welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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1 Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap Compared cohort dynamics in France, Europe and the United states Louis Chauvel Pr Sciences-Po Paris Site : http://louis.chauvel.free.fr [email protected]

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Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap Compared cohort dynamics in France, Europe and the United states. Louis Chauvel Pr Sciences-Po Paris Site : http://louis.chauvel.free.fr [email protected]. Intentions - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

1

Welfare regimes, social fluctuationsand the generational gap

Compared cohort dynamics in France, Europe and the United states

Louis Chauvel Pr Sciences-Po Paris

Site : http://louis.chauvel.free.fr

[email protected]

Page 2: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

2

Intentions

Developing aspects of my bookon cohort dynamics of inequality “Destiny of Generations”

Analyzing a non-acknowledged source of inequalities : a mix between inter- and intra- generational inequalities

Insisting on “scarring effects” (French : effet de scarification) linked to “transitional socialization” on birth cohorts’ objective life chances

Interrogating future of inequalities and welfare regimes: we are socializing the pensioners of 2050…

Page 3: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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General plan

Definitions of generationsThe Long term generational progress hypothesis Collective socialization and social historyLexis diagram and cohort linesSeven generational brakes in France International hypothesis on generational brakes

Page 4: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

4

Definitions of « generation »

Anglo-Saxon tradition: generation = kinshipEuropean tradition : three degrees of generations :

Historical generation

Collective identity and consciousness, conflictuality,

generation "by itself and for itself"

Social generationDemographic generation

( = birth cohorts)Neutral grouping

of individuals« raw material »

Page 5: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Cultural or objective generations?...

Karl Mannheim and a symbolic-culturalist theory of generations

« The contains <of consciousness> are important (sociologically speaking), not only because of their signification, but also because they melt separate individuals into one group, they have an effect of socialization». (…dass sie die Einzelnen zur Gruppe verbinden, „sozialisierend“ wirken ) (K. Mannheim, Das Problem der Generationen, 1929)

Mannheim acknowledges also the existence of a Generationenlage = objective generational situations

QUESTION: do the conditions of entry of a cohort in adulthood have an effect on future life chances? Do they have effects of socialization?

Page 6: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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The long term generational progress hypothesis

Kant and the intergenerational progress :The previous generations seem to have worked because of the following ones, to prepare the level from which the followers will be about to build the edifice of which Nature has the project, and of which the former generations will be the only ones to benefit from. Their ancestors (may be with no intention), have worked with no possibility to enjoy the felicity they prepared Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Intent (1784)

Medical progress = longer life expectancy in better conditions Progress in education = better integration of newer generationsEconomic growth = increased consumptionPacification of intergenerational relations = intergenerational solidarity

QUESTION : Is that Kantian hypothesis really true?

Page 7: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Les temps de la socialisation

La socialisation primaire (Parsons) :Dans l’enfance, le moment de l’apprentissage général des valeurs, rôles et modèles sociaux,

famille comme lieu central.La socialisation secondaire (Berger et Luckmann : La construction sociale de la réalité) :

Deuxième processus, de socialisation spécialisée comme « l’intériorisation de sous-mondes institutionnels ». Problème chez B&L : au long de la vie, ou près l’école primaire ?

La socialisation transitionnelle (Roulleau-Berger) :Période courte de la vie où les potentialités acquises à l’école

se changent en une position sociale définitive

Utilité et limites de ce modèle

socialisation primaire

Jusqu’à la fin de l’école obligatoire

socialisation transitionnelle

socialisation secondaire

Au long de la vie adulte

Page 8: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Socialization versus individual and collective history

Life cycle and socializationPrimary and secondary socialization (Berger et Luckmann)The « transitionnal socialization »

Long term impact of the « transitionnal socialization » : « scar effect »

History and the constitution of a Generationengeist and of a Generationenlage

Primary socialization

Untill mandatory school (?)

Transitionnal socialization

Secondary socialization

« adulthood »

25-30 y.o.16-18 y.o.

