economic growth Economic development
Increase in GDP Per capita GDP
Amount of goods Goods and services
and Services in to The People
a Country
Developing Developed
Increase in Lifestyle
Developing Nations
• 81 % human Population
• 1.5 % Pop. Growth Rate
• 15 % Worlds GDP
• 12% Worlds Resources used
• 25% Pollution + waste
• 63/67 Life Expectancy
• 4,450 GDP PPP $
• 893 Energy (2002 kg. oil per capita)
Developed Nations
• 19% human population
• 0.1 Pop. Growth Rate
• 85 % Worlds GDP
• 88% Worlds Resources used
• 75% Pollution + waste
• 73/80 Life Expectancy
• 26,320 GDP PPP $
• 4,878 Energy (2002 kg. oil per capita)
Watch
Box
Video
United State of America
Land Area
* 9,631,420 km2 – 3rd
Population
* 314,397,000 (2012) – 3rd
* Density 33.7 per km2 – 180th
* Rate of Change + 0.9 % 2005-2015 est.
* Est. 2025 Population – 349,400,000
* Est. 2050 Population – 419,900,000
Economy -PPP
* GDP $ 15,094,000,000 –1st
* Per Capita GDP - $ 48,386 – 6th
Human Development
* U.N. HDI – 0.910 – 4th
* Life expectancy – 78 years - 2011
* Infant mortality per 1000 births – 6.1
* Pop. living on less than $2.00 a day – 0 %
* % living without improved water – 0% U – 0% R
* Energy Use per person – 7,943 kg. oil equivalent
* Per Capita CO2 (t/CO2) – 20.6 - 2004
812/1000
INDIA
Land Area
* 3,287,590 km2 – 7th
Population
* 1,210,193,422 (2011) – 2nd
* Density 370.2 per km2 – 31st
* Rate of Change + 1.5% - 2005-2015
* Est. 2025 Population – 1,363,000,000
* Est. 2050 Population – 1,628,000,000 – 1st
Economy PPP
* GDP $ 4,457,000,000 – 3rd
* Per Capita GDP - $3,693– 129th
Human Development
* U.N. HDI – 0.547 Medium 134th
* Life expectancy – 64 years
* Infant mortality per 1000 births – 50
* Pop. living on less than $2.00 a day – 76 %
* % living without improved water – 4% U – 16% R - 2004
* Energy Use per person – 513 kg. oil equivalent
* Per Capita CO2 (t/CO2) – 1.1 - 2005
18/1000
Ethiopia
Land Area
* 1,104,300 km2 – 27th
Population
* 84,320,987 (2011) – 14th
* Density 76.4 per km2 – 123rd
* Rate of Change + 2.5 %
* Est. 2025 Population – 118,000,000
* Est. 2050 Population – 170,000,000
Economy
* GDP $ 94,878,000 – 69th - 2011
* Per Capita GDP - $ 1,092 – 173rd
Human Development
* U.N. HDI – 0.328 – 157th
* Life expectancy – 56 years
* Infant mortality per 1000 births – 77
* Pop. living on less than $2.00 a day – 78 %
* % living without improved water – 2% U – 74% R - 2004
* Energy Use per person – 297 kg. oil equivalent
* Per Capita CO2 (t/CO2) – 0.1 - 2006
2/1000
Think !
How have nations increased their
lifestyle?
• We have experienced a huge increase in
the standard of living for most nations in
the last 200 years.
The last 200 years
The Good News
As lifestyle increases population growth stabilizes
The Good News Take Away
As lifestyle increases population growth stabilizes
Since 1900 economic development has helped the world
Population growth rate has responded by slowing
What are our overall trends?
Developed Developing
Population Population
Resources Resources
Growing slowly Growing quickly
Growing do to
affluenza
Low now but
growing
Final Thoughts
• Hans Rosling Rules ?
You Decide
The flip side • Increasing development increases
resource use.
• This means we must find a balance.
• Balance means increasing efficiency or
green technology
P
A
What do these trends mean?
