Biology

National 4

Workbook

Name: ______________________________Class: ______________________________

Task 1Read about Cells on page 3 of the Notes. Then do the task below without looking at the Notes, from memory.

1. Cells area) places where prisoners are keptb) the basic units (or things) that all living things are made ofc) tiny creatures that you need a microscope to seed) bricks

2. Cells are called the ‘building blocks of life’ becausea) living things play with themb) they are used to make buildingsc) there are millions of themd) living things are made up of them, all joined together

3. Living things are nearly all made up ofa) thousands of cellsb) millions of cellsc) billions of cellsd) trillions of cells

4. Cells can do lots of things. Un-jumble the words below to show what they all do.

a) OGWR ___________________________________

b) ETKA NI ODOF ___________________________________

c) OCEEDRRPU ___________________________________

d) TGE DRI FO SETAW ___________________________________

e) AESRELE YNEEGR ___________________________________

5. In your own words, write why it is important in Biology to know about cells.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Plant Cell

Task 2 Read about Animal Cells on page 3 of the Notes.Highlight in green the statements below which are true.1. Animals are made up of trillions of animal cells.2. Animal cells are very small.3. Animal cells look like bricks.4. Animal cells are tiny, soft bags.5. Animal cells are filled with a sort of stiff paste.6. Animal cells are filled with a substance that looks like soft, wet jelly.7. Animal cells are too small to be seen even if you use a microscope.8. Animal cells are made up of parts called orchestras.9. ‘Organelles’ is the name given to the parts of any cell.10. Animal cells have lots of organelles.11. The most important part (organelle) of a cell is the soft jelly-like substance.12. The nucleus if the most important part of a cell.13. The part of the cell which controls everything that goes on in the sell is the membrane.14. The part of the cell which controls everything that goes on in the sell is the nucleus.15. The part of the cell which controls everything that goes on in the sell is the cytoplasm.16. The nucleus contains all the information needed to control the cell.17. The cell membrane is a sort of thin skin.18. The cell membrane is made of a thick, hard, stiff material.19. All the material in the cell is stopped from escaping by the cell membrane.20. The cell membrane allows oxygen and food to enter the cell, but stops other things.21. The jelly-like substance which fills the animal cell is called cytoplasm.22. Cytoplasm is very important because it stops the cell collapsing.23. Cytoplasm is soft enough to be able to flow.24. Cytoplasm does nothing but give the cell its shape.25. Cytoplasm is where the chemical reactions in the cell take place.

Draw arrows to label the nucleus, the cytoplasm and the cell membrane in the diagram.Write what each part does.

Task 3 Read about Plant Cells on page 4 of the Notes.

Nucleus

____________________________________________________________________

Cytoplasm

____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cell Membrane

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Highlight in green the statements below which are true.1. Plant cells have a part called a cell wall.2. The cell wall is made of plastic.3. Plant cells need a cell wall because plants do not have bones to keep them upright.4. The cell wall is a stiff, rigid coating around the outside of the plant cell.5. The cell wall is made of cellulose.6. The cell wall helps the plant keep its shape.7. Plant cells look a bit like bricks.8. Plant cells do not have a cell membrane.9. Plant cells also have a cell membrane.10. The cell membrane is a thin, soft skin inside the cell wall.11. The cell membrane allows some substances to get into and out of the cell.12. Plant cells have spaces full of liquid called cell sap.13. The spaces full of cell sap are called the nucleus.14. The spaces full of cell sap are called the membrane.15. The spaces full of cell sap are called the vacuole.16. Cytoplasm is a soft, jelly-like substance that fills the plant cell.17. Chemical reactions take place in the nucleus of a plant cell.18. Chemical reactions take place in the fluid cytoplasm.19. Chemical reactions take place in the vacuole.20. The sacs which contain liquid and are green coloured are called chloroplasts.21. Chloroplasts are little sacs full of chlorophyll.22. Chlorophyll is a yellow chemical.23. Chlorophyll is the green chemical in the chloroplasts that make plants green in colour.24. The chemical reaction which takes place in plant cells is called photography.25. Photosynthesis is the name of the chemical reaction which takes place in plants.26. Photosynthesis used light energy from the sun.27. Chlorophyll is the chemical used by the sun for photosynthesis.28. The part of the plant cell where photosynthesis takes place is the chloroplasts.

Draw arrows to label the cell wall, chloroplasts and the vacuole in the diagram.Write why each of them is important.

Task 4 Compare the Animal Cell on page 3 and the Plant Cell of page 4 of the Notes.Complete the following description of the differences between animal and plant cells.

Vacuole

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Chloroplasts

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cell Wall

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Plant Cell

Animal Cells and Plant Cells

Animal Cells and Plant Cells have some organelles (parts) in common.

Both animal cells and plant cells have a n__________________. This performs the same task in both type of cells, namely it _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Animal cells and plant cells also have a c________ m_________________. This is important in a cell because it stops material escaping from the cell but also __________________________________________________________________________________________________

Another common feature of animal and plant cells is c______________________. This is a substance which looks like ________________. In texture it is ____________ and ______________. It fills most of the cell and it is where _____________________ _________________________ take place.

However, plant cells have a number of organelles which animal cells do not have.

Only plant cells have a c______ w_________. Animal cells do not have a cell wall because animals ____________________________________________________________________.The important function which a cell wall has is to ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________That is why the cell wall is made of ___________________, a substance which is __________and ______________.

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have a sort of bag called a v_____________________. This is where __________ __________ is stored.

The organelle responsible for a plant’s green colour is the c_______________________. These look like ____________, they are ______________ in colour and filled with a ________________ called __________________. They are very important because that is where the reaction with l____________ e_______________ from the s______ called P_________________________ takes place.

Task 5 Read how to use a Microscope on page 5 of the Notes.1. Label the parts of the microscope below.

2. How many magnifications does your microscope have? _________________________What are they? ______________________________________________________

3. Microscopes use a light source so that you can see your specimen better. What light source does your microscope use? ____________________________

4. Which part of the microscope which has an opening in it to let light through?______________________________________________________________________

5. Where do you put your slide? __________________________________6. Why did you use a stain when you were preparing your slide? _____________________

______________________________________________________________________7. Which stain did you use? __________________________________

How well did it work? __________________________________8. What do you call it when you can see the specimen very clearly? ___________________9. What did you examine under the microscope? _____________________________10. Draw labelled diagrams below to show what you saw.

Task 6 Read about Specialised Cells on pages 6 and 7 of the Notes.The statements below describe nerve cells, red blood cells or white blood cells.Highlight the statements describing nerve cells blue, red blood cells red and white blood cells yellow.1. They are red in colour.2. They have a long fibre.

3. They have no nucleus.4. They can change shape.5. They have a large surface area.6. They can bend and squeeze easily.7. They can carry messages to other cells.8. They carry oxygen around the body.9. They can get through the smallest capillaries.10. They engulf microbes which cause damage to the body.11. They have a thin cell membrane to allow oxygen to get into them easily.12. They leave as much room in them as possible for oxygen.

Highlight the statements describing root hair cells brown, sperm cells blue, palisade cells green and ciliated epithelial cells grey.

