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weld+visionFRONIUS MAGAZINE 1.03

WHAT IS COMPETENCE? Some prominent names share their thoughts

R&D: High-performance welding – an overview

ACTIVE WAVE: Peace and quiet while you weld

MUSEUM OF THE FUTURE: Journey to unknown worlds

3 CASE STUDIES: Pöttinger, voestalpine, VW

2Fronius 2003 Editorial

Publisher's imprint:

“weld+vision” is the customer magazine of FroniusInternational GmbHDesign: Reklamebüro GmbHResponsible for contents: Fronius International GmbH,Buxbaumstrasse 2, A 4600 Wels, [email protected], www.fronius.comRegistered trademarks and tradenames have not generallybeen identified as such. The absence of any suchidentification does not mean that the name in question isan unregistered name for the purposes of product andtrademark law.

Contents3-6 Title

“The strongest will always win without a fight”

7-11 Totally R & D

Quiet, please!

High-performance welding on the up-and-up

12-13 In-house

News from Fronius

14-19 Case-studies:

The “Phaeton” has the safest doors of any vehicle

anywhere

“Lightweight construction makes quite different

demands. Tougher ones.”

Acids don't stand a chance

20-21 The company

On freedom, courage and Nobel Prize winners

22-23 Travel tip

“Hidden Worlds” in the Museum of the Future

Management Team, Heinrich Hackl, Klaus Fronius jun., Brigitte Strauss, Klaus Fronius,from l. to r.: Herbert Mühlböck, Elisabeth Engelbrechtsmüller-Strauss, Volker Lenzeder

A few words on our cover picture:

“Competence” is a multifaceted, multidimensional term,with meanings on several levels. This clearly comesthrough from the answers given us on the subject ofcompetence. Communicating, and imparting knowledge,are paramount here. This is also illustrated by our coverpicture. A seemingly everyday situation where Froniuspeople are addressing a topical issue with greatintensity. And with different approaches and opinions.That's also part of what competence is all about:Exchanging know-how, and continually re-examining itand adapting it in the light of technical dialogue. So asto research still further and be able to discover newinterrelationships.

Editorial

Competence – a multifaceted term that weshall we taking a closer look at in thisissue. Digital competence, mediacompetence, environmental competence,scientific competence, architecturalcompetence … The list could be continued“ad infinitum”. All of these examples referto a particular skill or ability on a technicallevel, however. Yet there are other levels aswell: the social and the emotional. Whichmakes the term even more complex – andeven harder to “get a handle on”. Look it

up in the dictionary, and (apart from veryspecialised uses of the term in the fields ofe.g. microbiology and medicine) you'll finddefinitions like “physically and intellectuallywell qualified”, “an ingrained level ofexpertise”, “mastery of a skill”, “capability”,or “authority; legal power or capacity”.In turn, each of these definitions is alsocapable of being interpreted in variousdifferent ways. This is what the weld+visionteam found when we started work on thisissue, in which we asked four prominent

representatives of the fields of industry,business, art, research and education whatthey understand by “competence”. Readtheir answers in this edition. We can tellyou this much in advance: From what allour interviewees said, it was apparent thatcompetence is more than just an ability orcapacity pure and simple, but rather abundle of qualifications. Only when allthese occur together can we speak of“competence” as we understand it.

3Title

“The strongest always win without a fight.”6 QUESTIONS ABOUT COMPETENCE – AND MANY ANSWERS

“Competence” is a very difficult term to get to grips with. Although each ofus knows it when we see it, the difficulty lies in actually defining“competence” and pinning it down. Clearly, unambiguously and in the sameway for everyone. But would that even be any help? Anyway, theweld+vision team approached the subject from another angle. We quizzedfour personalities about this topic. And not just anybody, but four notedand – what else?! – competent representatives from the fields of industry,business, art, science, research and education. They all had the same sixquestions put to them. Read on to find out what they had to say:

4Fronius 2003 Title

Peter Schwab, voestalpine

1. Competence is a term which can be

interpreted in many different ways. What

do you understand by it?

Competence is such a many-sided

concept because it encompasses such a

wealth of meanings and characteristics:

Factual knowledge and an understanding

of the particular problem, for instance.

Or the determination to put ideas into

practice, coupled with the necessary

willingness – and, of course, authority –

to take decisions. Competence is

something that you just radiate. People

notice it. You end up in a positive

feedback loop: Recognition leads to

greater self-confidence. And this, in turn,

leads to greater competence.

2. In your opinion, what is the essential

prerequisite for competence?

Without a solid foundation of knowledge,

you're not going to get anywhere. As

well as that, you need a determination to

succeed, to see things all the way

through. What you can't achieve on your

own you must achieve in collaboration

with others. Those classic introverted

ivory-tower researchers of times past –

you just don't find them any more. Social

competence is just as important.

3. “Highly qualified but not very

competent” – how would you understand

this?

The problem here is the way in which

you put your knowledge into practice.

Ultimately, that's what you'll be

measured by. Experience plays a rôle

here too, of course.

4. Do you think competence can be

measured? If so, how, and with reference

to what?

The easiest yardstick is success.

Competence is visible. Obvious. People

just sense it.

5. Do corporate culture and loyalty have

anything to do with how many truly

competent people a firm will have?

Yes, definitely. Competence is neither

something you're born with, nor is it

something they can teach you at

university. You have to be given a

chance to “grow into” a job. At my firm –

voestalpine – employee development is

something we do rather well. We give

people a certain area of work, and also

the authority and responsibility to go

with it. The sooner you grow into a job,

the sooner you will become competent.

Mistakes are normal. You shouldn't be

afraid of them.

This is another thing that can be guided

and directed by the company. Loyalty is

another topic. You can't keep good

people with money alone.

6. Is there a final comment that you

would like to make on this topic?

I think that for any firm, Success Factor

N° 1 is, quite simply, how many truly

competent employees it has. No matter

what business you're in. If your company

has got good people, it'll be successful.

The interviewees and theirrelationship with Fronius:

Prof. Horst Cerjak works atthe Technical University ofGraz, Austria. He heads theInstitute of Materials Science,Welding and Forming (IWS),and is one of the five

directors of the International Institute ofWelding (IIW). Dr. Cerjak has conducted anumber of joint investigations with Froniusin the field of arc welding technology.

Gregor Eichinger is the“Eichinger” half of thearchitectural duo known as“Eichinger oder Knechtl”, apartnership which hasachieved Europe-wide fame.

