welcome to the cern accelerator school! | the …...magnetron p – h– vacuum arc light ions e.g....
TRANSCRIPT
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Particle Sources Dan Faircloth
Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
-The most important part of the whole
machine
CAS Prague 2014
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
Highly charged ions e.g. Ag32+
Exotic nuclei e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
Neutrinos νe νμ ντ
Photons
Higgs Bosons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons
Fully stripped nuclei e.g. U92+
W + Z Bosons
Baryons
p
e–
H–
Positively Charged Particles Negatively Charged Particles
Neutral Particles
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons
Surface converter
Surface plasma
Volume
Multicusp Filament
and
RF
Plasmatrons
Microwave discharge
Electron Cyclotron
Resonance
Electron beam
Laser plasma
W + Z Bosons
Baryons
Thermo
Photo
Plasma + other
Penning and
Magnetron
p
e–
H–
Vacuum arc
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
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The Electron!
George Johnstone Stoney J. J. Thomson 1897 1894
Corpuscles Electrons
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Hermann Sprengel
Improved mercury pump 10-5 mBar
Early 1870’s
William Crookes
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Electron Guns
Inferiority complex…
Ion Sources ?
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Particle sources/guns consist of:
An extraction system to create and accelerate a
beam
+ Something to make the particles
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Thermionic
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Fredrick Guthrie British scientific writer and professor
Elements of Heat in 1868
First experimental observation of thermionic emission
A negatively charged red hot metal ball
looses charge...
- + ...whereas a positively charged one keeps its
charge
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Thermionic Emission
1880 Thomas Edison The “Edison effect”
+ -
+
-
Ammeter
0
-
+
Swap polarity
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Thermionic Emission
1880 Thomas Edison The “Edison effect”
+ -
+
-
Ammeter
0
-
+
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Thermionic Emission
1901 Owen Richardson
kT
W
G eTAJ
2
J. J. Thomson 1897
Corpuscles
Same form as the Arrhenius equation
Cambridge University
Richardson’s Law
Current increases exponentially with temperature
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Thermionic Emission
kT
W
G eTAJ
2Lowest possible work function Highest possible temperature
Nu
mb
er
of
Elec
tro
ns
Energy Ef
Fermi Level
E0
Vacuum Level
W
Work Function
Free electrons
Fermi-Dirac Statistics @ 0 °K
= a few eV
For a good electron emitter you need:
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Cathode Materials W
ork
Fu
nct
ion
(eV
)
Practical Operating Temperature (Kelvin)
BaO W ≈ 1 eV
5
1
2
3
4
0 3000 2000 1000
CeB6
LaB6
W ≈ 2.5 eV
High brightness
Commonly used
Ideal material (does not exist!)
Cs 1.9 eV
Ta 4.1 eV
W 4.5 eV Mo
4.2 eV
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Child-Langmuir Law (Space charge limited extraction)
Cathode Anode
Elec
tro
n
bea
m
Ground EEmission
d
Q
VCathode
2
2
3
0
2
9
4
d
Vm
e
je
C.D Child
1911 Irving Langmuir
1913
Electron emitting material
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Perveance
IBeam
VExtraction
P
VExtraction
Perv
ean
ce L
imit
I
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Elec
tro
n
bea
m
Cathode Anode
Ground VCathode
Pierce Extraction Geometry
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Pierce Extraction Geometry
Elec
tro
n
bea
m
Ex = Ey = 0
Cathode Anode
67.5°
Ex = Ey = 0
Ground VCathode
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Gridded Extraction
Elec
tro
n
bea
m
Cathode Anode
Heater
(A triode amplifier)
Ground
Vgrid
VCathode
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1cm2
12 W heater
Swiss Light Source
90 kV triode gun with Pierce geometry
YU 171
Sinter of W and BaO
1000 ns, 3 nC long pulses or
1 ns, 1.5 nC short pulses
Thermionic dispenser cathode with integrated heater and grid
Lifetime = several thousand hours
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Thermionic
Photo
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Photo Emission
First observed by Heinrich Hertz in 1887
Theoretical explanation by Einstein in 1905
UV
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Photo electric emission
Nu
mb
er
of
Elec
tro
ns
Energy Ef E0
Fermi Level Vacuum Level
W
Work Function
Free electrons
Quantum efficiency (QE) =
Photons (of high enough frequency)
Number of electrons produced Number of incident photons
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Photo Emission Gun
