welcome to the canadian red cross first aid & cpr course

Copyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross Society

Welcome to the Canadian Red CrossFirst Aid & CPR Course

First Aid & CPRCopyright © 2006 The Canadian Red Cross SocietySlide 2

Day 1

Preparing to Respond

EMS

Check, Call, Care


Preparing to Respond

What would you do?


Chain of Survival

The key to surviving emergencies is a CHAIN REACTION:• Early Healthy Choices – making lifestyle decisions• Early Recognition – recognizing a serious developing

emergency• Early Access – calling 911 for help• Early CPR – maintaining a person’s breathing and

circulation until help arrives• Early Defibrillation – a machine that delivers a shock to

the heart• Early Advanced Care – paramedics racing to the side of a

sick person• Early Rehabilitation – returning to a normal lifestyle after a

cardiac problem


The 4 R’s of CPR

• RISK – factors in your life that predispose you to developing heart problems or a stroke

• RECOGNIZE – how to recognize a serious developing emergency

• REACT – what to do when you see a developing emergency

• RESUSCITATE – how to do CPR and how to help someone who is choking


Definition of First Aid

The First Aider’s Role:

1. Recognize the emergency

2. Call EMS/9-1-1

3. Act according to your skills, knowledge, and comfort level

First aid is the immediate care that you give to a sick or injured person until more advanced care can be obtained.


Common Concerns About Providing First Aid

• Other people at the scene• The ill or injured person• Unpleasant injuries or illnesses• Catching a disease• Doing something wrong


Laws that Protect First Aiders

Ontario• The Good Samaritan Act, 2001• a legal principle that prevents a rescuer who has

voluntarily helped a victim in distress from being successfully sued for 'wrongdoing.'

• Its purpose is to keep people from being so reluctant to help a stranger in need for fear of legal repercussions if they made some mistake in treatment.

***It is KEY to get the person’s consent before you help, or parent/guardian consent for an injured child. For an UNCONSCIOUS person, consent is IMPLIED.


Infection

An infection is a condition caused by the invasion of the body by germs.

1. Germs in the environment

2. The germs enter body

3. Enough germs to cause infection

4. The individual’s natural defences must be weak


How is an Infection Spread Between People?

Direct contact >

Indirect contact >

Airborne transmission >

Vector transmission >


Preventing Diseases From Spreading

• Take personal precautions

• Wear protective equipment

• Take

environmental precautions


Preparing to Respond – Summary Questions

1. List three examples of a medical emergency. Good job!

2. How can a disease be transmitted in first aid? Direct, indirect, airborne, or vector transmission

3. How can disease transmission be prevented in first aid? Personal precautions, protective equipment, environmental

precautions

4. Can you be sued for doing first aid? Nope! (Good Samaritan Act, 2001)


Preparing to Respond – Scenario Review

So, what would you do?


Check, Call, Care – Be Systematic

Check

Call

Care


Check – Begin a Primary Survey

Before helping at an emergency, check the scene:

1. Is it safe?

2. What happened?

How did it happen?

3. How many ill or injured people are there?

4. Is there someone to help me?

5. Is there someone who looks unconscious?


If the scene is safe, check the person:

• Do they respond?– Ask the person, “Are you okay?”– If it is safe, get closer– Gently tap the person on the shoulder

• Do they want your help?– Tell them:

• Who you are• You are trained in first aid• You are here to help


Call

• Call 9-1-1• Be ready to tell the dispatcher the

following:1. Where exactly the emergency is

2. What phone number you are calling from

3. What your name is

4. What has happened

5. How many people are involved and what their condition is


Care

• Determine care required: check ABCs (on next slide)• Treat life-threatening emergencies immediately


Check ABCs for Life-Threatening Emergencies

Check: • Airway • Breathing • Circulation


Secondary Survey: Are there any other injuries?

Only do a secondary survey if the ABCs are okay.

Do the three-steps of a secondary survey:

1. Ask SAMPLE questions

2. Check vital signs

3. Do a head-to-toe check

Always complete the secondary survey before treating any non-life-threatening injuries.


Secondary Survey – SAMPLE Questions

S Signs and symptoms

A Allergies

M Medications

P Past medical history

L Last meal

E Events leading up to the emergency


Secondary Survey – Vital Signs

• Level of consciousness • Breathing • Skin


Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check

Hands-Off Check


Secondary Survey – Head-to-Toe Check

Hands-On Check


Shock

Shock can be caused by:

injury, illness, infection, or emotion.

Signs & Symptoms: anxiety, cold or clammy skin, skin that is paler than usual, weakness, confusion, unconsciousness, weak/rapid pulse, rapid breathing, excessive thirst, nausea

and vomiting, drowsiness

Treat everybody for shock.

Shock is a potentially life-threatening condition in which vital organs do not receive enough oxygen-rich blood.