It was he who created the architecturalconcept for the Fronius “Schweissercafé”and who designed the first of these“welders' cafés”.

Peter Schwab is Head ofResearch and Developmentat Austrian steelmakervoestalpine (Group Activities/ R&D Management). Froniusworks with voestalpine in the

fields of steel/aluminium and MIG brazingof coated sheets – voestalpine as thematerials specialist, Fronius as the joining-technology specialist.

Hiroshi Yamagata is ChiefDevelopment Engineer atYamaha Motors; he and hisresearch partner ToshikatsuKoike (below) first contactedFronius in their search for asolution to a probleminvolving aluminium pressuredie casting alloy. Since thistime, Fronius and Yamahahave cultivated an excellentR&D partnership in this field.

Projects are currently being planned whichwill be implemented during 2004.

5Title

Hiroshi Yamagata andToshikatsu Koike, YamahaMotors




Koike:

There was a famous Chinese strategist

by the name of Sun Tzu who once said

that the strongest will always win without

a fight. For me, that sums up

“competence” very neatly. To give you an

example, there will always be people

who decide to buy a Mercedes without

even bothering to compare with other

makes. For them, Mercedes stands for

competence, and so there's no need for

them to make comparisons.

Yamagata:

Competence has to be something you

can feel in the brand of the product.



Koike:

The company's attitude. It's as easy as

that.

Yamagata:

First we have to define what we see as

being our “competence”, because it

probably won't be completely clear to

everybody – it's important to have a

shared definition of what your

competence is. 20 years ago in Japan,

we were fighting a hard competitive

battle with Honda. We lost, but this was

the time when we began to think about

our core competence. And thinking

about Yamaha's competence – what it is,

and how we define it – has been very

important to us ever since.



this?

Koike:

Being highly qualified is one of the

principal aspects of competence; but

true competence calls for much more

than this. Some other key factors, in my

opinion, are: Sensible prices, good

service, a good reputation. In Japan,

tradition is hugely important. A clever

student will generally prefer to apply to

companies that have a corporate history.



to what?

Yamagata:

Yes. But the yardstick will depend on the

person and the scale. The criteria should

be consistent throughout the company.

There have to be precisely defined

measurement criteria.




Yamagata:

Oh yes, very much so! You know,

Yamaha is completely different from

Honda or Toyota. They've each got their

own culture. Even if the rest of the world

thinks that everything in Japan is

identical.



Yamagata:

Japan is in a special cultural situation.

The archipelago was completely isolated

for 300 years, and the Japanese were

forced to turn in on themselves. This

shaped a culture that is uniquely their

own. Japanese people are conflict-shy,

and they're also not very good at dealing

with conflict. The result of all this is that

the Japanese have a completely different

approach to competition than Europeans

do.

6Fronius 2003 Title

Gregor Eichinger, “Eichingeroder Knechtl”




It means fathoming a topic completely,

grasping its significance in its whole

breadth and depth, on both the factual

and the human and cultural levels.



Enthusiasm. Refusal to compromise.

Humility.

3. “Highly qualified but not very competent”

– how would you understand this?

The absence of the dimension that goes

beyond mere technical knowledge.



to what?

Yes. In the case of an individual, by how

calm and collected he or she is. In the

case of a company, by how successful it

is.




Definitely!



I would say that for an individual,

competence means a fulfilled life, and

that for a company, it is the critical force

that decides whether or not the company

will be able to attract – and keep – the

sort of people who are capable of

sustained enthusiasm.

Horst Cerjak, University ofGraz




“Competence” can refer to personalities

and to organisations. In either case,

several different characteristics must be

present at once – for instance, the

highest level of technical knowledge;

broad, long-standing experience;

consistency in advocating and

implementing ideas; continuing

receptivity to new knowledge; the ability

to think and act beyond one's own

horizon, and to see interrelationships at

various different levels (from technical to

social); fairness, and a sense of

responsibility.



Specialist knowledge, experience, far-

sightedness, personality, fairness,

composure.



this?

I can best answer that with a personal

motto of mine: “What causes most

mischief in this world is not the

indolence of the talented, but the

laboriousness of the talentless.”



to what?

Yes – if you're “always in demand”,

that's a pretty good indicator.




Of course. If the company's culture is

one which fosters the characteristics I

mentioned in answer to your first

question, then in the course of time,

competent employees will develop who

are loyal to their company.



Competence pays off! In many cases,

unfortunately, it may not pay off

immediately, as we would often wish (or

even demand), but it will pay off with the

perseverance that comes with it.

7Totally R & D

Quiet please!“QUIET” WELDING CAN MEAN TWO DIFFERENT THINGS: A STABLE ARC; LOWNOISE. BOTH OF THESE ARE FEATURES WHICH HELP THE WELDER TO ACHIEVEMAXIMUM PERFORMANCE. NORMALLY, HOWEVER, YOU CAN ONLY HAVE ONE, ORTHE OTHER – BUT NOT BOTH. THE NEW MAGIC WAVE 1700 / 2200 AND TRANS TIG2200 TIG POWER SOURCES CHANGE ALL THAT. MORE ABOUT THIS IN THEARTICLE THAT FOLLOWS..

What does peak welding performance

depend on? At Fronius, we ask ourselves

this question again and again. Really.

And there's no easy answer. Obviously,

both the welder and the power source

share the responsibility. But there's also

a third level involved here – and that is

the way that the first two factors interact

and communicate with one another. And

it's possible to tweak all three of these

factors to create the pre-conditions for

top performance.

All three? Yes, even the welder himself!

Indirectly, of course. For what use is

even the best welder's competence to

him if there's always something ruining

his concentration? Like the high noise

emissions in TIG welding? Or to take

another example, what use is even the

very best power source to him if he can't

operate it properly? Nowadays, the sheer

complexity of modern welding

installations often does more harm than

good. Well – we've done something

about it.

8Fronius 2003 Totally R & D

Masterpieces for everyone

There really is no need to make welding

any more difficult than it is already. The

new MagicWave 1700 / 2200 TIG

machines for DC and AC, and the

TransTig 2200 for AC, are extremely

quiet, and extremely simple. With their

super-quiet yet highly stable arc, they

not only make for good-looking weld

seams, but for relaxed welders too.