Page 9: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

9

The Lexis Diagram (1872)

1890 1910 1930 1950 Period

60

40

20

0

Age Life line: cohort born in 1948

1970

Isochron: observation in 1968

Age at year of observation: 20

1990 2010

80

Page 10: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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QUESTION : are there long term consequences of collective difficulties when entering labor market ?

Risks of unemployment 12 months after living school  (%)

Source : Enquêtes emploi INSEE 1969-2000, centre Quételet archive Lasmas

0%5%

10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Male

Female

YearBirth cohort 1953

Birth cohort 1959

Page 11: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Seven generational brakes in France

1. Income distribution by cohort2. Progress of the occupational structure3. Effect of « rémanence » = Scar effect 4. Downward mobility5. Risks of dyssocialisation6. Desequilibrium in the political representation7. Problems of transmission of our social model to the next generations

Page 12: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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1. Distribution of income

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

1977

2000

age

%

Earnings by age in 1977 and 2000 (100=average yearly earnings in France)

Source : Enquêtes Emploi 2000 et Formation-qualification-professionnelle 1977, INSEE ;

archives LASMAS-Quételet Note : salaire moyen dont primes des classes d’âge (tranches de 5 ans) rapporté à la

moyenne annuelle ; champ : population en emploi recevant plus de 150 €-2000. En 1977, les salariés de 30 à 34 ans gagnaient 1,5 % de moins que la moyenne des salariés et 10 %

de moins en 2000. Femmes et hommes ont connu parallèlement les mêmes évolutions.

Page 13: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Standardized income (francs 1995 CU) by age

Source : Chauvel (1998), graphique 35 ; 6,65 F = 1 €

Travels (% of 4 nights or more outside for leisure)  : 30-39 and 50-54 y.o.

Source : Rouquette et Taché, 2002

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

1979198419891995

moins25

30 40 50 60 70 plus75

Revenu moyen parUCFrancs 1995

Age

Année

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

30-39 ans 50-54 ans

Page 14: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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2. Progress of the occupational structure

Proportion of higher white collars for two age groups and French average

Source : Enquêtes Emploi 1969-2000 et Formation-qualification-professionnelle 1964 et 1977, INSEE ; archives LASMAS-Quételet

Note : Les jeunes salariés ont connu un quasi doublement des emplois qualifiés entre 1964 et 1980, puis un arrêt de la croissance. Le pourcentage est calculé par rapport à la classe d'âge. Sont considérés comme cadres et professions intermédiaires ceux qui exercent

effectivement un emploi correspondant à cette catégorie. Jr : classe d'âge 30 à 34 ans ; Sr : classe d'âge 50 à 54 ans. Les enquêtes FQP surestiment la part des cadres chez les 50-54 ans en excluant de l'enquête les femmes définitivement en retrait de la population active.

10

15

20

25

30

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Average 30-54 yo

30 to 34 yo

50-54 yo

Year

%

Page 15: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

15

3. Scar effect

Proportion of higher white collars 1971-2000

10

15

20

25

30

35

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970

32 37 42 47 52 57

Age %

Cohort

Page 16: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Lexis Table

Period (Lexis)

Age 1971-1975 1976-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-200030-34 22,0 24,5 25,8 25,2 26,2 27,535-39 18,0 22,7 27,8 27,5 27,3 27,040-44 15,8 18,6 25,4 28,8 28,6 28,345-49 15,3 15,8 20,2 25,9 29,4 28,850-54 15,1 15,3 17,2 21,0 26,2 29,355-59 13,3 15,2 16,5 16,9 20,1 25,4

Source : Enquêtes Emploi 1971-2000, INSEE ; archives LASMAS-QuételetNote : en moyenne, entre 1971 et 1975, la classe d’âge 30-34 ans comptait 22,0 % de cadres et professions

intermédiaires. Sont considérés comme cadres et professions intermédiaires ceux qui exercent effectivement unemploi correspondant à cette catégorie, ou retraités ayant exercé comme dernier emploi une telle profession ; femmes

et hommes en part de leur classe d’âge.