13. They are needed for photosynthesis.14. They have a long tail.15. They have a large surface area.16. They have hairs.17. They have a very thin cell wall.18. They are found very near the surface of leaves.19. They are found in the trachea and bronchi.20. They have extra chloroplasts.21. They swim to meet an egg cell.22. They can move things such as mucus around.23. They can absorb water and minerals easily from the soil.24. They are needed so that plants can make their own food.25. They are part of the reproduction process.

Task 7 Read about Specialised Cells on pages 6 and 7 of the Notes.Draw a red blood cell, a white blood cell and a nerve cell.Fill in any information about them which you think is important.

Red blood cell White blood cell Nerve cell

Palisade cell Sperm cell

Root hair cell Ciliated epithelial cell

Cells

P E L P S Y B C T R V H W K K I R Q H J A Q I F QL H N L A K A P T Z S S I M J C Q D U C G S Y C HX V O A A L Q H D R O T G L J X D D S T E I Y L LS G W T R W I C A U V G S C Y M G M E H N S R Y VC R H E O B L S K U X J S A V H A Q P R E D N B XI W I M E S M L A A O P O V L J T T Q X L J K I EL S T X M X Y E E D D F C T U P X E F N Y O V N ZI I E O V A Q N M C E R R I L D O Q J N H P L M XA Q B Z F X F W T L D A N A M L Z R X P T L L I ZT J L U H F N S J H L T V P X Z Y X O A E S O R FE W O D G A I I W O E E S F M F J H D L M R E Y MD F O Y H L M F U K L S C W M U I I V O H L W I XE K D C Y T O P L A S M I E G J S P J E D C Y O VP M H J Q P T P Y D H V V S E S O L U L L E C D AI N D N L Q A L U U O W D Z T T J S F L J V Y I CT L E K E S R J K T J O A I R Y P V Q Y G B N N UH R S V L R B P Q X R N L U Z W S V D D G W Q E OE B I L J Z V B N X T O R B Q C I S P U F H T C LL D E A K F U E D N R B P H D Y U P F R S F B Z EI C K H H K I N Z M W Y X L U E R E G Y G Y V J PA D Q Z Z T M I C R O S C O P E R R N H W Z T C GL U X C A I O T L T X Z E P V F V M N U C L E U SR M S Y R S S O F P E U B A C P V F M Y P U E T VQ N Q U U X T Q R A E M K E L T O D X P J V O R DP D K C W K Y W S R V C F Q S L Q H C N C G R L F

Cell membrane Cell sapCellulose Cell wallChloroplasts Ciliated epithelialCytoplasm IodineMethylene MicroscopeNerve NucleusPalisade PhotosynthesisRed blood Root hairSperm VacuoleWhite blood

Task 8

Read about Diffusion on page 8 of the Notes.1. Diffusion is

a) movement of peopleb) particles/molecules staying in the same placec) movement of particles /moleculesd) destruction of particles/molecules

2. By ‘high concentration’ we meana) paying attentionb) working hardc) lots of particles/molecules close togetherd) lots of particles/molecules far apart

3. By ‘low concentration’ we meana) lots of particles/molecules close togetherb) lots of particles/molecules far apartc) lots of particles/molecules growingd) lots of particles/molecules being destroyed

4. By the process of diffusion, particles movea) from higher to lower concentrationb) from lower to higher concentrationc) from higher to lower altituded) from lower to higher altitude

5. In gases such as air, particles/moleculesa) diffuse slowlyb) diffuse quicklyc) diffuse instantaneouslyd) do not diffuse

6. In a high concentration, particles of perfumea) have a strong smellb) have a weak smellc) have a disgusting smelld) have no smell

7. In a low concentration, particles of perfume in aira) have a strong smellb) have a weak smellc) have a disgusting smelld) have no smell

8. In liquids such as water, particles/moleculesa) diffuse slowlyb) diffuse quicklyc) diffuse instantaneouslyd) do not diffuse

9. In a high concentration, particles of blue dye in watera) have no colour b) have a weak colourc) have a pretty colourd) have a strong colour

10. In a low concentration, particles of blue dye in watera) have no colour b) have a weak colourc) have a pretty colourd) have a strong colour

11. In solidsa) diffusion takes place more quickly than in gasesb) diffusion takes place more slowly than in gasesc) diffusion takes place more slowly than in liquidsd) diffusion does not take place

12. In solidsa) particles/molecules can move very quicklyb) particles/molecules can move slowlyc) particles/molecules can vibrate but not move aroundd) particles/molecules cannot move at all

13. Diffusion a) is quicker in solids than in liquidsb) is quicker in liquids than in gasesc) is quicker in gases than in liquidsd) is the same speed in all three states of matter

14. Diffusion takes place more slowly in liquids than in gases becausea) in gases particles/molecules move more slowlyb) in gases particles/molecules move more quicklyc) in liquids particles/molecules cannot moved) in liquids particles/molecules move instantaneously

15. For diffusion to take placea) no energy is neededb) just a little energy is neededc) a moderate amount of energy is neededd) high energy is needed

Task 9 Read about the Concentration Gradient on page 9 of the Notes.When a lorry emits toxic fumes into the air, the nearer you are to the lorry the higher the concentration of the toxic molecules. The further you are away from the lorry, the lower the concentration of toxic fumes.1. Draw a cartoon showing the concentration of toxic fumes from a lorry in a street near your house. Colour the fume particles black.

2. Look at the chart showing the concentration of carbon dioxide being diffused over a period of time.a) Draw your cartoon again showing the concentration of fumes half an hour after the lorry has driven away.

b) Draw two charts. In the first, show the chart of the concentration of fumes in the street one to five minutes after the lorry moved away. In the second, show the concentration of fumes ten minutes to an hour after it has driven away.

Task 10 Read about Diffusion in Cells on page 10 of the Notes.

1. How do substances get into and out of cells?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the scientific name of the process by which substances enter and leave cells?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Why do you think cells need to be able to bring substances into them?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why do you think cells need to be able to let substances leave them?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Name two substances which cells need to take in.

______________________________________________________________________

6. Name any waste substance which leaves cells.

______________________________________________________________________

7. What happens if a cell has a lower concentration of oxygen particles in it than the air around it?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What happens if a cell has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide molecules than the air around the cell?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Draw a labelled diagram of the diffusion of substances into and out of a cell.

Task 11 Read about Osmosis on page 10 of the Notes.

The diagram shows an experiment to demonstrate how osmosis takes place in a sugar solution.Label the diagram.

Complete:

Osmosis is a special type of _____________________________.

In Osmosis, the molecules which move are ______________ molecules.

If a membrane is ‘permeable’ this means that substances can get through it.

The membrane through which the water molecules pass is called a semi-permeable membrane (or a partially permeable membrane, or a selectively permeable membrane) because it allows _____________ molecules to pass through but __________________________________________________________________________________________________

Osmosis takes place in solutions such as a solution of g________________ in water.

In osmosis, the movement of the water molecules is from a __________ concentration of water molecules to a ___________ concentration of water molecules through the partially permeable membrane.

An example of osmosis is in plants. Plants take ______________ into root hair cells by the process of _____________. Root hair cells have a _____________ surface area to make the process _______________.

Diffusion and Osmosis

W I G D Z G B F X S E E D O K N Z E H F C C E S N

There is less solution than before in this half of the beaker because the water molecules in the solution have

The glucose molecules are __________ concentrated.The water molecules are __________ concentrated.

The glucose molecules are __________ concentrated.The water molecules are __________ concentrated.