What's more, they're so straightforward

to use that they're almost self-

explanatory; weigh only 15 kg; are

completely digitised thanks to their DSP

(digital signal processor); single-phase,

so they can be plugged into any 230 V

power outlet. This means that top

performance is the order of the day –

anytime, anywhere, for anyone.

The welding properties

The TIG power sources are part of a

system whose members have been

progressively harmonised and co-

ordinated so as to perfect the process as

a whole – from ignition all the way

through to the end of the weld, from

tack-welding to shaping the electrode

cap, from efficiency to safety. But let's

take it all one thing at a time. Ignition

plays a major rôle in TIG welding, so that

the welder can start work right away. He

doesn't want to be kept waiting for the

arc when he presses the start-button.

Ignition is possible either with or without

touchdown. In the non-contact mode,

the arc starts immediately with a high-

voltage impulse at the first push of the

button – even with extra-long hosepacks.

The touchdown ignition is especially

valuable in sensitive areas of application

such as hospitals or the chemical

industry. And the important thing here is

to make sure that there are no tungsten

inclusions. The digital process control

takes good care of this.

Noise level: Below 80 dbA at220 A power output

No dream, this, but hard fact: From now

on, TIG AC welding will be a much

quieter business – with a much quieter

arc. The integrated digital signal

processor computes – in real time,

meaning all the time – the waveform that

will permit the highest possible arc

stability with the lowest possible noise

emissions. Even when the machine is

delivering maximum power, the measured

noise still remains below 80 dbA. Welders

themselves know best what a pleasant

difference this makes!

Noise levels when using conventional invertersReduced noise levels when using Active Wave

9Totally R & D

New: Tack welding with TAC

Before you can weld, you have to tack.

The usual way of doing this is by making

slight movements with the torch. With

TAC, one spot is all it takes. Because

here, the arc during tacking is not

continuous, but pulsed. And this

prompts the two weld-pools to merge, in

next to no time. This procedure is

considerably easier and faster than

anything hitherto, and brings with it

another special benefit, too: Gap

bridgeability is improved, without any

filler metal.

For aluminium, a special program has

been developed. In TIG AC welding,

aluminium is normally not welded with a

pointed electrode tip, but with a shaped

cap at the tip of the electrode, and this

often leads to inadequate root fusion.

Especially on fillet welds. The

MagicWave power sources still use a

pointed electrode, but with a much

smaller shaped cap. Perfect root fusion

is the result. The cap is shaped

automatically. All that is necessary is to

clamp the pointed electrode into the

electrode holder, pre-select the cap

diameter, and the arc immediately forms

the shape and size of cap that are

required.

Control everything right fromthe torch

Operator convenience is writ large on

these machines too, of course. However,

there is one of the many remote-control

units that merits special mention here:

The newly developed JobMaster TIG

torch, with its integral, fully functional

remote-control unit. This is truly unique.

No matter where the machine happens

to be, you can always call up all the

settings – any time, anywhere. The

JobMaster's digital parameter display

permits both job-recall and freely

selectable parameters – meaning that

the welder can decide for himself which

parameters he wants to retrieve during

welding. Concentrating on the essentials

– that's the best basis for peak

performance. It's as easy as that.

The new TIG power sources are highlyadvanced welding systems. Here is somemore detailed information about them:

Product properties:

- Entire system is completely digitised:power-source, torches, remote-controlunits, robot interfaces, PC tools

- Digital signal processor (DSP) regulatesand controls the welding process

- Greater mobility, thanks to the powerfactor controller (PFC); permits 220 Awelding amperage from a 230 V plugsocket

- Switching frequency of the inverter: 100kHz (full bridge), meaning very lowcurrent ripple and very high arc-stability;particularly valuable at the lower end ofthe amperage range

Welding properties:

- Extremely high arc-stability, even onaluminium base metal that has had alloxide completely removed from it; noinstability (verifiably so)

- Special program for aluminium: automaticshaping of the cap on the pointedelectrode tip, for perfect root fusion

- Series feature: If welding is performedwith two power sources, both arcs aresynchronised to permit simultaneouswelding on both sides

Technical properties:

- Welding-current range:MW / TT 2200TIG: 3 – 220A / MMA: 10 – 180AMW 1700TIG: 3 – 170A / MMA: 10 – 140A

- Adjustable tungsten electrode diameter: 0 – 4.0 mm

- Sheet thickness: MW 1700 (TIG AC): Aluminium base metal up to 4 mmMW 2200 (TIG AC): Aluminium base metal up to 5 mm

- Weldable rod electrodes:MW 1700: Up to 3.25 mmMW 2200: Up to 4.00 mm

Quiet waters run deep:

10Fronius 2003 Totally R & D

The trend towards higherproductivity in the weldingsector is being shaped bythree requirements: For highpower-source output, highavailability and straightforwarduser guidance. In thisconnection, Fronius canpresent three gas metal arc(GMA) welding alternatives:Strip-wire welding, weldingwith large-diameter flux-coredwires, and the TimeTwinprocess.

It is now possible to achieve deposition

rates of over 25 kg/h with these fully

digitised systems. These high-

performance welding processes are

already being used by the first clients in

automated systems requiring very high

availability. As well as leading

automotive manufacturers, the users

include producers of construction and

earth-moving machinery, manufacturers

of rail vehicles and rolling stock, and

shipbuilders. Greater deposition

efficiency is a key to higher productivity.

There are several ways of achieving this:

Higher wirefeed speeds, bigger wire

cross sections, or having several

electrodes melting off simultaneously.

High-performance welding onthe up-and-up

Metal transfer in 180° phase-displaced pulsed arcs using the “TimeTwin Digital”welding system.

11Totally R & D

Strip-wire welding

In GMA strip-wire welding, the strip-

shaped weld filler metal (which also

serves as the electrode) has a

rectangular cross-section of approx. 4.5

x 0.5 millimetres. This wide cross-section

results in shallow penetration, improved

bridgeability and (with steel) deposition

rates of up to 11 kg/h. Welding speeds

on steel can be as much as 165 cm/min,

and even more on aluminium. To

generate the high welding current of e.g.

900 A that is required, two power

sources work in parallel, jointly creating

a single arc.

Welding with large-diameterwires

The second process is essentially very

similar to the first, the main difference

being that the “welding wires” are round

and up to 3.2 mm in diameter. Using a

basic flux-cored wire with a diameter of

2.4 mm, deposition rates of 25.5 kg/h

are possible.

TimeTwin Digital

TimeTwin is a “tandem” welding process.