Cohort : 1945

Cohort : 1930Cohort : 1915

Cohort : 1965

Proportion of higher white collars (=Goldthorpe’s service class I+II) 1971-2000

Age Period 1971-1975 1976-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 1991-1995 1996-200030-34 22,0 24,5 25,8 25,2 26,2 27,535-39 18,0 22,7 27,8 27,5 27,3 27,040-44 15,8 18,6 25,4 28,8 28,6 28,345-49 15,3 15,8 20,2 25,9 29,4 28,850-54 15,1 15,3 17,2 21,0 26,2 29,355-59 13,3 15,2 16,5 16,9 20,1 25,4

Source : Enquêtes Emploi 1971-2000, INSEE ; archives LASMAS-QuételetNote : en moyenne, entre 1971 et 1975, la classe d’âge 30-34 ans comptait 22,0 % de cadres et professions

intermédiaires. Sont considérés comme cadres et professions intermédiaires ceux qui exercent effectivement unemploi correspondant à cette catégorie, ou retraités ayant exercé comme dernier emploi une telle profession ; femmes

et hommes en part de leur classe d’âge.

Cohort : 1945

Cohort : 1930Cohort : 1915

Cohort : 1965

Page 17: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Lexis Graphs

Proportion of higher white collars (=Goldthorpe’s service class I+II) 1971-2000lexis age/period lexis period/age

10

15

20

25

30

35

30 35 40 45 50 55 60

1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 Age

%

Year

10

15

20

25

30

35

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

32 37 42 47 52 57

Age

%

Year

Page 18: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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The cohort diagram

Proportion of higher white collars (=Goldthorpe’s service class I+II) 1971-2000

10

15

20

25

30

35

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970

32 37 42 47 52 57

Age %

Cohort

Page 19: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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4. The newer generations know no more improvement, when compared to their own parents

Intergenerational upward mobility rate and difference up less downward mobility rates

Upward mobility rate difference up less downward mobility rates

Source : Enquêtes Emploi 1982-2000, INSEE ; archives LASMAS-Quételet

8

10

12

14

16

18

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

27 32 37 42 47 52 57

Age %

Cohort

-8

-4

0

4

8

12

16

1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

27 32 37 42 47 52 57

Age %

Cohort

Page 20: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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5. A major risk of dyssocialization

Evolution of relative suicide risk for two age groups (1950 to 2000) (100= average national rate for 15 to 84 yo)

Source : Chauvel, 1997a pour 1950-1995 et Service d'Information sur les Causes Médicales de Décès (SC8 de l'INSERM) pour 1990-1999.

Note : Depuis 1985, le taux de suicide des 35-44 ans a fortement progressé, à l'inverse de celui des 55-64 ans. Population masculine.

50

75

100

125

150

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

35-44 yo

55-64 yo

%

Year

Page 21: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Oversuicidity by age group 1950 to 2000

Source : Chauvel, 1997a pour 1950-1995 et Service d'Information sur les Causes Médicales de Décès (SC8 de l'INSERM) pour 1990-1999.

Note : Oversuicidity is the residual of age and period standardized suicide rates

-50%

-25%

0%

25%

50%

1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

203040506070

Age

%

Cohorte

Page 22: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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6. Desequilibrium in political representation

Age distribution of French Députés (National Parliament) 1981-1997-2002

Source : Trombinoscopes de l’Assemblée Nationale.

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

20 40 60 80

2002

1997

1981

%

Age

Page 23: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Daily newspaper reading ( %) (diagramme cohortal)

Note : answer « everyday » to the question : « abour how often do you read the news in daily newspapers »

Participation to political discussions in two age groups

Note : answer  : “ frequently ” to the question : « when you get together wth friends, would you say you discuss political matters frequently, occasionally

or never »

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980

27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67

Age %

Cohort

10%

15%

20%

25%

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

30-39 50-59

%

Year

Source : Mannheim Eurobarometer Trend File 1970-1999, MZES-ZUMA-ZEUS ; données fournies par la BDSP-Grenoble. .