A Y U I W O B F E S Q Y X C O F L O F O G A N E OS H G L S C Y L Y U E Y Y I V B R Z N I K R A L ET V F U W I U V I P G C T V A X X C U F O B R C NE V V T B C M L A E Z A U E E P E T I A P O B I EM C N E E E I R N S R K M H E N G J V B A N M T RA Q I L A B T C O T X R H E T S A O K K D D E R GT Z O A R I G L N E E U B R L C O D V V I I M A YE M L I C L U E S P R W A T T B B C Z T Z O L P FR Q U L X T C U Y R C T J R L S U T U Y S X L S NI M E R I N F L U Z I M R E U M X L F L Y I E M RA S V O O F L M B O N Q G F W J A F O H G D C H TL S N C I A Y E N B K C E B R A L F K S H E M W JS S W D I Y B G H I G H C O N C E N T R A T I O NN O N T K H R S W Z W Z G M U F Q E D B R S C U CL X R H E A B V M Z Z J F F H Q A C Y C T Y L M BP A A D D S E L E C T I V E L Y P E R M E A B L EP L O I I D X R S E D J S G W H U S R V P G O T PA O E Y V X R A R P F M F M I B U W C J H M I N AF N U Z Q C V Y R R R H K K U A F I E W D M J E ST P D W E M X N H V S W N D L S I S O M S O C M SR C D I N R O O T H A I R C E L L S J M K F V E IN O I S U F F I D W A T E R M O L E C U L E S V VV J L X H Z U Q D O A D I C B G Q O W O O K V O EQ W L D I B C Q R N K X S L W G S H C Q R K Z M C

Carbon dioxide Cell membrane Concentration gradient

Diffuse Diffusion Dilute

Dye particles Equilibrium Food

Glucose High concentration Low concentration

Molecules Movement No energy

Osmosis Oxygen Partially permeable

Particles Passive Root hair cells

Selectively permeable Soluble Solutions

Waste materials Water molecules

Task 12 Read about Cell Division on page 11 of the Notes.

Highlight in green the statements below which are true.

1. Cells in living things need to decrease in number.2. Cells in living things need to increase in number.3. Cells need to increase their number in some organisms to reproduce.4. Cells need to increase in number because some of them disappear.5. Cells need to increase in number because organisms need to grow.6. Cells need to increase in number because old, worn out cells have to be replaced.7. Cells increase in number by growing bigger.8. Cells increase in number by dividing themselves in two.9. All cells divide in two so that the number of cells in an organism increases.10. Some organisms have only one cell.11. Organisms with only one cell are very small.12. An example of an organism with only one cell is an amoeba.13. Organisms which have only one cell do not live very long.14. Organisms which have only one cell are called uni-organisms.15. Organisms which have only one cell are called unicellular organisms.16. A bacterium is a unicellular organism.17. There are very few unicellular organisms.18. Organisms which have more than one cell are called multi-cellular organisms.19. There are millions of multi-cellular organisms.20. A plant is not a multi-cellular organism.21. When cells divide themselves in two, the nucleus stays in one half.22. When cells divide themselves in two, the nucleus also divides in two.23. When the nucleus divides itself in two, half of the information in it goes into one half and

half of the information in it goes into the other.24. When the nucleus divides itself in two, both nuclei are identical.25. When the nucleus divides into two, both new nuclei get all of the information because the

information doubles itself as the nucleus divides.26. The cytoplasm all stays in one half of the cell.27. The cytoplasm in the cell also divides in two.28. When the cell divides, the two new cells are called ‘half’ cells.29. When the cell divides, the two new cells are called ‘junior’ cells.30. When the cell divides, the two new cells are called ‘daughter’ cells.

Label the diagram below to show how an amoeba divides itself to reproduce.

Task 13 Read about Mitosis (the Division of Cells) on pages 12 and 13 of the Notes.

Below are diagrams of the stages of Mitosis (the division of cells), but in the wrong order.

Stages 1 to 5 show what happens inside the nucleus. Stages 6 and 7 show what happens after the nucleus has doubled itself.

Draw them in the boxes below, in the correct order.

Write what is happening in the 5 slides above. ________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________

3. ________________________________________________________________

4. ________________________________________________________________

5. ________________________________________________________________

Task 14 Read about Mitosis on page 13 of the Notes.

Discuss with a partner and then answer in sentences:

1. Why must the full set of 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of an organism pass to each of the ‘daughter cells’ when a cell divides?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What happens if an extra chromosome goes into one of the daughter cells but not the other?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What happens if the different stages of mitosis (cell division) are not carefully controlled and cell division gets out of control?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What happens when cancer cells gather together?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What problems can tumours cause in a body?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Suggest two reasons why some people get cancer.

a) ___________________________________________________________________

b) ___________________________________________________________________

7. From your own knowledge, how do doctors think that people can avoid getting cancer?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Mitosis

S Z E W N W M O S S T N R L N N C R R L Y O L V A

A C R D A I R O I J O A Z L O W Y Q E E K R E S YM Z N F T G A S X I L K S E I D V Y C R T A L W QC J P O A D A C S U R J W C T M Q M N Q G L F H RY E S N I T O I L H W D Y R A E K J A T G U X W EP I I H S K V L F N J B A E M C Q M C H H L Y C PS S C A X I E O G H T M A H R S Q R U B T L W N RM E T M D C R F X B Z L C T O N M Z C V W E T Y OP E U L I T H E G F C R K O F Z U O K J O C U S DM F L T Y T H G I L N U S M N M A C K B R I M I UX E L S R I A P E R Q Y V A I Q F J L I G N O S CC U I W V A M O E B A A L O C G C Y X E N U U H TM X B C M H A O F D Q N A E I D H W D R U G R X IM D G J Q F Y A U X P X C S T V R Y I N H S I L OD E L L O R T N O C N U I A E W B E G N B R P O NL L E C R E T H G U A D T E N I O P R S P B Y R AP P R Y P L Z V B E A P N R E K J Q H U Y B X T SS E M O S O M O R H C H E C G W B K X K O A G N DL K T K C B H S X B O P D N N O A L M N A C R O LA B L Q E L S O I U P J I I V S W Z C V A C A C FO R Y T I M P Z G Z N D H P P H S Z Z A J R Y B QC M J D N S L C P T Q T Z U F B D L E P N I N W BV V R R H B V F D K C O U T M C C D Q I U I M R ME F S N P Q Q P G K Q Z E V C S X V M J T F Y R FX T S V X J H F C M I D K L X H L W F Y B O W Y H

Amoeba Cancer Cell division

Chromosomes Control Daughter cell

Forty six Genetic information Growth

Identical Increase Metastasis

Mitosis Mother cell Multi cellular

Nucleus Organism Repair

Reproduction Smoking Sunlight

Tumour Uncontrolled Unicellular

Task 15 Read about Chromosomes and Genes on page 14 of the Notes.