Population
Population
Lifestyle (HDI)
Natural
Resources /
Services
Natural Capital
Where is K ?
Add
population
and increase
HDI
Increase Resource Use
Environmental Degradation
Natural
Resources
And
Services
Pollution
And
Environmental
Degradation
More resource used
Increase in
Environmental
Degradation
Affluenza
Environmental Field Natural History
Tundra
• Extreme northern latitudes Low lying
plants, Moss, Lichens, Grasses, and
shrubs
• Permafrost
• Extremely low precipitation
• Marshy
• Summer 24 Hr. sunlight
• Winter complete darkness
• Very cold winters
http://www.geography.hunter.cuny.edu/~tbw/wc.notes/15.climates.veg/veg.images/tundra/tun
dra.colorado.rockies.jpg
Permafrost
Tundra Biome
Fig
ure
2. P
erm
afro
st d
istrib
utio
n in
the A
rctic
. Image c
redit: P
hilip
pe R
ekacew
icz, 2
005,
UN
EP
/GR
ID-A
rendal M
aps a
nd G
raphic
s L
ibra
ry b
ased o
n In
tern
atio
nal P
erm
afro
st A
ssocia
tion
(1998) C
ircum
pola
r Activ
e-L
ayer P
erm
afro
st S
yste
m (C
AP
S), v
ers
ion 1
.0
http://z.about.com/d/forestry/1/0/e/A/tundranps.jpg
Tundra Biome
Tundra Inhabitants
http://www.kidzworld.com/img/upload/article/22942/a1891i
1_tundra2.jpg
http://lh3.ggpht.com/_j4SmoTqBAQA/SWSk-
k8Ae9I/AAAAAAAAAnw/Dv2IPZvYz-
s/Arctic_Fox_Photo_5%5B4%5D.jpg
http://www.world-
builders.org/lessons/less/biomes/tundra/tundragifs/marmot.gif http://lib.colostate.edu/wildlife/photos/polar-
bears.jpg
http://www.britannica.com/blogs/wp-
content/uploads/2008/11/lemmings.jpg
http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/courses/wlf201/muskox.jpg
Tundra Trophic Levels
http://www.world-
builders.org/lessons/less/biomes/tu
ndra/tundrapy.html
Arctic Wolf – Canis lupus arctos
Scientific classification
Binomial name
Canis lupus
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: C. lupus
http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/wolf/Arctic%20Wolf.jpg
http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/planet-earth/videos/pole-to-pole-caribou-migration.htm
Arctic Wolf
• Subspecies of grey wolf
• White fur + fur between toes
• Short ears, legs, and muzzle
• Pack animal
• Social hierarchy – alpha male + female
+ unmated offspring
• Ranges of up to 1000 square miles
• Pack hunter focusing mainly on caribou and muskox
• Regurgitated food caches
• Lower fecundity 2-3 pups vs. 5-6
• Late May to June birth
• Offspring stay with pack through second year
Muskox
Scientific classification
Binomial name
Ovibos moschatus
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily
:
Caprinae
Genus: Ovibos Blainville, 1816
Species: O.