Cathode Anode
Ground
Laser beam Materials: Cu QE 0.001% GaA QE 5% Cs2Te QE 10%
Photo cathode
Elec
tro
n
bea
m
VCathode
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Cornell DC Photoemission gun
20 mA average current at 250kV
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Space Charge
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Space Charge
Space charge force scales as 1/γ2 At 500 keV
electron γ= 2
(940 MeV proton γ = 2)
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Lasers are so fast they can easily beat Child-Langmuir (to be fair, so can
gridded extraction)
Another reason to use lasers is…
“Pancake” beam
Very short laser pulse
C.D Child
1911 Irving Langmuir
1913
Cathode Anode
Ground
Cs2Te
Photo Cathode
Emitted current is not
limited by space charge
Very short Beam pulse
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Cathode Anode
Ground
Cs2Te
Photo Cathode
EEmission
VCathode
RF Photemission Source
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“Pancake” beam pulses
Photo Cathode
Very short laser pulses
Cs2Te
RF Photemission Source
Resonant RF cavity (normal or super conducting)
Laser pulse High Fields
> 10 MVm-1
RF feed
RF feed 1.3 GHz
1.3 GHz
EEmission
Time
RF waveform
EEmission
Laser pulse
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20 ps, 1 nC pulses (50 A pulse)
15 ps, 1 nC pulses (67 A pulse)
High brightness low emittance guns for FEL
Normally conducting Super conducting
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Thermo
Photo
Plasma + other
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Other electron sources:
Plasma chamber
Plasma Cathode
Very high electron currents can be extracted from plasma cathode electron sources
Cathode Anode
Ground
> 1kA! Rarely used in accelerators: Field emission from needle arrays Diamond amplifiers Etc...
Combinations of those already mentioned e.g. photo-thermionic
Long cathode lifetimes
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Plasma Sources
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Ionisation e-
Neutral Atom
Most sources rely on electron impact ionisation
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Ionisation e-
Neutral Atom
Most sources rely on electron impact ionisation
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Ionisation
Most sources rely on electron impact ionisation
e- e-
Positive Ion
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Electrical Discharges
Arc Discharge
Glow Discharge
Log I
Breakdown Voltage
µA
nA
A
100 A A
pp
roxi
mat
e C
urr
ent
Ran
ge
Thermal Arc Discharge
70 V
Dark Discharge Townsend Breakdown
Voltage Between Anode and Cathode
Background Ionisation
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Arc Discharge
Glow Discharge
Breakdown Voltage
µA
nA
A
100 A A
pp
roxi
mat
e C
urr
ent
Ran
ge
Thermal Arc Discharge
70 V
Dark Discharge Townsend Breakdown
Voltage Between Anode and Cathode
Background Ionisation
Quark Gluon Plasma
Fusion
Z-Pinch 1M A
1G A
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Basic Plasma Properties
Density, n (per cm3) ne = density of electrons
ni = density of ions
nn = density of neutrals
Charge State, q H+ → q = +1
Pb 3+ → q = +3
H– → q = -1
Temperature, T (eV) Te = temperature of electrons
Ti = temperature of ions
Tn = temperature of neutrals
11600°K = 1 eV
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Temperature Distribution
If thermalised velocity
distributions should follow
Maxwell Boltzmann statistics
However, in magnetic fields:
vx ≠ vy ≠ vz
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Magnetic Confinement
Particles spiral along magnetic field lines
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Dipole field
B
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Solenoid field
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Hexapole
N
S
S S
N
N
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Multicusp Confinement
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Collisions
Relaxation time = 90° deflection time e-
e-
Concept of mean free path does not work in a plasma
Charged particle trajectories are constantly affected by their neighbours electric fields > 90°
The average time it takes for a particle to be deflected by 90 °
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Percentage Ionisation
ni + nn
ni
> 10 % → Highly ionised < 1 % → Weakly ionised
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Quasi Neutrality
Σ qi ni = ne
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Debye Length
e-
e-
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Plasma Sheath
Electrons have a greater mobility
Cathode Anode
Sheath Quasi neutral plasma
at anode potential
Vanode
Vo
ltag
e
Distance Vcathode
Vanode
Vcathode