1. There is a part called a nucleus ina) all cellsb) nearly all cellsc) just animal cellsd) just plant cells

2. The function of the nucleus is toa) Make the cell quite stiffb) Stop material from escaping from the cellc) Allow photosynthesis to take placed) Control everything in the cell

3. The nucleusa) stops cells dividingb) controls cells dividingc) makes cells divide uncontrollablyd) kills cells that try to divide

4. The nucleus contains the organism’sa) genetic instructionsb) genetic colourc) genetic preferencesd) genetic dealings

5. Chromosomes area) what the genetic instructions feed offb) what prevents cells dividingc) where the genetic instructions are carriedd) a type of wrist watch

6. Chromosomes are founda) in the cytoplasmb) in the vacuolec) attached to the cell membraned) in the nucleus

7. Chromosomes look likea) rubberb) rolled-up threadc) jellyd) worms

8. Human beings havea) 30 chromosomesb) 80 chromosomesc) 23 chromosomesd) 46 chromosomes

9. Chromosomes are always a) in threesb) in groups of fivec) in pairsd) single

10. In chromosome pairsa) both come from the motherb) one comes from the father, one from the motherc) both come from the fatherd) neither comes from the parents

11. All organisms havea) the same number of chromosomesb) 46 chromosomesc) no chromosomesd) different numbers of chromosomes

12. Chromosomes are made ofa) OHPb) DDTc) LTDd) DNA

13. Chromosomes are divided into sections calleda) Somocrosb) Cellsc) Genesd) Chromoparts

14. Genetic instructions are carried in a) vansb) bacteriac) backpacksd) genes

15. The genes carry instructions to makea) proteinsb) chromosomesc) carbohydratesd) music

16. All proteinsa) make you strongb) do different work for the organismc) protect the cellsd) make the cells divide

17. The proteins which make cells work are calleda) work proteinsb) enzymesc) acidsd) genetic proteins

18. Your genes are responsible fora) all the characteristics you inheritb) making you tallc) keeping you healthyd) keeping you awake

Task 16 Read about DNA and Genes on page 15 and the Structure of DNA on page 16.

Highlight in green the statements below which are true.

1. Human beings have a small number of cells in their body.2. Human beings have lots of different types of cells in their body.3. It is impossible to count the number of cells which are in a human body because there are so many.4. In a human body, just some of the cells have a nucleus.5. There is a nucleus in every cell you have.6. Bodies do not really need a nucleus in every cell.7. Chromosomes are in each cell, attached to the outside of the nucleus.8. Chromosomes are an organism’s genetic material.9. Chromosomes are made of a substance called deoxyribo nucleic acid.10. Deoxyribo nucleic acid is usually called DOBNA.11. The name deoxyribo nucleic acid is usually shortened to DNA.12. Not everyone has DNA.13. DNA is responsible for your inherited characteristics. 14. DNA is not responsible for how tall you are. Your height is to do with how much you eat.15. DNA carries instructions to make food.16. DNA carries instructions to make proteins.17. DNA is made of smaller sections called genes.18. Some genes are not important.19. Each gene contains the instructions for one thing about you, for example eye colour.20. You get your genes from your parents.21. The way you smile has nothing to do with genes.22. Genes from your parents are responsible for you having long hair.23. Genes from your parents are responsible for you wanting to be an astronaut.24. Cells are bigger than genes.25. Genes are part of Chromosomes, made of DNA.26. DNA is shaped like a blob of jelly.27. DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder and called a double helix.28. The ‘rungs of the ladder’ are the genes.29. The ‘rungs of the ladder’ are in two parts called bases which hold together.30. DNA is made of two strands held together by weak bonds between a pair of bases.

Task 17

Label the diagram below.

Task 18 Read about the Therapeutic Use of Cells on page 18 of the Notes.Try to do the task below from memory first and then check with page 18.

Fill in the blank spaces below.

G_____________ e____________________ is the process of a_______________

new __________ to an organism.

The aim is to add a new t______________.

A t____________ is a c______________________________ that is ______________

_____________________________________________________________________.

Examples of genetically engineered organisms are p____________ which have resistance

to some i_______________ and plants which are n____ a______________ by some

h____________________.

S_________________ have transferred g_______________ between d____________ t___________

of l___________ t_____________, usually between _______________ and b___________________.

Genes are s__________ s__________________ of __________.

Each gene h__________ the i___________________ for how to make

a s__________ p_________________.

Genetic engineering works by p_______________ r________________ a g_________ from one

o________________ and p_____________ it into a_________________. This gives the organism

r_________________ the g____________ the ability to s_________ that s_________

t______________.

Task 19 Read about the Products of Genetic Engineering on page 18 of the Notes.The Notes describe three products of genetic engineering which have saved many lives.Read the statements below.Highlight the statements referring to Insulin in blue.Highlight the statements referring to Factor 8 in green.Highlight the statements referring to Human Growth Hormone in yellow.1. It is a hormone.

2. It is a peptide hormone.

3. It stimulates growth.

4. It controls blood clotting

5. It is an inherited blood condition

6. It is used as a drug to treat children with growth disorders

7. It is produced in the pancreas

8. Without it, blood continues to flow from an injury

9. It is used to control the concentration of glucose in the blood.

10. Without it, and an organism cannot repair an injury.

11. It is taken by people who have diabetes.

12. It is taken by injection.

13. People with haemophilia need it.

14. It stimulates cell reproduction and cell repair in humans

15. It regulates the carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body.

16. It is a protein.

17. It helps the blood’s ability to clot.

18. People who can regulate the concentration of glucose in their blood by following a low

sugar diet do not need it.

19. It is used by people with a deficiency in the hormones used for growth.

20. It is used by people with Type 1 diabetes.

Task 20 Read about Stem Cells and Stem Cell Technology on page 19 of the Notes.

Extended WritingWrite a description of Stem Cells and Stem Cell Technology.

Write a sentence each about:a) what stem cells areb) why stem cells are specialc) some examples of what stem cells can dod) why stem cells are needede) how stem cells are placed into the body of a patientf) how stem cells can help people with conditions like Leukaemia.

Stem cells are ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Draw a diagram of what stem cells can do.

Task 21 Chromosomes, Genes and Genetic Engineering

O H X V R B S Z O I M P O G E J Z A G C C A E C HP F O I A O S G N D M C Q K M C Z E E T I P X H Y

O U F S S I E S G J A E T N R E N L I L Y K L A VT F E S B Y U Z K K N W E R Z E L X I T Z C M R FY S T H P L T S Z K E X S V T S N H O G Q C Q A CU C Q L I R T R X I C M T I W A P Y Y W E K Y C LW G W N Q I I O O H N I C Z U O R L B M N W F T BB Q S D A E M N R F B A Q F M A Y F A Y P U P E FU P M R B D F O G C L C Q E K B P Z D M C J L R IL X T L P Y M Q Z L K R A K B C T X O V A Q T I GZ G M K W O E K Y W A H D O U B L E H E L I X S IM K O I S R N M K S D K D Q I F Q O Q M P K Z T WM Z A O A P O B A C T E R I A H H U O Q U W W I OT E M V E D S N I E T O R P M C R W Y O B W Z C LL E P H I E N O M R O H H T W O R G N A M U H S LS H W F F U B K G R N W M O P S E Z A R B L Q F LO U I G N I R E E N I G N E C I T E N E G M S R WS E D I A B E T E S I F J G P D Q O T W X S T M RD U M A A M K S V W H F V H P P B U Z D T H C D EV V E N I M Q W X Y X L L P F U S H X P T X C C FI G H L J S T N E R A P N A B A T F H G R S D A SA V B S C L D P X O V T H T H G I E R O T C A F NG N M P J U M R S F R I H B M U K O U W P V S I AU Z D I K F N C D U V Z E T A Q D M C P V V T V RI N S T R U C T I O N S G E N E S Z C B S A F I T