In this case, too, there are two digital

power sources working together, only

here each of these TimeTwin Digital

machines produces a separate arc. A

synchronisation unit regulates the

interplay of the two arcs. Welding is

performed with two arcs, each consisting

of background current and pulsing

current. As the phases can be displaced

by exactly 180°, one electrode will be in

the background-current phase while the

other is in the pulsing-current phase.

This results in metal-particle transfers

that are also phase-displaced. Pictures

taken by high-speed cameras clearly

show the rhythmically alternating

electrode melt-off.

System periphery

Because system solutions are so

important in welding, Fronius is

increasingly adding periphery solutions

to its offerings of welding hardware,

software and production support. For

instance, a new – and also automated –

gas-nozzle cleaning system to

complement high-performance welding

and increase its availability:

Robacta TouchlessCleaner is the name

of this device which – as its name

implies – touchlessly removes the spatter

that accumulates on the gas nozzle

during welding. Instead of damaging the

contact tube with milling cutters and

changing the Tool Centre Point (TCP), a

cooling fluid generates initial thermal

tensions, followed by an electromagnetic

impulse which dislodges the spatter ring

right out of the nozzle.

The “environment” of these exacting

welding solutions is not complete

without an innovation called

“WeldOffice”. This software now makes it

possible for power sources, components

such as robots or handling-systems, and

a monitoring/visualising PC to

communicate with one another by

Ethernet. Limit violations and data

evaluations point to any maintenance or

“fine-tuning” that may be needed.

Messages about this – e.g. by e-mail to

the person in charge – will then trigger

re-supply with wear-out parts, and

efficient maintenance management.

Particularly in multiple-shift production

operations, this contributes to high

system availability and productivity.

Example of a TimeTwin Digital configuration.

1 Power sources2 Wirefeeders3 Remote control4 Robot control5 Robot interface6 Torch7 Wire supply

WeldOffice lets you collect, visualise, evaluateand archive the welding data from all yourpower sources at one central point.

The TPS 9000 welding system consists of twoTPS 5000’s and puts out up to 900 A of power; it isdesigned for e.g. welding large diameters of wire.

12Fronius 2003 In-house

37th “WorldSkills”Competition with Fronius asmain sponsor

For the second time, it will be the turn of

St. Gallen, Switzerland, to host the

international vocational championships

organised by WorldSkills, an organisation

which promotes vocational education

worldwide. Some 700 young people from

nearly 40 countries are expected to

gather here between 19th and 22nd June

2003. They will be competing in 39

different trades from the fields of industry,

the crafts and the services sector, taking

in anything from instrument making to

carpentry, from ladies' dressmaking to

graphic design – and, of course, from

sheet-metal work to autobody repair. For

the welding work, Fronius will be loaning

the following systems: TT 1700, MW 1700

and MW 3000. WorldSkills Competitions

have been taking place since 1950. They

are held every two years, in a different

country each time. This year, however, St.

Gallen will be the contest venue for the

second time, having made a great job of

hosting these “vocational Olympics” back

in 1997. Reason enough for Fronius to

offer the youthful contestants the best

possible equipment to work with –

because superlative welding results can

only be achieved with superlative welding

machinery.

Customer-synchronisedmanufacturing in âesk˘Krumlov

Fronius celebrates 10 years in the Czech

Republic – and the 47,600 VarioStar

machines produced there during this

period! As well as being a jubilee year,

2002 also saw the start of another

important project: Kanban production. It

took nine months' intensive work to set

up this model production system: Now

that it has been fine-tuned, it means

25% higher productivity, a 75%

reduction in in-plant movement times,

and an 80% reduction in the production

turn-around times. On top of this highly

efficient 2-day production cycle comes

its tremendous flexibility, for “customer-

synchronised manufacturing” also means

that the production people know which

customer each machine is for, and

produce it exactly as this customer

ordered it. The production operations are

currently optimised for an annual output

of 6500 VarioStar and VarioSynergic

machines and the respective wirefeeders

and cooling units, which are exported to

60 countries worldwide. And what about

all that storage space that's been freed

up in the production building? “Perhaps

we'll put a Schweissercafé in it!”,

chuckles Vaclav Jilek, technical manager

of the âesk˘ Krumlov plant.

New welding technologycentre in the UK

TPS Fronius Ltd has been a familiar

partner of Fronius' in Great Britain for

many years now. Until recently, there

were two branches: Kilmarnock

(Scotland) and Bilston (near Birmingham).

Now a third has opened for business,

although strictly speaking this is more

than just a branch, but a “welding

technology centre” – a highly specialised

competence centre. The desire to be

closer to customers, and to ensure rapid

and capable after-sales service,

prompted the company to invest in

premises at Alton, Hampshire, SW of

London. Currently numbering five people,

the team is headed by Keith Palmer, a

trained metallurgist. To begin with, the

team will be concentrating on five major

groups of clients: CrNi steel fabricators,

aluminium fabricators, shipbuilders,

dealers and other existing clients. It is

also planned to organise regular

workshops with customers to exchange

news, views and experience on welding-

engineering issues.

News

13In-house

High-ranking official visit from Romania

Fronius were honoured to receive an

illustrious visitor last autumn: On 24th

October, the Romanian president Ion

Iliescu came to visit Fronius in Wels,

together with an official trade delegation.

He was accompanied by representatives

of the Province of Upper Austria. Amid

an impressive police escort and

encircled by a huge number of security

officers, the delegation arrived early in

the afternoon. The reception committee

was already waiting, among them Günter

Fronius, who greeted his visitors in

Romanian. A gesture which broke the ice

immediately. After a technology-centred

tour of the new robot facility, Klaus

Fronius presented the Romanian

president with a special-edition

TransPocket 1500. Ion Illiescu voiced his

thanks for the cordial welcome extended

to him at Fronius, and spoke about his

own experience of welding as a young

man. In so doing, he astonished all those

present with his welding know-how.

Fronius not only has good diplomatic

relations with Romania, but excellent

business ones, too. In particular, since

1997 there has been a close partnership

with CM Metal Trading.

New, 500 m2 large robot facility

Robot welding continues to grow apace.

Fronius has helped to shape this

development right from the outset, and

is now a noted supplier in the field. And

a full-liner, at that, for Fronius offers all

manner of components for welding-

robots, from the power-source all the

way down to the contact tube. A

perfectly harmonised system with

defined interfaces so as to make it

suitable for every robot manufacturer.