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Heinrich Geißler Julius Plücker
Gas discharge tube and mercury displacement pump just less than 1 mBar
Mid 1850’s University of Bonn
magnetism could move the glow discharge
Plasma Pioneers
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Drawing of Geissler tubes from 1860’s French physics book
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Canal Ray Source
In 1886 Eugen Goldstein discovered canal rays
Perforated Cathode
Anode Glass Tube
Vacuum Pump
Discharge Power Supply
1-100 V
Positive Ion
Beams
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+ - Discharge Power
Supply 0.1 -10 A
Electron Bombardment Source (1916)
Filament Power Supply 2-10 A
Beam
Extraction Voltage Supply 1-10 kV
- +
Arthur Dempster
Extraction Electrode
Gas Feed
Anode
Cathode Filament
Early mass spectrometry
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Plasmatrons
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Plasmatron (late 1940s)
Beam
Manfred von Ardenne
Filament Power Supply 2-100 A
Gas Feed
Extraction Voltage Supply 5-50 kV
Discharge Power Supply 2-100 A
Extraction Electrode
Cathode Filament
Anode
+ -
- +
Conical Intermediate Electrode
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Duoplasmatron (1956)
Beam
Manfred von Ardenne
Anode
Filament Power Supply 2-100 A
Gas Feed
Cathode Filament
Discharge Power Supply 2-100 A
+ -
+ Extraction Voltage
Supply 5-50 kV
Extraction Electrode
-
Solenoid Field Iron Return Yoke
Conical Iron Funnel Intermediate
Electrode
Expansion Cup
Defocusing Solenoid
Solenoid
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CERN Duoplasmatron
300 mA protons 150 μs pulses at 1 Hz
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Particle sources/guns consist of:
Something to make the particles
An extraction system to create and accelerate a
beam
+
The emission surface is critical to the quality of the beam
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Plasma Mencius
Bea
m
Bea
m
Pla
sma
Plasma Electrode
Extraction Electrode
Men
iscu
s
Convex
Pla
sma
Plasma Electrode
Extraction Electrode
Men
iscu
s
Flat
Plasma Electrode
Extraction Electrode
Men
iscu
s
Concave
Pla
sma
Bea
m
Not including space charge effects
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Space Charge Plasma
Electrode
Extraction Electrode
Men
iscu
s P
lasm
a
Percentage compensation
Neutralising Particles
≈ 95% 0%
Bea
m Optimum =
slightly concave
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Suppressor Electrode
Plasma
Plasma Electrode Suppression Electrode
Ground Electrode
Extracted Beam
Compensating particles reflected by the Suppression
Electrode
V (kV)
Z (mm)
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Emittance of Real Beams
Halo Effect - Plasma boundary - Fringe fields
95% emittance
rms emittance
How big is this beam?
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Brightness
Be careful- Some definitions include factors of 2, 8 and π Are the emittances normalised?
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Microwave
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Microwave Ion Sources
Off resonance = Microwave discharge ion sources
On resonance = Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) sources
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Microwave discharge
Plasmatrons
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Microwave Discharge Ion Source
Beam
Solenoids
Stepped RF Matching Section
RF in
≈ 100 mm
Plasma Chamber
High Voltage Insulators
Plasma Electrode
Ground Electrode
Suppressor Electrode
Discharge Region
Gas Feed
2.45 GHz commonly used
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SILHI Microwave Source
Rafael Gobin CEA Saclay Late 1990s
140 mA DC protons For one year!
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Sophisticated Extraction System
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Plasmatrons
Microwave discharge
Vacuum arc
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Vacuum Arc Ion Sources
≈ 50 mm
Beam
Anode Trigger
Electrode
Cathode
Solenoid Ground Electrode
High Voltage Insulators
Suppressor Electrode
Extraction Aperture
Grids
Expansion Region
1980s - Ian Brown and others
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Lawrence Berkley Lab MEVVA
15 mA of U4+ ions
GSI MEVVA
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Plasmatrons
Microwave discharge
Laser plasma Vacuum
arc
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Target Chamber
Laser Plasma Ion Sources
≈ 200 mm
Beam
Plasma Plume
High Power Laser
Laser Beam
Expansion Region Extraction
Aperture
Focusing Optics
Target
Target Rotation
Mechanism
High Voltage Insulators
Ground Electrode
Suppressor Electrode
Salt Window
1 -100 Joules per pulse!