Bacteria Bases Cells

Characteristics Chromosomes Diabetes

DNA Double helix Factor eight

Forty six Genes Proteins

Genetic engineering Haemophilia Traits

Instructions Insulin Karyotype

Nucleus Offspring Parents

Genetically modified Human growth hormone Transfer

Task 22 Read about Enzymes on page 20 of the Notes.Highlight in green the statements below which are true.1. Enzymes are small animals.2. Enzymes are proteins. 3. Enzymes are not present in the cells of living things.4. The cells of all living things contain enzymes.5. There is only one type of enzyme.6. There are many types of enzyme.7. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions inside and outside cells.8. Enzymes are not very important but they are interesting.9. Enzymes slow down chemical reactions.10. Organisms need chemical reactions to take place in them or they will die.11. Chemical reactions have to be speeded up because if left alone they would be too slow

to keep organisms alive.12. Enzymes are very special substances in chemical reactions because they work only at

high temperatures.13. Enzymes are different and special because they work at quite low temperatures.14. All enzymes are catalysts.15. All catalysts are enzymes.16. Catalysts are substances which cause other substances to change but do change

themselves.17. Catalysts are substances which speed up chemical reactions and change themselves at

the same time.18. Enzymes are very interesting substances.19. The important thing about an enzyme is its colour.20. The important thing about an enzyme is its name.21. The important thing about an enzyme is its shape.22. The important thing about an enzyme is its texture.23. Enzymes are specific. Specific means they can alter species.24. Enzymes are specific. Specific means they can do just one thing.25. Enzymes work by attaching themselves to ‘their’ substance and changing it.26. Enzymes attach themselves to a substance in order to speed up a chemical process in it.27. The substance that enzymes attach themselves to is called a submarine.28. The substance that enzymes attach themselves to is called a substrate.29. The substance that enzymes attach themselves to is called a subordinate.30. An enzyme and its substrate are shaped to fit together perfectly.

Task 23

Below is the process by which an enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in a substance.The stages are in the wrong order.Use the boxes below to put them back into the correct order.

A A process called catalysis happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new.

B However, the enzyme has not changed. The enzyme is now ready to do the same process on another substrate molecule.C The enzyme takes hold of the substrate in a special area called the active site.

The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits exactly around the substrate.

D An enzyme molecule and a substrate molecule are near each other. The substrate is the molecule that the enzyme will change.E When the process of catalysis is over, the enzyme lets go.

When the enzyme has released it, the substrate is no longer the same as it was beforethe reaction. It is now called the product.

Task 24

Use the diagrams for ideas to draw your own version of the process of catalysis in the box below.Label your own diagram.

Task 25 Read the Examples of Enzymes on page 21 of the Notes.

Highlight the statement below which is about catalase in blue.Highlight the statement below which is about amylase in yellow.Highlight the statement below which is about pepsin in green.Highlight the statement below which is about maltose in grey.Highlight the statement below which is about phosphorylase in red.

1. It breaks protein into amino acids.2. It builds up glucose to produce starch.3. It breaks hydrogen peroxide up to produce water and oxygen.4. It breaks down fats to produce fatty acids and glycerol.5. It breaks down starch to produce maltose (sugar).

Display the information above as word equations.

1

2

3

4

5

Task 26 Read about the Factors which control the Activity of Enzymes on page 22.

1. Why do organisms have to be able to control the activity of enzymes?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What name is given to substances which make the enzymes work harder and faster?

___________________________

3. Name any activator.

___________________________

4. What are Inhibitors?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Name any inhibitor which can make enzymes change shape.

________________________________

6. Name any inhibitor which can stop enzymes bonding to their substrate.

________________________________

7. How does high temperature work as an inhibitor?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the optimum temperature for enzymes to work?

___________

9. At what temperature does enzyme activity start to slow down?

___________

10. What name is given to enzymes getting out of shape?

__________________________

Task 27 Enzymes

EnzymesB N Q G N S J S F E P Z P N B V S P B G G T L U QA W S Z O J D A U X N R B U J E N C A T A L A S EC O B K I E T I U B O Z I M S G O S G L U C O S EX D O P T S T L C T S L Y O K S I E P P J Z K R AP K N C C O W I E A D T T M D S T Z X E L Y P K AL A D R A C Y I S U Y L R I E N I A U A C W Y M LO E Z P E R N P P E A T C A U S D P Y Y C I K R JR R K Y R S R U B M V A T K T E N H X I X T F X CE B S G L O I T E B O I O A G E O O O O D Q F I KC L P U A H U T Z N W T T X F Z C S E M F O A I CY H T F C H W I I E T U T C K Q M P P L I D P D TL I K L I W R M S L I A S Q A I U H E S A L Y M AG M F T M O A D E R U T A N E D M O A P Y M D O EW F C L E M O L E C U L E S S J I R T T Q T E B JB X O F H S L R X S Q W G I M B T Y T T J Z G G BC A Q U C N C T Q Z N X X Z S N P L A W I C N C IL O W T E M P E R A T U R E I M O A C F T S A K YG E X J Q P I S K U R M U V N H R S H S P P H D CP R O D U C T S T A S F S J A F X E Y E B E C Z TL I P A S E Q G G A V G D C G L C L P T Z E W Z AP Z W Q D I F U S S R P Q B R Z A S Y M E D Z F ZX J P M V S S J X R G C A P O T I Y P O H U A C DU N C H A N G E D K E C H V A N O G O T H P D B GC V U T T C J R V Z Z Z T C E T C M A L K O C N NQ U Y D E B S L L E C T C I T M O E Y C N E M Y R

Active site Amylase Amino acids AttachBond Break down Build up CatalaseCatalyst Cells Changed Chemical reactionDenatured Enzymes Exact fit FatsFatty acids Glucose Glycerol LipaseLow temperature Maltose Molecules OrganismsOptimum conditions Pepsin Phosphorylase ProductsProteins Specific Speed up StarchSubstrate Sugar Unchanged

Task 28 Read about Respiration on page 23 of the Notes.Highlight in green the statements below which are true.Your teacher will ask you to explain your answers to the statements in italics.1. Respiration is the same thing as breathing.2. Respiration is sometimes called breathing.3. Breathing is sometimes called respiration.4. Breathing is to do with air coming into and going out of lungs.5. Only people breathe.6. Only plants breathe.7. People and animals respire.8. Plants respire.9. Respiration is to do with releasing energy.10. Energy is not needed in plants.11. Energy is needed in all living things.12. Plants need energy to grow.13. Releasing energy takes place in all cells.14. All living things need energy to be able to reproduce and to repair themselves if they get

damaged.15. Some cells don’t do much so they don’t need energy.16. All living things change shape.17. Plants can move.18. If living things did not have energy they would die.19. Living things need energy to build large molecules of substances from smaller molecules.20. Organisms can move material out of cells and into cells without energy.

If you had to explain why people, animals and plants need energy to a seven-year-old brother or sister, what would you say? Write it below or draw a cartoon showing what an animal or plant would be like without energy.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Task 29 Read about Respiration – The Release of Energy on page 23 of the Notes.Highlight the correct word in the brackets below.

Respiration is the release of (energy / food / proteins).

The source of energy is (food / vitamins / water)

The source of energy released by respiration is (amylase / oxygen / glucose).

The food/glucose has to be (consumed / ignored / broken up) to release energy.