First Aid – Shock

While you are waiting for EMS personnel to arrive:

1. Care for the cause of the shock.

2. Keep the person warm.

3. Monitor ABCs.

4. Have the person rest.

5. Give comfort and reassurance.

**FLASH the paramedics!

(…wave and/or flash lights when you see them, that is…!)


Continual Care

• Keep the person comfortable

• Put an unconscious person in the RECOVERY POSITION if:

– The airway is open– The person is

breathing– There is no deadly

bleeding– You don’t suspect a

neck or back injury

• Monitor the person


Summary

Check• Check the scene• Check the person

Call• Call EMS/9-1-1

Care• Deal with life-threatening conditions (ABCs)

Secondary Survey• Perform a secondary survey and treat any non-life-threatening

injuries

Continual Care• Keep the person comfortable and monitor vital signs


Check, Call, Care – Summary Questions

1. What should you do during the “Check”? Check the scene, check the person

2. What actions must you take in “Call”? Call 9-1-1

3. What actions must you take in “Care”? Check ABCs, treat life-threatening emergencies

immediately, follow with secondary survey

4. What do you do during the secondary survey? Ask SAMPLE questions, check vital signs, head-to-toe

check

5. What should you look for in a head-to-toe check? Bumps, bruises, blood, etc.

***PRACTICE THE RECOVERY POSITION!


Check, Call, Care – Scenario Review



Cool Idea!

• ICE your phone!

• ICE stands for In Case of Emergency. Putting ICE before your designated next of kin in your list of contact numbers lets emergency personnel know who to contact in case of emergency!


Day 2

Choking

&

Airway Emergencies


Airway Emergencies

What would you do?


Airway System – Anatomy and Physiology

Nose

Mouth

Epiglottis

Trachea

Lungs

Bronchioles

Alveoli

• We breathe in 21% oxygen and breathe out 16% oxygen…This is more than enough to sustain life.


Airway Blockages

• A mild airway obstruction occurs when the airway is partly blocked, reducing the flow of air to the lungs

• A severe airway obstruction occurs when the airway is totally blocked, stopping air from reaching the lungs

Signs & Symptoms:

If the person can speak, cough, or breathe, it is mild choking.

Blockage


Recognizing and Treating Choking

Complete the following:

1. Demonstrate the universal sign for choking. hands to the throat

2. Name the 2 types of choking. mild and severe

3. Describe signs and symptoms of each type of choking. Mild: Person can still speak, cough, or breathe. Treatment: Encourage the person to keep coughing! Severe: No air getting in (can’t speak, cough, or breathe). Treatment: Act quickly with first aid for conscious or

unconscious choking…

DVD#3 & DVD#6


DVD’s & Practice:

• DVD 3 – Conscious Choking Adult• DVD 6 – Unconscious Choking Adult

• Practice Time!

Pair up and practice conscious and unconscious choking first aid!


Airway Emergencies – Summary Questions

1. How would you recognize that someone is choking? Universal sign, coughing, wheezing, turning blue

2. What are the first aid steps for mild choking? Encourage the person to cough it up

3. What are the first aid steps for conscious severe choking? Perform 5 firm back blows followed by 5 abdominal thrusts (fist

just above belly button, other hand over fist, pull sharply in and up). Repeat this process…

4. What are the first aid steps for someone who is choking and becomes unconscious? ...you will need to be able to show this skill!

Go through Check, Call, Care for unconscious choking adult


Breathing Emergencies

What would you do?


Reminder Tips!

• Ask the person if he/she is choking.• Be prepared for the person to become unconscious.• With an adult, when the first breath does not go in, tilt the

head back further.• Check in the mouth for objects after using chest

compressions to unblock the airway and BEFORE trying to give rescue breaths again.

• Keep the jaw open with one hand while removing the object with the other hand. (tongue-jaw grab)

• Go back to the ABC’s every time the situation changes.


Day 3

Circulation

Emergencies


No Oxygen: Brain Cells Die

0 minute: Breathing stops. Heart will soon stop

beating. Clinical death.

4-6 minutes: Brain damage possible.

6-10 minutes: Brain damage likely.

10+ minutes: Irreversible brain damage certain.

Biological death.

Without oxygen, brain cells begin to die in 4 to 6 minutes.

Doing CPR “resets” the clock.


Anatomy and Physiology

Aorta

To lung

From lung

Left atrium

Left ventricle

To lower bodyFrom lower body

To lung

From lung

Right atrium

Right ventricle

To upper body


Chest Pain

Partial blockage

• Angina A blockage that opens up after a little bit and the pain goes away (temporarily).

• Heart attack An artery that STAYS blocked, the pain remains, and the area of affected heart muscle starts to die. (aka – myocardial infarction)


Risk Factors for Developing Cardiovascular Disease

Controllable factors:

Major:• Smoking • Poor diet (cholesterol: HDL/LDL)

• High blood pressure • Diabetes (*)

Minor• Obesity• Stress• Lack of regular exercise

Other factors:

• Gender• Heredity• Age

(Can’t do anything to change these ones!)