“Plug & Weld” is the motto here. Now

Fronius have resolutely gone a step

further – by opening the new robot

facility in Wels in September 2002. On

500 m2 of floor space, the facility houses

6 different welding-robot configurations

for carrying out welding trials. 120 trials

a year are planned, all of which will of

course be documented. Every trial is

dealt with as a project for which the

optimum solution is elaborated in close

collaboration with the client.

Macrosections are then used to

investigate the results for internal

defects as well. The Fronius partner

companies, i.e. the respective robot

suppliers, give their welding robots

regular maintenance and keep them right

up to the very latest technical standard.

An energetic spirit retires

At the end of last year, a fascinating careerdrew to a close: Ing. Alois Furthner retired.He had been working in the welding fieldever since 1958 – to begin with, in thestructural steel and apparatus constructiondepartment at voestalpine Linz, and then forthe last 12 years of his career at Fronius. Asa senior welding technologist, Mr. Furthnerwas something of an “oracle” in theTechnology Centre, particularly when itcame to materials or processes. However,his main professional expertise was in thefield of steel/aluminium joins, where he wasgreatly involved in the latest Froniusdevelopments. Bowing out of the world ofwork certainly did not come easily to him.Nevertheless, all his colleagues join inwishing him a retirement that is no lessinteresting and fulfilling than his career was!

Farewell after nearly half a century at Fronius

There can't be anybody at Fronius whodoesn't know him – that dapper,bespectacled gentleman. Grey hair, greeneyes, a friendly smile. Richard Braunegger isthe name. He'd been with the firm almostsince it began. He joined Fronius in 1957 asan apprentice electrical fitter; soon he was adeputy foreman. From 1977, he wasresponsible for production of theFROMIG/COMPACT gas-shielded units andthe MAX/Primus welding transformers, and afew years later, for all plant management. Inthe mid-1980's, he was promoted to theexecutive management team and becameHead of Personnel; in 1993, he became a“procura” holder under Austrian commerciallaw. In his last 20 years with the firm, his areaof work was very wide-ranging: personnel,maintenance, investments, the QM system,environmental officer .... Now Mr. Brauneggeris enjoying a well-earned retirement. After 46years. Fronius will always remember himfondly and wishes him all the very best !!

14Fronius 2003 Case study

The VW Phaeton is precededby a “legendary” reputation asa super-car of the luxuryclass, offering supreme travelcomfort and the very highestsafety standards. In order todo justice to this reputation inevery regard, and evensurpass it in practice, themanagers and designengineers at VW haveinvested in state-of-the-artjoining technologies.

PICTURE AT LEFT:Inside view of the world's stiffest and strongestvehicle door. Aluminium pressure-die-cast partsare joined to aluminium die-cast mouldings.PICTURE BELOW:The Fronius LaserHybrid welding head has morethan proven its worth on the Phaeton door at VW.

The “Phaeton” has the safestdoors of any vehicle anywhere INNOVATIVE SOLUTION IN LASERHYBRID-WELDED LIGHTWEIGHT ALUMINIUMCONSTRUCTION

The four doors of the“Phaeton”

The Phaeton's doors comprise a frame

construction made of aluminium

castings, sheets and extruded sections,

which give the vehicle its unrivalled side-

impact protection. When it comes to

joining important parts, VW's auto

engineers have a clear preference: The

LaserHybrid weld process from Fronius.

Series production of the aluminium

doors for the Phaeton has been running

very successfully at VW's Wolfsburg

plant since October 2002. “Our declared

goal was to build the strongest and

stiffest door on any passenger car,

anywhere”, is how Dr. Thomas Graf,

manager of the aluminium die-casting

plant, unambiguously sums up the goals

and aspirations of this product

innovation. Among the joining techniques

used here, laser welding and Fronius

LaserHybrid welding take pride of place.

Why LaserHybrid?

In order to largely eliminate the

drawbacks of pure laser welding at

important, safety-critical locations, VW's

aluminium die-casting plant opted to use

LaserHybrid welding technology. In this

process, laser welding and arc welding

are combined in such a way that not only

do the advantages of both processes

complement one another, but additional

synergies result as well.

“For us – and more particularly, for the

doors of the Phaeton – LaserHybrid is

the best solution”, notes Dr. Thomas

Graf. “As compared to laser on its own,

we've increased the bridgeability from

theoretically zero to as much as 0.4 mm,

and we benefit from the high process

stability of the arc while still getting the

high welding speed of the laser. As well

as saving energy because less laser

output is needed, we have the advantage

of the clean wetting to sidewalls that the

process gives.” For Graf and his staff,

this joining process is far more than a

mere compromise between arc and laser.

All in all, there are 3570 mm of

LaserHybrid-welded seams on a Phaeton

door. This is three times as much as the

seams welded using laser only. “For the

geometries of join and the combinations

of materials that we are dealing with

here, LaserHybrid is simply the N° 1

choice of process” says welding

supervision officer Karsten Lempereur,

explaining his clear preference.

Two years' development workfor the stiffest doors in theworld

An experienced welding expert, Karsten

Lempereur (40) was responsible for

seeing this project through from the

original decision to the final

implementation of a viable series

solution in actual production practice. As

a welding practitioner, Lempereur is also

convinced that LaserHybrid welding has

a bright future. “We production people

worked for two years on optimising the

processes until we achieved the desired

process reliability”, explains Lempereur.

Optical and endoscopic measuring and

testing methods ensure that every door

meets the most exacting criteria. “For

VW, the huge amount of work that went

into achieving the quality of this

aluminium frame construction is primarily

an investment in getting experience in a

high-tech field that will pay off for us in

the future”, explains Lempereur. In their

R&D activities, Fronius were quick to

spot the potential of LaserHybrid, and

were the first to develop this process up

to a standardised industrially viable level.

A tried-and-tested partnership has grown

between the people at VW's aluminium

die-casting plant and Fronius. To begin

with, Karsten Lempereur travelled to

Wels in October 1999 to spend time

becoming better acquainted with the

technology in Fronius' Development

Centre. After this came the task of

adapting the components, defining the

characteristics, and setting the

parameters at VW in Wolfsburg. “Three

specialists from Fronius supported us

right through until production start-up. In

fact, they passed on much of their

invaluable user knowledge to us straight

away.”