Page 24: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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7. Transmission of our social model to the next generation

Lexis diagram and the illusion of age

1890 1910 1930 1950 Period

60

40

20

0

Age

1970 1990 2010

801910

1930 19501970

“Jadis”…

End of school

Access to stable employment

End of stable employment

DeathRetirement

Page 25: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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International variations :

A french specificity?A universal evolution in « post industrialized countries » facing slow growth?Diversity in societal adaptability to economic fluctuations?Role of welfare regimes, and intergeneration inequalitiesThree great models of evolution :

• Continental and Mediterranean Europe (+ Japon) : protection of insiders against outsiders (new generations are facing major difficulties)• United States and anglo-saxon countries : the new generations, in the average, face difficulties, but higher inequalities imply a divergence between lowest and highes income groups and social classes• Northern Europe : Closer to a universalistic egalitarian equilibrium between age groups, genders and social classes (lower intra- and inter- cohort inequalities)

Emerging countries : • in fast growth countries : new opportunities for newer cohorts, and higher inter- and intra-cohort inequalities to the benefit to young university graduates • in stagnation countries : intergenerational inequalities and generational destabilization

Page 26: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Conclusions

Kant law of long term generational progress is false for short-middle term

The future of Welfare state in France is highly uncertainIn many countries, a better equilibrium between generations is nedProblem : the social inertia (« scaring effect ») imply a long term impact if nowadays

difficulties; sacrificed generations do not easily catch up

This catch up dynamics of sacrificed generations is not spontaneously effective : it can become an object of negotiation for a new Welfare state in Europe

Page 27: Welfare regimes, social fluctuations and the generational gap

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Attias-Donfut C. (dir.), 1995, Les solidatités entre les générations, Paris, Nathan.

Attias-Donfut C., 2000, “ Rapports de générations : transferts intrafamiliaux et dynamique macrosociale ”, Revue française de sociologie, vol.41, n°4, pp.643-684.

Becker H.A., 2000; “Discontinuous Change and Generational Contracts”. Pp. 114 - 132 in: S. Arber, C. Attias-Donfut (Eds), The Myth of Generational Conflict. The Family and State in Ageing Societies, Routledge, London and New York.

Berger P. and T. Luckmann, 1966, The social construction of reality : a treatise in the sociology of knowledge, Doubleway, Garden City N.Y.

Birnbacher D., 1994 [1988], La responsabilité envers les générations futures, Paris, PUF.

Chauvel L., 1997d, “ L’uniformisation du taux de suicide masculin selon l’âge : effet de génération ou recomposition du cycle de vie ?  ”, Revue française de sociologie.

Chauvel L., 1999 [2e ed 2002], Le destin des générations: structure sociale et cohortes en France au xxe siècle, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France.

Evan W.M., 1959, “Cohort Analysis of Survey Data: A Procedure for Studying Long-Term Opinion Change”, Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1., pp. 63-72.

Girod R., 1986, Evolution des revenus et mobilité sociale (à Genève 1950-1980), Genève-Paris, Droz.

Mannheim K., 1990 [1928], Le problème des générations, Nathan, Paris.

Mason K.O., W.M. Mason, H.H. Winsborough et W.H. Poole, 1973, “ Some Methodological Issues in Cohort Analysis of Archival Data ”, American Sociological Review, 38, pp. 242-258.

Mentré F., 1920, Les générations sociales, Paris, Éd. Bossard.

Merton R.K., 1938, ‘Social Structure and Anomie’, American Sociological Review, Vol. 3, No. 5. (Oct., 1938), pp. 672-682.

Ryder N.B., 1965, “ The Cohort as a Concept in the Study of Social Change ”, American Sociological Review, 30, pp. 843-861.