Signs and Symptoms of Heart Attack and Angina

• Squeezing chest pain • Problems breathing• Abdominal or back pain (most commonly in women)• Cold, sweaty skin• Skin that is bluish or paler than normal• Nausea and vomiting• Denial

Signs and symptoms vary from person to person.


5P’s (Symptoms of Heart Attack/Angina)

• Pain• Pale• Puking• Puffing• Pooped


First Aid – Heart Attack and Angina

1. Have the person rest.2. Ask if they have taken any erectile dysfunction drugs. If

they have, do not allow them to take nitroglycerin.3. Help the person take their nitroglycerin and ASA.

• Take one dose every 5 minutes (3 doses maximum).• If they don’t carry nitroglycerin, or if the first dose

doesn’t make the pain go away, suggest they chew two 80 mg ASA tablets or one 325 mg ASA tablet.


Cardiac Arrest

Causes:• Cardiovascular disease• Drowning• Suffocation• Certain drugs• Severe chest injuries• Severe blood loss• Electrocution

Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating.


Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) andAutomated External Defibrillation (AED)

• Clinical death occurs when the heart stops. It is reversible.

• CPR keeps oxygen-rich blood circulating throughout the body.

• AED can deliver a shock to re-establish an effective rhythm. Quick defibrillation greatly increases chances of survival.


DVD

• DVD #9

-CPR technique


Stroke

Causes:• A clot in an artery to the brain• An artery that ruptures in the brain• A tumour

A stroke happens when the blood flow to the brain gets interrupted


Signs and Symptoms of Transient Ischemic Attacks and Stroke

F – Face (numb/weak, especially on one side)

A – Arm (numb/weak, especially on one side)

S – Speech (slurred, or difficulty speaking)

T – Time (is important; call 9-1-1 immediately!)

First Aid:• Call 9-1-1• Have the person rest• Place the person in the recovery position

with the affected side up• Monitor ABCs and provide reassurance


Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions

1. List the risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease. Smoking, diet, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, stress,

lack of exercise, gender, heredity, age

2. What is the first aid for someone complaining of chest pain? Rest, ask about erectile dysfunction drugs, help them take

nitroglycerin and/or ASA

3. When do you do CPR? When the ABC’s are not present


Circulation Emergencies – Summary Questions

4. What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke? F.A.S.T. – Face, Arm, Speech (and Time is important!)

5. What is the first aid for a suspected stroke? 9-1-1, rest, recovery position, monitor ABCs and provide

reassurance


Circulation Emergencies – Scenario Review



Day 4

Cardiac Arrest

&

Automated External Defibrillator

(AED)


Small Change…ABCD!

• Airway• Breathing• Circulation• DEFIBRILLATION!

• What’s a defibrillator?


Chase McEachern Act

• In addition to Ontario’s Good Samaritan Act, there is also now liability protection for people using public automated external defibrillators (AEDs). The Chase McEachern Act came into force on July 3, 2007 and is named after 11 year old Barrie resident Chase McEachern.

• After being diagnosed with an irregular heartbeat, and hearing that two professional hockey players also have irregular heart beats like his, Chase decided to start a campaign to make defibrillators mandatory in hockey arenas and schools everywhere.

• In February 2006, Chase passed out in gym class and was rushed to the hospital. Efforts to resuscitate him failed. The McEachern family created a tribute fund in honour of their son. A donor made a $100,000 gift to the fund with the condition it be used to put defibrillators in arenas in Grey and Bruce counties.

• The Chase McEachern Act protects individuals and health care professionals from liability for damages that may occur in relation to their use of an AED to save someone’s life at the immediate scene of an emergency. It also protects the owners and occupiers of the buildings where AEDs are installed from liability that may occur in relation to the use of the AED provided that the owner or occupier of the building made the AED available for use in good faith.


Chase McEachern Act


Early AED

• Survival rate decreases 7% to 10% with each minute there is a delay

• Defibrillation combined with CPR, is the key treatment in more than 80% of all sudden cardiac arrest victims

For cardiac arrest victims:• 2 minutes of CPR can increase chances of the AED

detecting a shockable rhythm


Using an AED

When using an AED:• Turn on the machine• Follow the diagrams to place the pads• Use the age-appropriate pads• Follow the voice prompts!

No one touch the person.

When shocking, state, “I’m clear, you’re clear, everybody’s clear.”


A Properly Prepared AED Should ALSO Have:

• Razor• Scissors• Cloth


DVD

• DVD #9

– Review Check, Call, Care, CPR & AED

• Demonstrate AED


Practice Time!

• Work in groups of 3 to practice with the AED.

• Be able to:

-describe special considerations with the AED, particularly safety considerations! -describe adjuncts used with the AED (pocket mask, scissors, towel, razor)


Day 5

Practical

&

Written Testing

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