Energy is released from glucose by a process called (oxygenation / respiration / annihilation).

There are (two / three / many) types of Respiration.

Respiration using oxygen is called (Oxygenated Respiration / Aerobic Respiration / Ordinary

Respiration.

Aerobic Respiration takes place in the (Nucleus / Membrane / Mitochondria) of cells.

Anaerobic Respiration is respiration which takes place (daily / without oxygen / in the lungs)

The type of respiration which takes place in the cytoplasm of cells is (Aerobic respiration /

Anaerobic Respiration / Antipathetic Respiration).

RevisionDraw a white blood cell or a palisade cell. Label the important parts of each cell. Label clearly what each part of the cell does. (Look back in the notes if you are not sure.)Remember to label very clearly the part where energy is released.

Task 30 Read about Aerobic Respiration on page 24 of the Notes.

1. Respiration is a series ofa) emotional reactionsb) neurological reactionsc) physical reactionsd) chemical reactions

2. Respirationa) goes on all the timeb) goes on at nightc) goes on when the organism is physically fitd) stops when the organism reproduces

3. Respiration takes place ina) animal cells but not plant cellsb) plant cells but not animal cellsc) both plant cells and animal cellsd) neither plant cells nor animal cells

4. Respiration is controlled bya) proteinsb) enzymesc) chemicalsd) the atmosphere

5. Respiration is affected bya) temperatureb) the time of dayc) habitatd) predators

6. In respirationa) oxygen is releasedb) proteins are releasedc) energy is storedd) energy is released

7. The type of energy released by respiration isa) kinetic energyb) light energyc) heat energyd) potential energy

8. The energy released is measured ina) caloriesb) kilogramsc) kilometresd) kilojoules

9. Glucose isa) a sugarb) a proteinc) a drinkd) a sweet

10. Animals and people get glucose froma) Tescob) foodc) the chemist’s

d) oxygen

11. Plants get glucose froma) water and sunlight by photosynthesisb) the soilc) nutrients that come in through the rootsd) being given plant food

12. The process of respirationa) bonds the glucose to other materialsb) breaks the glucose upc) consumes the glucosed) destroys the glucose

13. Respiration breaks glucose up so thata) plants can breatheb) organisms can get energy out of it c) organisms can reproduced) plants can have a strong gre en colour

14. There area) many types of respirationb) two types of respiration, strong and weakc) two types of respiration, with and without oxygen d) two types of respiration, with and without energy

15. Aerobic respiration is the type of respiration whicha) uses oxygen to break up the glucoseb) uses hydrogen to break up the glucosec) uses hammers to break up the glucosed) uses water to break up the glucose

16. Aerobic respiration is used bya) animals and people but not plantsb) plants and animals but not peoplec) animals but not people or plantsd) animals, plants and people

17. Oxygen gets into people and animals froma) waterb) airc) foodd) exercising

18. Oxygen gets into plants bya) feeding themb) photosynthesisc) wateringd) pruning them

19. During respirationa) very little energy is producedb) a small amount of energy is producedc) a large amount of energy is producedd) a gigantic amount of energy is produced

20. The amount of energy produced by aerobic respiration is abouta) 1000 kilojoules b) 2000 kilojoules c) 3000 kilojoules d) 4000 kilojoules

21. During aerobic respirationa) oxygen and carbon dioxide are produced as waste materialsb) carbon dioxide and glucose are produced as waste materialsc) glucose and oxygen are produced as waste materialsd) carbon dioxide and water are produced as waste materials

22. The waste materials from respirationa) are used by the organism for foodb) are sent out into the atmosphere by the organismc) are used to produce more energyd) are stored for future use

23. The word equation for aerobic respiration isa) oxygen + water (speeded up by enzymes)

carbon dioxide + energy + glucoseb) carbon dioxide + water + energy (speeded up by enzymes) oxygenc) enzymes + glucose + water (not speeded up) carbon dioxide + energy

d) glucose + oxygen (speeded up by enzymes) energy + water + carbon dioxide

24. One way you can tell that aerobic respiration is happening becausea) nitrogen is used upb) hydrogen is used upc) carbon dioxide is used upd) oxygen is used up

25. Another way you can tell that aerobic respiration is happening because a) carbon dioxide and water are given outb) carbon dioxide and water are used upc) carbon dioxide but not water is given outd) water but not carbon dioxide is given out

26. When heat energy is given out you know thata) respiration has stoppedb) aerobic respiration is occurringc) the organism is breathingd) photosynthesis is taking place

27. You can also find out the extent to which respiration is taking place by measuringa) the length of the cellsb) the number of cellsc) the dry weight of cellsd) the humidity of cells

Task 31Read about Aerobic Respiration on page 24 of the Notes and revise what you know about Enzymes (pages 20 – 22 of the Notes)Draw and label what you think is happening in the cells during aerobic respiration.

Task 32 Read about Anaerobic Respiration on page 25 of the Notes.

1. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration __________________________________________________

Anaerobic respiration ________________________________________________

2. Which type of respiration is most commonly used by organisms?

_____________________________________

3. Give one situation in which an organism might use anaerobic respiration to get energy.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What percentage of glucose is used up by aerobic respiration? ______________

What percentage of glucose is used up by anaerobic respiration? ______________

5. How much energy is given off by aerobic respiration? a little / a lot

How much energy is given off by anaerobic respiration? a little / a lot

6. Highlight the part of the cell below where anaerobic respiration takes place.

7. In animal cells, what substance is produced as a result of anaerobic respiration?

______________________________________________________________________

8. In plant and yeast cells, what substances are produced as a result of anaerobic respiration?

______________________________________________________________________

9. What happens in a person’s muscles during long periods of hard exercise?

_____________________________________________________________________

10. Why do muscles use anaerobic respiration rather than aerobic respiration during hard exercise?

_____________________________________________________________________

10. What substance has built up in the muscles because of anaerobic respiration?

_____________________________________________________________________

11. Too much lactic acid causes pain. Why does your body give you pain?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

12. How does your body get rid of the excess lactic acid?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Below are two 100 square diagrams.Colour the squares to display the percentage of energy given off by aerobic and

anaerobic respiration.

Percentage of energy given off by Aerobic Respiration

Percentage of energy given off by Anaerobic Respiration

Task 33Respiration

L E A C O H L N I L D P Y O R O R Y W P G G V H OI H N G O S O N O I T G R X D E O H T W O R G F UG B D Z L M D D C I R U P Y O W S S N I E T O R PH D I Z Y I B A D E T N E G O A Q P W P O R K J MT C Q H C M C I N F I C D E L T I C I G A A H D HS X A A L I E E N Z S P U N B E J K E R K R N U WN S T R T R K S H E U K R D X R S J E N A T Y T OE O G C B C G B Z D G A Z P O T W V E O R T H C TR C A A O O F R P H A L H E C R T A W I J D I K NK L A L R B H O G C R O O U E M P S H T P S U O AT G N R G O T Y Y M T F D S J K B E Z C R N V L NE U S P B G M A D O U O L Q Y S F D R A C O A X NI M I B P O T M S R R B S V N E A E B E C W F Q RO A S Z I A N Y B P A L Z N U M N R H R G I X R CE Q Z U M L N D E D L T E N E R G Y D L U T O S LA M E O T T E T I E C I E P Z M O D O A T B F K TC H T T H S S G C O T N E M E V O M O C C F S C IW S F E O A N L W O X P P D Z G H B F I E W E S JW N S C W I A Y K Y E I P B R G W V P M U G T S VG I U Q N M V Q S F P D D E B K V T I E R W V W YS L I R I X Q Y R E F E K E X N E D B H I J F G RG F U N P H L O E M T U B E S W Y R A C A Z M S YV B A C P E O V R S L L E C T N A L P R J Z A G SS I S E H T N Y S E R L S P H G M V P S K E W A Z

D W V J Q Q D Z K T R Y E W B S N G E W U K Z W R

AirAnimal cellsBloodBurningCarbohydrateCarbon dioxideChemical reactionCombineDarkEnergyEnzymes

FoodGlucoseGrowthIndicatorLactic acidLightMovementOxygenPhloem tubesPhotosynthesisPlant cells

ProteinsReproductionRespirationStomataSugarSynthesisUnlock energyWaste productsWater

Task 34 Read about Bacteria on page 26 of the Notes.