Experience and convictions

Today, the people at VW view the past 2

years of development work as a highly

constructive and vital period. “The

process as a whole was a growth

phase”, is how Dr. Graf sums it up. They

now effortlessly master the programming

of the digital welding systems. Dr. Graf

awards “top marks” to the Fronius

products that they are using, and

expects equally high-quality services to

go with them. This is right in line with

Fronius' philosophy of providing

solutions that take in the wider context.

Part of this, of course, is a high standard

of after-sales care. For Dr. Thomas Graf

and Karsten Lempereur, there is no

doubt that developments are moving in

LaserHybrid's direction: “I'm quite

convinced” says Departmental Manager

Dr. Graf, “that in the medium term, at

least, this will become a process in its

own right, with widespread acceptance

in the long term”.

Laser beam

Gas nozzle

Electrode

Pulsed-arc

Fusion zone

15Case study

Schematic representation of the LaserHybridprocess


“Lightweight constructionmakes quite differentdemands. Tougher ones.”THE PÖTTINGER COMPANY UPGRADES ITS WELDINGMACHINERY TO THE STATE-OF-THE-ART

Fronius as the guarantor of a successful series: Yet another “Europrofi 3” mainframebeing welded by Pöttinger staff on the production line for self-loading wagons.

17Case study

“Our welding machines were getting

obsolete. It was time to invest in new

ones. And so of course we wanted the

very latest and best. Fitness for the future

was one of the main criteria here”, says

Johann Renoldner, welding-shop foreman

at Pöttinger. “We drew up various criteria

and gave each of these a different

weighting”, he continues. A total of five

noted welding-machinery manufacturers

were invited to present their products and

put them through a series of tests.

20 criteria were evaluated, among them

the reliability with which welding

parameters can be transferred and

reproduced, pulsed-arc welding

behaviour, welding of light-gauge sheets,

multi-functionality, update-functions etc.

The choice fell upon the fully digitised

Fronius power-source TPS 4000.

Lightweight construction – anincreasingly “weighty” factor

The trend in agricultural engineering in

general, and at Pöttinger in particular, is

towards lightweight construction. More

and more so, in fact. Because the

challenge of producing machines which

are both lighter and more efficient is

being faced by the agricultural

engineering sector, too. The advantage of

products like these is that they have

higher strength, yet weigh less, meaning

less soil compaction, and reduced fuel

consumption. However, welding high-

strength thin sheets (e.g.: 25CrMo4)

makes much higher demands of the

welding process, as the specified welding

parameters have to be adhered to exactly

when alloyed thin-walled steels are

welded. In the medium power range, all

machines are equally good. It is at low

welding amperages that the “chaff is

separated from the wheat”.

In MMA welding, too, Pöttinger is now

making increased use of pulsed-arc

technology. Here, the ignition parameters

are fine-tuned to the diameter and the

quality of the wire. Smooth, jerk-free

ignition is the result. At the end of the

weld, a controlled current pulse sheds

the molten droplet – preventing a solid

globule from forming at the tip of the

electrode. The result is a spatter-free

weld seam.

Prototype-productionparameter records are 100%transferable

In its development effort, Pöttinger

attaches great importance to being able

to transfer to its production operations

the exact welding parameters that were

determined in the course of prototype

manufacture. Once a weldment has

passed all the extensive tests, the

welding parameters that were used are

transferred to series manufacturing. The

TPS 4000 facilitates just such an

approach, as it stores every single

parameter numerically, in “jobs”. As these

machines are fully digitised, they can

easily be updated via software. In this

way, users can always keep right up with

the “state-of-the-art” and are prepared

for whatever tasks the future may bring.

No matter which types of steel, sheet

metals and processes may be important

tomorrow, the capability of these power

sources lies in their integrated expert

knowledge. And this can be updated at

any time.

A successful family firm

Pöttinger is a 4th-generation family firm.

It was founded in 1871 in Grieskirchen,

Upper Austria, where it is still

headquartered. Founder Franz Pöttinger

introduced the first forage cutting

machine to Upper Austria. This was

followed by further trail-blazing

developments such as hay rakes, self-

loading wagons, flywheel maize

harvesters, or the forage loader wagon.

In 1987, the company started a new line

of business: Waste disposal technology.

Today, Pöttinger is represented in over 40

countries spread across all continents,

and in 2002 it posted its highest-ever

turnover: EUR 124 m. As well as the

firm's HQ and main production facility in

Austria, there are two production

locations in Germany, one in the Czech

Republic and a sales office in France, all

of which are important pillars for the

company. With its workforce of over 900,

Pöttinger offers its customers side and

front-mounted and towed machines for

tillage and harvesting, together with

related services. Competence and quality

are paramount here, of course. Which is

why Pöttinger are all the choosier about

who they work with. The firm was – and

is – extremely satisfied with its decision

to work with Fronius. The 23 new

machines are already in action, highly

successfully, achieving very high levels of

process reliability, even on critical welds.

December 2002: the Upper Austrian agricultural machinery maker Pöttingerdraws up a “shopping list” for 23 new welding installations. An intensive timeof sounding-out possible suppliers and testing their equipment begins … andFronius ends up being the winner.


In chemical apparatusconstruction, as well as in thefields of environmental andoffshore engineering and tankconstruction, cladding of steelsheets is playing an evergreater rôle. In addition to thecost advantages over mono-material sheets, an innovativenew method for weldingcorrosion-resistant compositematerials now provides evengreater long-term economy.

First, the welder joins the unalloyed

carrier material using identical filler metal.

The groove left in the acid-resistant

cladding layer can now be filled by the

user in an innovative way, using the

highly efficient MAG TimeTwin process.

Welding trials at Fronius have clearly

demonstrated that the surfaces created

in this way have a corrosion resistance

which is as good as that of the overlay

material. Welding two wire electrodes

with the MAG TimeTwin process, a

variant of tandem welding, ensures high

economy as a result of the high

deposition rates and welding speeds.

Trial welds have now documented the

suitability of this process for corrosion-

resistant overlay materials such as the

highly acid-resistant Alloy B2. Steel

sheets that are clad with this alloy are

more economical than mono-material

sheets – the thicker the sheet, the bigger

the savings. These savings can be as

much as 80%. When welding the clad

sheets, the welder starts by joining the

carrier materials. The fully mechanised

TimeTwin process then fills the groove

that is left between the approx. 4 mm

thick cladding layers with filler metal

(supplementary cladding). For Alloy B2,

the specialists of the Fronius Technology

Centre optimised the welding parameters

in such a way that the groove is filled in 3

passes of identical composition and

parameters, finishing with a two-bead

cover pass. The multi-pass structure

helps keep dilution to a minimum. This

means that the cover pass – which will

later be exposed to the aggressive media

– consists of almost pure filler metal. In

this way, the corrosion resistance is

preserved. This is proved by tests with

aggressive hydrochloric acid, which show

that the surface of the groove filling is

just as acid-resistant as Alloy B2. The

TimeTwin process melts off both wire

electrodes, with virtually no spattering.