moschatus
http://www.birds.cornell.edu/bigyear/photo-gallery/alaska/Muskox_vyn.jpg
http://p6.hostingprod.com/@treks.org/BW_JimB
randenburg-ArcticWolvesAndMuskoxen.jpg
Predator
Prey
Relationship
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb6Rke7jiTc
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3582/3339404940_
59414eafe9.jpg
Muskox • Muskox - Ovibos moschatus
• Related to sheep and goats
• Ancient species changing little since the ice ages
• Live in Arctic Tundra
• Large 1.5 m tall up to 364 kg organisms
• Herbivores – must eat from regions with small snowpack
• Two types of fur long guard hairs to ground wooly underhair
• Short ears and tails
• Pupils with horizontal slit
• Both male + female with horns
• 1860 – last individual killed in Alaska Reintroduced from Greenland organism in the 1930’s
• Breed in summer after spectacular bull dominance displays – Head butting = to car crash into concrete at 17MPH
– Skulls have 4 inches of horn and 3 inches of bone to cushion impact
• Displays lead to bull with harem
• - 5-15 females and dominant male
• Calves born in spring (April to June)
• Unique defensive behavior – Large organisms attempt to face predator hiding young
http://www.arcticanimallear
ningzone.com/muskox2.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/The_Chi
ldrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Musk_ox_skull.jpg
Ecological Footprint Trend
Nu
mb
er
of
Ea
rth
s
Year
Earth's
Ecological
Capacity
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
Environmental Degradation
The deterioration of the environment through:
The depletion of natural resources
The interruption of natural services
The destruction of ecosystems
The loss of biodiversity
Pollution
Flying out of L.A. CA USA 08/2013
Deforestation
Martha
Died in 1914 at the
Cincinnati Zoological
Gardens at the age
of 29
Ectopistes migratorius
On Display
SUNY ESF Syracuse NY
Environmental Degradation
Pollution
Natural Anthropogenic
Arenal Costa Rica
SO2
CO2
Ash
Flooding - Turbidity
http://www.werc.usgs.gov/redwood/images/turbid-pic.jpg
California Wildfires 2007 NASA NASA 2007 Space Array
http://www.munciefreepress.com/files/images/October%202007%20-
%20NASA%20Sat%20Wildfires%202007-%201.preview.jpg
Wildfires
Anthropogenic Pollution
Point Source Non-Point Source
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_big_teaser/internation
al/photosvideos/photos/effluent-pipe-of-common-efflue-2 http://www.aces.edu/waterquality/nemo/storm%20drain.GIF
Anthropogenic Pollution
Point Source
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_big_teaser/internation
al/photosvideos/photos/effluent-pipe-of-common-efflue-2
Effluent Pipe
Smokestack
Tailpipe
Jack Hammer
Light Source
Garbage Dump Leachate
Coal Ash ponds
Easier
Cheaper
To
Control
Anthropogenic Pollution
Point Source
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/image_big_teaser/internation
al/photosvideos/photos/effluent-pipe-of-common-efflue-2
Easy to regulate
Easy to monitor
Easier to clean up
Easier to detoxify
Anthropogenic Pollution
Non-Point Source
http://www.aces.edu/waterquality/nemo/storm%20drain.GIF
Street Runoff
Fertilizer Runoff
Wind Blown
Pet Waste
Storm water runoff
Pollution
Dispersed
Difficult to
Control
Anthropogenic Pollution
Non-Point Source
http://www.aces.edu/waterquality/nemo/storm%20drain.GIF
Source unknown
Often pollutant unknown
Very difficult to regulate
Very difficult to control
Pacific Gyre
What factors threaten sustainability?
Population Growth Economic Development
Other Factors That Threaten Sustainability
Environmental Degradation
Pollution
North Pacific Gyre Garbage
Patch
http://gogreen.motivators.com/post/Reducing-the-Garbage-Patch-One-Remanufactured-Bottle-at-a-Time.aspx
Plastic • Petroleum based materials
• Large 20,000 – 500,000 AMU
polymers
• First Plastic – Bakelite 1912 – Leo Hendrik Baekeland
• Non-biodegradable
• Photodegrade leaving
monomers
• Functionally non-degradable
• Some compounds become
xenobiotic – stranger living
Biomagnification
Illustration by E. Paul Oberlander, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Controlling Anthropogenic Pollution
Two Ways
Output Control Input Control
Stop production
of pollution
Attempt to
reduce
pollution after
it is produced
Output Control
Pollution Cleanup
Temporary
Pollution source continues
Pollution source usually increases
Pollution often just concentrated and moved
Often very expensive
Input Controls
Pollution Control
Stop production of pollution
Change manufacturing procedures
Decrease packaging
Use less toxic alternatives
Cheaper in the long run
Issues with increased consumption ?