The picture shows a number of different types of micro-organism (microbe).From memory, write at least 4 facts about microbes.(You can check them later with the information on page 26 of the Notes.)

1._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 35 Research

Work in a group of three people.

a) Find one helpful type of bacteria each. Write a description showing its name and how it is helpful. Find a photograph of a slide showing the bacterium. Make a poster labelled Helpful Bacteria.

b) Find one unhelpful or dangerous type of bacteria each. Write a description showing its name and how it is unhelpful or dangerous. Find a photograph of a slide showing the bacterium. Make a poster labelled Dangerous Bacteria.

Task 36Read about the biotechnology industry, cheese making, on pages 27 and 28 of the Notes.

Discuss the answer to the questions below in pairs. Report your answers to the rest of the class. Your teacher will tell you which answers you have to write.

1. Why do you think cows are milked in milking sheds rather than out in the fields?

Think of as many reasons as you can.

2. Why do you think the milk is heated to 73ºC in the making of nearly all cheese?

3. What might happen if the milk was not pasteurised?

4. Why do you think individual cheese makers might not want to pasteurise the milk first?

5. Why do manufacturers have to put bacteria into the pasteurised milk?

6. Why do you think they want to speed up the cheese-making process?

7. Why do they add rennin?

8. Why are they able to cut the curds up into blocks?

9. Why do they cut the curds up into blocks?

10. Why do they keep the curds rather than the whey?

11. Why do you think the whey might be useful for animal feed?

12. Why do you think herbs and salt are put into the cheese?

13. Why do you think the curds have to be squeezed very hard?

14. Why do some cheeses have more bacteria injected into them?

15. Why do you think they leave the cheeses to mature for at least two months?

16. Why do you think it is useful for a cheese to develop a natural rind?

Task 37

Re-arrange the pictures below. Draw a cartoon version of each and write what is happening.

Task 38 Read How Bacteria affect Milk on page 27 of the Notes.Fill in the blank spaces below.

B_________________ are used to produce d_________ p___________ from milk such as y____________ and c____________.

When milk is being used to make cheese:

It is p_________________ (h___________ to _____ºC) to k_______ h_____________ bacteria. P_________________ also kills the bacteria which are n__________ to m_________ the

c____________. Bacteria needed to make the cheese have to be r__________________. This is why

b____________ have to be a_______________ to the milk during the cheese-making process.

How Bacteria Affect Milk

B_________________ are important because the m________ must be s___________ before it can be made into yoghurt and cheese.

Milk contains a s___________ called l_______________. There is a certain t_________ of b______________ in milk which b__________ lactose down. These b____________ turn the l___________ into l__________ a__________.This t________ the milk s___________ and makes it c___________ (g__ l_________).

The p______________ they use is a________________ r_________________. Another name for anaerobic respiration is f_______________________.The s____________ of m_________ is a f________________ p____________.

L___________ a_________ l___________ the ______of the milk.

The pH starts at ____ on the ____ s__________. It l___________ over t_________. After s_____________ hours the ____ is d________ to ___ on the ___ scale.

The process of bacteria b___________ u__ l_______________ into l_________ a________ is called l___________ a__________ f___________________.

Copy the word equation for lactic acid fermentation.

What happens to the pH of milk when the milk is boiled, and why does this happen?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Task 39 Read how sewage is made harmless by bacteria on page 30 of the Notes.

Waste Treatment

Across4. Added to the liquid waste in the bio-towers.5. The huge tank where solid and liquid waste are separated.7. Another name for methane.9. Type of gas produced by anaerobic digestion.12. Another name for waste water.13. A very fine mesh is needed to filter out this material.15. One of the first things filtered out through meshes.16. Filtered out early in the process because they damage the machinery.18. Tank where solid waste is pumped after initial filtration.

Down1. The specific type of digester used to process solid waste.2. Pumped into the liquid sludge to speed up the reaction with the bacteria.3. Powered by biogas.6. Where cleaned liquid waste ends up.8. Huge underground tubes used to pump sewage to the water treatment works.10. Product obtained from methane.11. Provided to households by biogas.14. The final process used to clean the liquid waste.17. Finer meshes are used to filter out this material.19. Conditioned by clean solid waste.

Task 40 Read about the fungus Yeast on pages 31 and 32 of the Notes.

1. Yeast is a microscopic, single-celled organism. Use arrows to match the words on the left to their meaning on the right below:

microscopic has only one cell

single-celled living thing

organism very, very tiny

2. Draw a yeast cell and label the important parts.

3. What type of organism is yeast? __________________________________

4. List 4 places where yeasts are found.

________________________________ ________________________________

________________________________ ________________________________

5. What is yeast mainly used for? _______________________________________

6. What products are made using yeast? Name any 2.________________________________ __________________________________

7. Yeasts are fungi. What can plants do that fungi such as yeasts cannot do?______________________________________________________________________

8. How do fungi such as yeasts obtain food?______________________________________________________________________

9. What is the name of the process that yeasts use to obtain food from sugars?_______________________________________________

10. What is the name of the process that breaks glucose down?

________________________11. What two by-products are obtained by fermentation using yeast?

______________________________ ________________________________12. In wine-making using yeast, is the process used aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

_____________________________________13. Wine would ferment naturally if yeast was not used. Why do they add yeast?

___________________________________________________________________13. How long does the fermentation process take in wine-making?

_____________________________________14. What happens in bread-making to make the dough rise?

____________________________________________________________________15. Where does the carbon dioxide come from?

____________________________________________________________________16. What 4 ingredients are used to make beer?

____________________________ __________________________________________________________ ______________________________

17. Why must barley grains be processed before they can be used to make beer? ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

18. Describe what happens to the barley grains when they are allowed to sprout roots.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. What is this process called?