The appearance of the seam is almost

indistinguishable from that achieved by

the manual TIG process. The same

applies, analogously, to the excellent hot-

cracking behaviour of the supplementary

cladding. However, deposition rates of up

to 8 kg/h and welding speeds of up to

70 cm/min speak clearly for the TimeTwin

process.

Acids don't stand a chance WELDING CLAD SHEETS EFFICIENTLY

Macrostructure: In MAG TimeTwin welding, the groove in the cladding layers is filled in 3 passes of identical composition and parameters,

finishing with a two-bead cover pass. As well as the fine appearance of the seam in the third overlay pass, multi-pass welding also achieves

the desired reduction in iron-dilution.

19Case study

Welding wire Nimofer S 6928 (FM B2 – batch n° 78230) diam. 1.0 mm

C Si Mn P S Al Cr Ni Mo Fe

0.003 0.01 0.55 0.003 0.002 – 0.69 69.45 28.05 1.62

Weld metal FM B2 Groove: 13x5.5mm

Pass Fe Mo

1. 5.9 27.22. 2.7 27.93. 1.96 28.0

Multi-pass welding, with passes of identical compositionand parameters, is the only way of ensuring that thecover-passes that will later be exposed to the aggressivemedia have a chemical composition that is equivalent tothe overlay material Alloy B2 – meaning a high level ofcorrosion resistance.

Overlay material: Alloy B2 (3 – 4 mm)

Chemical composition (%)

Nickel RemainderChromium 0.4 – 1Iron 1.5 – 2Molybdenum 26 – 30Carbon max. 0.01Other Co: max. 1

Si: max. 0.08The NiMo28 alloy withstands any concentration ofhydrochloric acid, at all temperatures up to boilingpoint.

Hot-cracking resistantIncreasingly susceptible to hot crackingAt risk of hot cracking

a Sheet batch n° 32911 (14.5 kJ/cm)b Manual TIG process 2294 (14.5 kJ/cm)c MAG TimeTwin TANDEM pr. 2096 (14 kJ/cm)d MAG TimeTwin TANDEM pr. 2096 (7.5 kJ/cm)e Sheet batch n° 32911 (7.5 kJ/cm)f Manual TIG process 2294 (7.5 kJ/cm)

a = 10 – 14 mmb = 25 – 28 mmd = 3 – 4 mmD1 = < 18 mm + 3 – 4 mmD2 = ≥ 18 mm + 3 – 4 mm

g = 1-2 mmG1 = 3 mmG2 = 2 mmk = 50°K = MAG 50°, submerged-arc 60°

r1 = 4 mmr2 = 8 mmS = Safety gap

Bending strain (%)To

tal

len

gth

of

cra

cki

ng

(m

m)

Sample groove geometry of the clad sheets

On sheets up to 18 mm thick, the edges are prepared as a 50° (MAG) or 60° (submerged-arc)V-groove on the base-metal side, and as a U-groove on the clad side (TimeTwin). Sheets thatare over 18 mm thick are prepared as an “X”. The welding sequence is “black before white” (1 to 4).

Iron (%) Molybdenum (%)

Groove Groove

Pass

Depending on the dilution conditions(welding process, parameters,thickness of pass), the 1st pass willhave an Fe content of approx. 6%(13 mm groove) or 12% (25 mmgroove). This will fall to approx. 2%by the 3rd pass. At the same time, the molybdenum content (which iscrucial for the corrosion resistance)climbs from 25-27% in the 1st pass toapprox. 28% in the 3rd pass.

Edge preparation Hot-cracking behaviour

Welding sequence

Influence of the bending strain on the total length ofcracking occurring on the specimens investigated inModified Varestraint and Transvarestraint (MVT) tests– Project: Nimofer 6928 (Alloy B2) roller-clad 16+4 mm – Base metal, TIG and MAG-TimeTwin-Tandem weld deposits – Test-gas: argon + 2% H2In practice, heat-inputs per unit length of up to7.5 kJ/cm are usual. For the unalloyed carrier sheetand for the supplementary cladding, the upper limitin manual TIG and in MAG TimeTwin is twice thisvalue. In the result, the MAG TimeTwin weld-metaldeposit does not show any propensity to hotcracking.

Multi-pass welding and dilution level

20Fronius 2003 The company

What is competence? Whatare “the basics”? Thesequestions, and more besides,have been answered manytimes over in this issue. In thisarticle, read where KlausFronius sees the causes ofthe tremendous competencefound in the Fronius company.

“To give you one example: Not long ago,

we had an interested new client visiting

us. He'd come to Wels regarding a

concrete problem he wanted solved. And

which we'd been working on in the

meantime. In passing, however, the

conversation turned to another, quite

different, problem that he had.

He showed us a 0.8 mm aluminium sheet

and said that sometime in the future, his

company aimed to join such sheets into a

complicated shape – but that a solution

still seemed to be a long way off. A

Fronius staffer then got up, picked up the

'phone, talked with a technician from the

Technology Centre and asked us all to be

patient for a while. So we just had to

'wait and see'. Three hours later, this

technician came back with two perfectly

welded 0.8 mm aluminium sheets. After

On freedom, courage andNobel Prize winnersTHOUGHTS ON HOW COMPETENCE COMES ABOUT.BY KLAUS FRONIUS

21The company

only 3 hours, then, our customer was

holding in his hands the first, but most

important step on the way to a solution

that he had thought was still miles off!

That's competence for you!

This little anecdote is a good example of

how we work at Fronius. In fact, it's

almost prototypical of the company. And

there are plenty more stories like it. What

it shows is that Fronius people are very

self-reliant. They think independently,

they take the initiative, they feel

responsible for all that they do. Without

worrying about things going wrong. They

want a solution, no matter what sort of

problem needs tackling. And if they can't

manage it on their own, they organise

whatever it takes to make it possible.