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ITEP Laser source at CERN
Target Vessel
Final Optics
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ITEP Laser source at CERN
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TWAC at ITEP Moscow
7 mА, 10 μs pulses of С4+
Masahiro Okamura has demonstrated Direct Plasma Injection into an RFQ
BNL and RIKEN
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
Dan Faircloth CAS 2012
p
e–
H–
Plasmatrons
Microwave discharge
Laser plasma Vacuum
arc
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
Dan Faircloth CAS 2012
p
e–
H–
Electron Cyclotron
Resonance
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Microwave Discharge Ion Source Solenoids
Stepped RF Matching Section
RF in
≈ 100 mm
Plasma Chamber
High Voltage Insulators
Plasma Electrode
Ground Electrode
Suppressor Electrode
Gas Feed
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ECR Ion Source
Beam
Super Conducting Solenoids
Stepped RF Matching Section
RF in
≈ 100 mm
Plasma Chamber
High Voltage Insulators
Plasma Electrode
Ground Electrode
Suppressor Electrode
ECR Surface
Hexapole Magnetic Field
Gas Feed
A
B
B
Section on B-B Section on A-A
A
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ECR Surface
Beam RF in
ECR Surface
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28 GHz superconducting VENUS ECR
200 eμA U34+ ions 4.9 eμA U47+ ions
Daniela Leitner LBNL Late 2000s
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VENUS ECR
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Electron Cyclotron
Resonance
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Electron beam
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Electron Beam Ion Sources
Z
Drift TubeV
Trapping and Ionisation Phase
Superconducting Solenoid Magnetic Shielding
Electron Dump
≈ 100 mm Ionisation Chamber
Drift Tubes Electron Beam Electron Gun
Extraction Electrode
Stepwise ionisation
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Electron Beam Ion Sources
High Charge State Positive Ion Beam
Drift TubeV
Z
Extraction Phase
Extraction Electrode
Superconducting Solenoid Magnetic Shielding
Electron Dump
≈ 100 mm Ionisation Chamber
Drift Tubes Electron Beam Electron Gun
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1.7 emA, 10 µs, 5 Hz Ag32+ ions
Jim Alessi BNL
Fully stripped nuclei can be obtained in EBIT mode
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
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Negative Ion Sources
Ripping electrons off is easy!
- It is much harder to add them on….
Not all elements will even make negative ions
Hydrogen has an electron affinity of 0.7542 eV
H– has a much larger cross section than H0
30 times for e- collisions
100 times for H+ collisions
H– are very fragile!
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Tandem accelerators Cyclotron extraction
Protons
H- from Linac
Stripping
foil
Multi-turn injection into rings
Neutral Beams
Applications
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Early attempts at producing negative ion beams:
1. Charge exchange of positive beams in gas cells
- very inefficient
2. Extraction from existing ion sources
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Surface plasma
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Early 1970s Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Novosibirsk
Production of H– ions by surface ionisation with the addition of ceasium
Gennady Dimov
Surface Plasma Sources (SPS)
Vadim Dudnikov Yuri Belchenko
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Caesium!
1 electron in the outer
orbital
More reactive
– The magic elixir
An amazing donor of electrons = great for making negative ions
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5 g Caesium Ampoule
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Caesium coverage and work function
4.6
Cs Thickness (monolayers)
2.1
1.5
0.6 1
Wo
rk F
un
ctio
n (
eV)
Pure molybdenum
Pure Caesium
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Fermilevels
Cs
Cs
Cs
P
H
H
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Caesium oven
temperature
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
100 120 140 160 180 200
Cs Oven Temperature (Degrees C)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
100 120 140 160 180 200
Cs Oven Temperature (Degrees C)
Pre
ssu
re (
mB
ar)
Pre
ssu
re (
mB
ar)
Log Scale
Caesium vapor
pressure
Control caesium coverage
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Surface plasma
Penning and
Magnetron
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Anode Anode Cathode
Magnetron SPS
≈ 10 mm
Hydrogen Hydrogen
Caesium Vapour
Beam
B
Extraction Electrode
Cathode
Extraction Electrode
H– Beam
Electrons
Magnetic Pole Pieces
B
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80 mA of H– but only at low duty cycles < 0.5%
BNL Magnetron
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Penning SPS
• Invented by Dudnikov in the 1970’s
• Very high current density > 1 Acm-2
• Low noise
• Does not work without ceasium
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Mounting Flange
Negative Ion Beam
Mica
Penning Pole Pieces
10mm
Aperture Plate
Water Cooling Channels
Source Body Air Cooling Channels
Ceramic Spacer
Copper Spacer
Cathode
Hollow Anode
Discharge Region
Extraction Electrode ISIS Penning
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H2
Negative Ion Beam
Piezo Hydrogen Valve
Caesium Oven
Caesium Vapour Heated Transport
Line
Hollow Anode
50 A Discharge
+17 kV Extraction Voltage
10mm
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H2