Ways to reduce pollution
Increase input pollution
Include actual cost product
- Include recycling cost
- Include pollution control cost
- Make ecologically friendly products viable
Opt out
The five “R”s
Refuse
Replace
Recycle
Reuse
Reduce ?
Pollution
• Where does it go?
Electronic Waste
This is what we are sold
The Story of Stuff
The Story of Stuff
• Critique of film
• Discuss statements / claims of film
• Back up your discussion with research
• Full essay format
• Turnitin.com
• Originality and thought counts
• Remember you should be researching claims
We live on a finite planet and you cannot run a
linear system on a finite planet indefinitely.
Major Premise
Extraction
Extraction
We are using too much stuff.
Now I know this can be hard
to hear, but it’s the truth and
we’ve gotta deal with it. In the
past three decades alone,
one-third of the planet’s
natural resources base have
been consumed.
Extraction
Production
So, next, the materials move to
“production“ and what happens
there is we use energy to mix
toxic chemicals in with the
natural resources to make
toxic contaminated products.
Extraction
Distribution
So, what happens after all these
resources are turned into
products? Well, it moves here,
for distribution.
Now distribution means “selling
all this toxic contaminated junk
as quickly as possible.” The goal
here is to keep the prices down,
keep the people buying and
keep the inventory moving.
Extraction
Consumption
We have become a nation of
consumers. Our primary identity
has become that of consumer,
not mothers, teachers, farmers,
but consumers. The primary way
that our value is measured and
demonstrated is by how much
we contribute to this arrow, how
much we consume. And do we!
Extraction
Disposal
It all goes out in the garbage.
And that brings us to disposal.
This is the part of the materials
economy we all know the most
because we have to haul the
junk out to the curb ourselves.
Each of us in the United States
makes 4 1/2 pounds of garbage
a day. That is twice what we
each made thirty years
ago.
The Tragedy of The Commons
• Garret Hardin -1968 – Science
• Premise
- Common resources are often degradated unintentionally
- Individuals will often maximize yield for themselves
- This is a rational decision
- But when many individuals act this way it leads to
destruction of the resource
Therein is the tragedy. Each man is
locked into a system that compels him
to increase his herd without limit - in a
world that is limited. Ruin is the
destination toward which all men rush,
each pursuing his own interest in a
society that believes in the freedom of
the commons. (Hardin, 1968)
http://cnx.org/content/m42937/latest/?collection=col11407/latest
Common Grazing Land
Haitian woman sells mud cookies - http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/bourne-text
The border between Haiti and the
Dominican Republic. Haiti is to the left and
the Dominican Republic is the greener
area to the right. http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a002600/a002640/
Credit National Geographic/Getty Images
Photo: Eduardo Munoz
Common Forest Resource
What factors threaten sustainability?
Population Growth Economic Development
Other Factors That Threaten Sustainability
Environmental Degradation
Pollution
Poverty
Poverty
• Focus on survival
- High death rate -19,200 people / day
- 48 loaded passenger jets per day
• Little ability to think environmentally
• High population growth
- Children needed to work
- Lack of social safety net
- High mortality of youth
% of Population Living on Less
Than $1.25 PPP per day
Haiti
One Fish, Two Fish
Rules of Engagement
• You are a head of a household and have hungry children
at home.
• You will first determine fishing order
• You may fish for as many fish as you like in your 1
minute allotted time but you must have more than one
fish to feed your family
• Once you are done fishing the rest of the group should
fish
• At the end of the fishing round the fish will reproduce this
reproduction doubles the amount of fish in the pond
• Complete this task 4 times logging data each round
Your Pond • You now have a private pond
• This pond has a carrying capacity of 3 fish
• You may fish from this pond as well as the
common pond during procedure # 2
• When finished answer the questions on
white lined paper
ANALYSIS
1) What is the maximum sustainable yield of the common pond?
2) What percent of the sustainable yield was used in the first round of part I?
3) Compare the results of the common pond yield between part # I and Part
# II.
4) Explain the concept of “the tragedy of the commons”. Page 10-11 in text.