Even if this means a further training

course – for all Fronius employees have

the freedom to develop their abilities and

to perfect their skills. With the company

picking up the bill.

When you walk through the premises you

can sense a self-confidence in the air

that you'll rarely find in such

concentrated form anywhere else. The

employee is held in high esteem. And it

shows. Not just on the firm's premises,

but in all the products and services that

leave these premises.

Everything is possible.

Everything is thinkable. Everything is

doable. Everything is attainable. Even the

Nobel Prize. This is the basic mind-set at

Fronius. People who think this way enjoy

working here. All 1300 of them,

worldwide. Endeavour, initiative,

enthusiasm, striving for the best, courage

to try unconventional approaches,

inexhaustible readiness to experiment -

these things don't just happen on their

own. Although these attributes may, of

course, be found in every one of us, if

our personalities are not restricted too

severely. And this is the hub of the

matter: not setting too narrow

boundaries, creating 'room to breathe' –

and doing so in structural terms.

The only thing we insist on:The red thread that runsthrough all that Fronius does

Fronius doesn't lay down specific

instructions. Instead, we have a basic

orientation: the path that Fronius wants

to take and the goal that Fronius wants

to arrive at – which is to be the

worldwide Number 1. Moving ahead

swiftly on a non-prescriptive basis such

as this is only possible with employees

who are self-reliant, committed and

courageous. Who each make their own

contribution, day-in, day-out, towards

coming closer to this goal. And with

structures that ensure this degree of

freedom. All these things, together with

high technical know-how, are the main

pre-conditions for Fronius' internationally

acknowledged competence.

Let's take another example: We've had a

presence in the USA for around 1 year

now. And can already point to some great

successes. Like being a partner in the

construction of a 6000 km long petroleum

pipeline from Alaska to Chicago. What

clinched the deal here was the top-

quality, ultra-efficient TimeTwin process.

A critical issue was whether the systems

would also function perfectly at

temperatures as low as -50° C – and they

do. We've also just fitted out the

Caterpillar Research Center with Fronius

equipment. Probably our greatest triumph

in the USA so far has been to win

Benteler as a Fronius client. This major

automobile-industry vendor had been

closely involved with one of our

competitors. Our people visited

Benteler's plant and were asked to solve

concrete welding tasks. Although they

came up with perfect results in a very

short space of time, we were turned

down. It was only three months later – by

which time we only had a small glimmer

of hope left – that Benteler approached

us again and awarded us the entire

contract. Solely on the basis of our

competence. Thing like this are

tremendous 'highs'. For all of us here at

Fronius.”

22Fronius 2003 Travel tip

“Hidden Worlds” is the title of this latest

exhibition. It comprises various projects

that each deal with the invisible

presence of bits & bytes. The permanent

presence of digital data and information-

flows brings about a simultaneous

datasphere which constantly envelops us

like a second environment – but which

remains hidden from us unless we have

the right tools. How can we conceive of

things which are only present in a

“virtual” sense? What traces do we leave

behind us in cyberspace, and how can

we influence what shape it takes? How

do we perceive our own reality?

Set out on a journey that merges the

virtual and the real. One in which the use

of augmented-reality technologies makes

visible all the data-flows that would

otherwise be invisible.

“Hidden Worlds” in theMuseum of the Future A trip to the Museum of the Future is not one journey, but several. For from just this one point of departure, you'll be meeting, discovering,experiencing, feeling and playing completely new worlds. What will revealitself to you here is a totality of impressions, both virtual and real. And themany grey areas in between. After all, what is real? The point of departurethat we're talking about here, by the way, is located beside the Danube inLinz, one of Austria's nine provincial capitals.

23Travel Tip

Bits & bytes on 2000 m2 and5 levels

One of the projects in this exhibition is

entitled “The Hidden World of Noise and

Voice”. It focuses on auditory perception

– and plays around with it. For every

sound generated in this space, the

computer produces animated 3D

graphics whose form, colour and

motions correspond to the pitch, tonal

quality and intensity of the sound.

Special see-through data glasses make

these images visible for everybody.

Human voices become identifiable,

complete with the emotions concealed in

them.

Another project is called “Tool's Life”:

Here, the shadow-like silhouettes of

everyday utensils suddenly spring into

motion when they are gently touched,

bringing the objects' significance and

background factors into view. Then there

is the project with the interactive

machine “Cyclops”: With its movable

spine and its eye, it makes a very human

impression. This “attentive giant” follows

filmed movements, analyses every single

image and translates it into motion. Find

out more on this exhibition at

www.aec.at. “Infotrainers” will guide you

through the centre and help you get

acquainted with electronic art.

A cognitive and creativeworkshop for ideas of the21st century

The Ars Electronica Center (AEC for short)

is a Museum of the Future. The concept

of this internationally noted and well-

known institution is to acquaint the public

with futuristic technology. And by

“public”, we mean a broad public of all

ages. The AEC is located at the interface

between art, technology, society and

science.

The Ars Electronica Festival takes place in

the first week of September every year. It

is the forum for the spheres of art,

technology and society, and in

collaboration with the regional TV station

ORF Upper Austria, it presents

exhibitions, concerts and projects on the

latest developments in media art.

Moreover, in an open symposium,

theoreticians, experts and artists lecture

on their viewpoints and on the status quo

regarding the theme of this year's festival.

Organised under the aegis of the Ars

Electronica Festival, the Prix Ars

Electronica is an international competition

that is also the world's most generous

prize for computer art – since 1987, ORF

Upper Austria have sponsored this prize

to the tune of 100,000 euros each year.

There is also a platform dedicated to

R & D – an innovation laboratory known

as the Ars Electronica Futurelab. This

cognitive and creative workshop was set

up in 1996 and is an important

competence centre for applications-

focused research bearing on new

technologies and media art. International

artists and scientists come together here

to address such issues as virtual

environments, digital surfaces and

interactive space creation. The latest

hardware and software technologies are

used. For instance, the Futurelab

operates the first CAVE outside the USA

that is open to the public. Another major

aspect of Futurelab's work is the ongoing

co-operation with prominent

representatives of industry and business.

Fronius collaborated with the AEC and theIT Institute at the University of Linz todevelop and carry out the “Virtual Welding”project. The “Schweissen & Schneiden”trade fair in Essen in 1997 saw the first-ever demonstration of virtual welding in aCAVE; this was the absolute highlight ofthis fair. The AEC is reckoned to be anexpert in the virtual reality field.

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