welcome to unit #4 seminar please feel free to chat with each other until class starts. i will...

Welcome to Unit #4 SeminarPlease feel free to chat with each other until

class starts.

I will attempt to use the microphone again, so keep your speakers turned up.

Thanks for your cooperation: Instructor Rodney Leonard

UNIT #4 Unit 4: Surveillance and Constitutional

Issues This unit explores various types of

surveillance, as well as the legal issues surrounding the uses of electronic, audio, and covert surveillance. We will discuss proper procedures involving photo array and in-person lineups.

What will you learn in this unit? The different types of surveillance techniques The purpose of bugs, pen registers, and beepers as

they pertain to surveillance The proper procedure for intercepting wire or oral

communication The necessary procedures for implementing a

Rogues Gallery file The guidelines required when using a police artists

or other type of facial recognition tool

What do I have to do to complete this unit? Review Key Terms Read Chapter 8 & 9 in Text Optional Reading: Chapter 25 Attend the weekly Seminar Respond to the Discussion Board Take the Quiz Visit Extra Extra

Key Terms Loose Surveillance Shadow Pen Register Identi-Kit Composite Images

Chapter 8

Surveillance:A Fact-Finding Tool—Legality and Practice

Osterburg & Ward, 2007

Chapter 8: Surveillance Conducting a surveillance is generally

expensive. Indeed, to be successful, considerable resources in the form of work hours, equipment, and time (sometimes measured in months) must be invested. Given certain conditions, however, it may be the only means by which particular information can be obtained.

Terms to know Surveillance: the observation of a person, place, or thing,

generally but not necessarily in an unobtrusive manner. Electronic or technical surveillance: the use of any form of

technological or computer equipment to monitor the movement or actions of a suspect

Subject: the party under surveillance. Surveillant: the person conducting the surveillance. Tail: to follow and keep under surveillance; a surveillance. Stakeout: also called a plant or fixed surveillance; here, the

surveillant remains essentially in one position or locale. (The term is derived from the practice of tethering animals to a stake, allowing them a short radius in which to move.)

Cont… Undercover: an undercover agent who often gets to know or

work alongside the subject. The term roping describes this situation, and the undercover agent is said to be planted.

Convoy: a countermeasure to detect a surveillance; a convoy, usuallya person, is employed to determine whether a subject is under surveillance.

Shadow: to follow secretly; to place a person under surveillance.

Be made: to be detected or suspected of being a surveillant by the subject.

Burn the surveillance: when a surveillant’s behavior causes the subject to surmise or know he or she is under surveillance.

Cont… Mustard plaster: a form of open surveillance; here, the

subject is followedso closely that surveillant and subject are almost in lock step. It is tantamount to protective custody.

Tailgating: a form of open surveillance in which the subject’s vehicleis closely followed.

Mail cover: a method of tracking mail delivered to a particular personor address.

Bugging: eavesdropping by electronic means, such as a hidden microphone or radio transmitter; bug: a device used for such eavesdropping.

Cont… GPS device: Global Positioning System device, a

global navigation satellite system that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services.

Pen register: a device that records all numbers dialed on a telephone; it is generally installed at the telephone company’s central office.

Beeper: a battery-operated device that emits radio signals that permit it to be tracked (as it moves about) by a directional finder-receiver. Also called GPS device, beacon, transponder, and electronic tracking device.

Fixed Surveillance surveillant remains in fixed location

Moving Surveillance subject moves about and surveillance follows

Technical Surveillance involves electronic eavesdropping device

and/or optical devices

Kinds of Surveillance


Chapter 9

Eyewitness Identification: Guidelines and Procedures


Chapter 9: Eyewitness Identification When a crime has been witnessed by a victim or

another person, either might be able to identify the offender. This possibility must be exploited without delay. The first step is to arrange for both victim and eyewitness to scrutinize the mug shot files of the Rogues Gallery; then, if this effort is unsuccessful, to reconstruct and image of the offender with an artist’s sketch, facial-features kit, or computer-generated sketch. The reconstruction should be distributed within the department and, to enlist the public’s cooperation, in the vicinity of the crime.

Use random number of photographs (6 or more)

Do not give clues to witnesses Allow only one witness at a time to view Do not allow witnesses to communicate

with one another Conduct lineup after positive identification

is made Make record of all photos shown to witnesses

Using the Rogues Gallery


Witness must have adequate opportunity to observe the crime

Witness must have the capacity to observe the suspect commit the crime

Witness must be sufficiently attentive to the actions of the suspect

Identification must be completely the result of the witness’s own memory

Eyewitness Identifications:Court Requirements


Chapter 25

Managing Criminal Investigations


Five elements:

1. The initial investigation

2. Case screening

3. Management of ongoing investigation

4. Police-prosecutor relations

5. Continuous monitoring of investigative process

Elements of MCI


Is there a witness? Is a suspect named? Can a suspect be described? Can a suspect be located? Is stolen property traceable? Is physical evidence present? Is there a distinguishable MO?

Solvability Factors


Increase in productivity Reallocation of resources

(via case screening) proactive investigations formation of task force units better case preparation

Rejection of favoritism as basis of selection for detectives

Potential Benefits of MCI


UNIT SUMMARY This unit explored various types of surveillance, as

well as the legal issues surrounding the uses of electronic, audio, and covert surveillance. We discussed proper procedures involving photo array and in-person lineups. We also looked at constitutional issues involving criminal investigations, as well as protections of citizens' rights.

Any Questions Please ask ?????

Office Hours

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