Negative Ion Beam
Piezo Hydrogen Valve
Caesium Oven
Caesium Vapour Heated Transport
Line
Hollow Anode
50 A Discharge
+17 kV Extraction Voltage
10mm
Source Runs at 50 Hz
Rep Rate
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Cathode
Hydrogen Feed
Heated Caesium Transport Line
Air Cooling
Source Body
Hollow Anode
Discharge Power Feed
Thermocouples
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Aperture Plate
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Extraction Electrode
Support Insulators
Caesium Shields
Extraction Mount
60 mA 1 ms 50 Hz H– beams
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Surface converter Multicusp
Filament
Surface plasma
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Filament Cathode Multicusp Surface Converter Source
Anode
Anode
Multicusp Magnets Multicusp
Magnets ≈ 100 mm
H– Beam
Outlet Aperture
Caesium Vapour
Hydrogen Feed
Heated Filament Cathode
Surface Converter Electrode
-300 V
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LANL: 18 mA 1 ms 120 Hz H– beam
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Volume
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Volume Production
Marthe Bacal Ecole Polytechnique
mid 1970’s
H2* + e (≤1 eV) → H– + H0 Dissociative attachment of low energy electrons
to rovibrationally excited H2 molecules
Developed by Ehlers + Leung at LBNL
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Volume
Multicusp Filament
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Multicusp Filament Volume Source
Many Variations: e.g. JPARC use a LaB6 cathode
≈ 100 mm
Hydrogen feed
B
Electron dump
H– Beam
Extraction electrode
Cathode
Filament
Anode
Low electron temperature plasma
region Multicusp magnets
Section on A-A
Multicusp magnets
Plasma chamber
A
B
B
Section on B-B
A
High electron temperature
plasma region
Filter magnets
Plasma chamber
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D-Pace 15 mA DC H– Multicusp Volume Source
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Volume
Multicusp RF
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≈ 100 mm
Plasma chamber
B
Electron dump
H– beam
Extraction electrode
Cathode
filament
Anode
Low electron temperature plasma
region
Section on A-A
Multicusp magnets
Plasma chamber
A
B
B
Section on B-B
A
High electron temperature
plasma region
Filter magnets
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Internal RF Solenoid Antenna Volume Source
≈ 100 mm
Plasma chamber
B
Electron dump
H– beam
Extraction electrode
Anode
Low electron temperature plasma
region
Section on A-A
Multicusp magnets
Plasma chamber
A
B
B
Section on B-B
A
High electron temperature
plasma region
Filter magnets
RF Power Supply
50 kW
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External RF Antenna Multicusp Source
≈ 100 mm A
B
A
B
B
Section on B-B Section on A-A
Multicusp magnets External antenna solenoid
Funnel and aperture electrode
Electron dump
H– Beam
Multicusp magnets
Ceramic plasma chamber
Pulsed hydrogen
Ignition element
External Antenna solenoid
Ceramic plasma chamber
Extraction electrode
Filter magnets
Ignition anode
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DESY Source
Jens Peters Late 1990’s
40 mA H–
150 μs, 3 Hz
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons W + Z
Bosons Baryons
p
e–
H–
Volume
Multicusp RF
Best of both worlds?
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SNS ion source
38 mA H– 1 ms, 60 Hz
CERN are developing a ceasiated external antenna source for LINAC4
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Light ions
e.g. С4+
Fully stripped nuclei
Particles and Sources
Higgs Bosons
Highly charged ions
Neutrinos
Exotic nuclei
Negative ions
H–
Protons Antiprotons
Neutral particles
H0
Electrons
e–
Neutrons n
Positrons e+
Muons μ– μ+
e.g. Ag32+
e.g. U92+
e.g. Lr103+
Polarised particles
νe νμ ντ
Photons
Zoo of curiosities
Mesons Tauons
Surface converter
Surface plasma
Volume
Multicusp Filament
and
RF
Plasmatrons
Microwave discharge
Electron Cyclotron
Resonance
Electron beam
Laser plasma
W + Z Bosons
Accelerator Facilities
Baryons
Thermo
Photo
Plasma + other
Penning and
Magnetron
p
e–
H–
Vacuum arc
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Which Source?
• Type of particle
• Current, duty cycle, emittance
• Lifetime
• Expertise available
• Money available
• Space available
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Reliability
• Operational sources should deliver >98% availability
• Lifetime compatible with operating schedule
• Ideally quick and easy to change
• Short start-up/set-up time
– is King!
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Reliability also depends on:
Everything Else!
high voltage power supplies
vacuum systems
control systems
human error
mains power
temperature controllers
compressed air supplies
cooling water
hydrogen
material purity
low voltage power supplies
laser systems
machine interlocks
personnel interlocks
timing systems
cryogenic systems
communication systems
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Developing Sources
Driven by demand for
– Increases in current, duty cycle and lifetime
– Improvements in beam quality
Development strategy
• Simulations
• Test stands
• Diagnostics
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The Development Cycle
Hardware
Experiments Simulations
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Summary
• Particle sources are a huge interesting subject
• A perfect mixture of engineering and physics
• We have only scratched the surface
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Thank you for listening