5) Explain the tendencies of individuals to maintain their personal ponds
versus the common pond.
6) What would happen if a new family moved into the area increasing the
stress on the resource?
7) What would happen if environmental degradation lowered the carrying
capacity of the pond?
8) You are voted to be the Mayor of the town with the common pond how
could you go about saving this resource for future generations?
King Of Sushi
• Atalntic Bluefin Tuna
Thunnus thynnus
• Apex predator
• Warm blooded
• Highly sought as sushi
• Record price
$ 736,000 Jan/05/2112
King of Sushi
COMMON RESOURCE
• Reward
• Dead wrapped
around rice
$1238 per pound
http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2012-02-06/in-demand.html#slide4
Solutions for the Tragedy of the
Commons • Private ownership Conventional
• Government regulation Wisdom
• Local community control
Elinor Ostrom
2009 Nobel Economics Prize
-Argued that a local control could
utilize resource sustainably
Her proposal was that of a polycentric approach,
where key management decisions should be
made as close to the scene of events and the
actors involved as possible.
What factors threaten sustainability?
Population Growth Economic Development
Other Factors That Threaten Sustainability
Environmental Degradation
Poverty
% of Population Living on Less
Than $1.25 PPP per day
Poverty
• Focus on survival
- High death rate -19,200 people / day
- 48 loaded passenger jets per day
• Little ability to think environmentally
• High population growth
- Children needed to work
- Lack of social safety net
- High mortality of youth
Economic Accounting
Actual price of material not incorporated into cost
EXAMPLES
- Electronics
* Recycling costs not included
* Toxic waste disposal / cleanup not
considered
* Human toll not considered
- Ethanol
* Fossil fuel use often not considered
* Removal of food items
* Water / land use not added
Ethanol
• E85 to 85% ethanol – Flex Fuel
• E10 -10% blend with gasoline
• Less energy dense E 85 to 27% less
dense
• Made from corn, sugarcane, biomass
(cellulose)
• Requires fossil fuel and fertilizer to
produce
• Hydroscopic – requires special handling
http://www.doe.gov/ MJ/L = Megajoule / liter MJ/kg = Megajoule / killogram
http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/biofuel/review6.php
Hurricane Sandy
http://www.theverge.com/2012/10/28/3567424/hurricane-sandy-nasa-satellite-photo
What factors threaten sustainability?
Population Growth Economic Development
Other Factors That Threaten Sustainability
Environmental Degradation
Pollution
Poverty
Poor Economic Accounting
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/f/f6/2007010
3183740!McDonalds_Happy_Meal.jpg
The cost
of a
happy
meal?
4 oz. burger
• 2 pounds corn
• 625 gallons of water
• Methane
• Manure
• Diesel fuel
• Natural gas
• Land use
• Public health
• Animal welfare
http://www.grumpyoldsod.com/cow.jpg
8 oz Fries
• 30 gallons water
• Pesticides
• Herbicides
• Fungicides
• Diesel fuel
• Land use
Plastic Widget
• Fossil fuels
• Toxins
• Social costs
• Disposal costs
http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bv2hH9YPKyM/RsIy8scCzJI
/AAAAAAAAAMI/1OYozwzDg5g/s400/Happy%2BMeal
%2BToy.JPG
Packaging • Virgin fiber
• 40% post consumer content
• Toxic printing materials
• Disposal costs
• Littering
True Cost Accounting
Actual cost often does not represent
the true cost of the items
• Cost to the environment
• Cost to human welfare
• Cost to society
• Cost to other species
• Cost of disposal
True Cost Accounting
http://www.trucost.com/
What factors threaten sustainability?
Population Growth Economic Development
Other Factors That Threaten Sustainability
Environmental Degradation
Pollution
Poverty
Poor Economic Accounting
Mismanagement
Mismanagement
• Deforestation
• Overgrazing
• Excessive resource use
• Wildlife policies
• Urban sprawl
• Misguided subsidies