________________________________________

20. Write a word equation to show fermentation using yeast in beer production.

Task 41 YeastN C A B O U Y Z Y Q H U D H N D V D U L C E E B DF W A G U E I E U G W F S O W E Z I S K J S D E QZ W E R A B L N U U J L I C I L Q B Z I B A P E BF D O S B R B O Y L Y T I P N L N W L D J L I R IX Z T Y A O D L Q Y C G L O E E J J I A F Y D O HE S W B D D N U E U H J K T S C C S A C A M P U MF T G K A G K D D S K V P S H E S J R K N A X G YD Q H E U N C O I T R H Q C T L V T B M A A K M AF N R A G Z R Y P O H Y R W V G D C P E E R G C ZO B A V N P W R H N X A X Y V N X P H M R C X Z BV R A Z D O B A A A T I A M G I B D P S O N Q V VC P B O Q G L E G S S Q D P I S O E B N B F L X UI I O I G N U F K Q C G N E W Z C O B O I H P V VF F P P U E N N O I T A T N E M R E F I C O V V JO H R O D Q I I X O Z G W C M R C M Y T O P W I AE S F I C O S K I N M U F Z P H A F K A F S B K VH E G Y S S R A J R R I G Z I L C G J R K K R C EO T G L G E O G E N Z Y M E T O M P I I X D C U UZ A E L U R S R A W S R S O S T O O R P N I M X SZ N E O Z C E D C N U P S W A T E R J S I R C S QR I M H S W O N U I I E W M X T G Z Q E S B Z A FP M O O T N D S E V M S M A L T E D S R V U F D MR R I C A G G I E C C S M Z Z Y Z B S M O D G I KW E H L Q Z Q S L U Q J R V Q J C Q M H B W U A TQ G B A K M A S N F W K V F J N X Z F U B A X L R

Alcohol Amylase Anaerobic Barley

Beer Bread dough Bubbles Carbon dioxide

Energy Enzyme Ethanol Fermentation

Food production Fungi Germinate Glucose

Hops Malted Maltose Microscopic

Organism Respiration Rises Roots

Single celled Skin Soil Starch

Sugar Water Wine Yeasts

Task 42 Read about Photosynthesis on pages 33 and 34 of the Notes.

Highlight the statements which are true in green.Your teacher will ask you to explain your answer to the statements in italics.

1. Green plants make their own food.

2. The food which green plants make is a carbohydrate.

3. The process used by green plants to make starch is anaerobic respiration.

4. All organisms can make their own food.

5. All animals can eat food.

6. Plants need to be able to make their own food because they cannot move around to find

food.

7. All animals eat food produced by plants.

8. Lions eat animals such as zebras. So lions do not eat food produced by plants.

9. The process which plants use to make their own food in photosynthesis.

10. Photosynthesis is a very important process for all living things.

11. In photosynthesis, oxygen is taken in by plants.

12. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is taken in by plants.

13. In photosynthesis, light is not important.

14. In photosynthesis, light is very important.

15. Without light, photosynthesis can take place.

16. In photosynthesis, plants take in nutrients from the soil.

17. In photosynthesis, plants take in water from the soil.

18. In photosynthesis, the water molecules combine with carbon dioxide molecules to make

glucose.

19. Glucose builds up in plant cells to make starch.

20. Starch is the only thing that can be produced from glucose.

21. The energy that plants need for photosynthesis comes from the glucose.

22. The energy that plants need for photosynthesis comes from the sun as light energy.

23. The light energy is captured by the chemical chlorophyll.

24. Chlorophyll is red in colour but changes to orange.

25. Chlorophyll is green in colour.

26. Chlorophyll is the chemical that gives plants their green colour.

27. Chlorophyll is found in the nucleus of cells.

28. Chloroplasts are the parts of plants which contain chlorophyll.

29. In photosynthesis, plants give out oxygen.

30. Oxygen is very important because animals need oxygen to live.

31. Plants do not need oxygen to live; they take in carbon dioxide.

32. Glucose is used by plant cells to maintain the cell wall.

33. Glucose is used by plants to make chloroplasts.

34. Glucose is used in respiration.

35. The chemical symbol for glucose is (C6H12O6).

36. The chemical symbol for glucose shows that it contains carbon, but not hydrogen or

oxygen.

37. Glucose is used by cells for cell growth and repair.

38. Plants use glucose to release energy.

39. Plants do not need energy because they cannot move.

40. Plants using carbon dioxide in photosynthesis is useful because high levels of carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere can be dangerous.

From memory, write the word equation for photosynthesis below.Check that you have not left anything out on page 33 of the Notes.

Task 43 Read how plants affect the atmosphere on page 32 of the Notes.

On page 32 we see the difference between photosynthesis and respiration.Beside each statement below, write either photosynthesis or respiration or both.

1. Plants take in oxygen. ______________________2. Plants give out carbon dioxide. ______________________3. Plants give out oxygen. ______________________4. Plants take in oxygen. ______________________5. This process is used by both plants and animals. ______________________6. This process is used by just plants. ______________________7. This process happens in daytime. ______________________8. This process happens day and night. ______________________9. This process cannot happen at night. ______________________10.This process takes in O2 and gives out CO2. ______________________11.This process needs light. ______________________12.This process takes in CO2 and gives out O2. ______________________13.This process combines water and carbon dioxide. ______________________14.This process combines oxygen and glucose. ______________________

Task 44 Read about Limiting Factors for Photosynthesis on page 35 of the Notes.

It stands to reason that if plants need light, carbon dioxide, water and a moderate amount of heat for photosynthesis, then photosynthesis will be slowed down or even stopped if there is not enough of any one of these things.

In pairs make a poster of cartoons to show the stages of what you think a plant would look like over time if either:a) it did not have enough light and carbon dioxide orb) it did not have enough water orc) it got frozen.

Task 45 Read about overcoming the limiting factors on page 35 of the Notes.

Write in your own words a paragraph on what gardeners and horticulturalists do to overcome the effects of the limiting factors on photosynthesis in plants.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Task 46 Photosynthesis and Respiration

E R M T S S T G K S S Y W C I E T Y Y I J G P T H P H S S E

E S J B V E R O R Z G C H G S A A F J O V M R I P A K T N GM R I O U O S E P R D L F A T C S L I O Z E R S B R B A I AI S V S W O N U E O O O E M A D K O D O E R D Z B A O T E RT S P T E E S N O R M L V R P I J G N B W U D X O F N S T OY G H E D H E T O H E S B R S U Z L V J Y C P B A F O O O TA V R R J T T P S R N O T E M P E R A T U R E R P I I M R SD I A M H N H N Y I H E E M X C E E L Z S M T L R N T R P UX G Y G E Y N G Y Y L R E X U R V Q Q T R I K I O B A E S HI S I G L X R N D S I A R R E V C K S Q F O R O C U R H C TF L Y L D E H R D P O V R H G H K A H I X H X S E R I T E PS X T T N U A I S P M T P U E C L A C F O O D P S N P A L SO R D E E T F E B L L S O M T P T I Y D S J G H S E S Z L ZI K O Y E A R H C D O R I H O L A R I A P E R O Y R E S U IC D O T T B P R G M E C L R P L U S T A R C H T T S R M L AM A X S C W B E T T A X O Y L T M C Y E J D Y O I C N K O TD C R H K A F A A L U L T I E Y T N I G U W R S S E J V S WN O H B L A F W R G H H G T S G S Z O T Q F J Y N L Z X E CY U A Z O S M G C C G H T T O R N U S N R V H N E L G T Z FG U F Y F N R P N I T C E V C E B Z Z K R O M T T W T N G DS C J L D V D H N I M S H Q U E R Z L S W B H H N A J T T UE R J X D V X I Q J T K V H L N G I G M Q Q S E I L K G H VN N T F H X T U O A J I V K G P U O S O E L B S T L P A F SG Z I V V T U C E X L T M N K L Q X E G A U J I H S D S O JL R X B M P Q A M O I H S I O A V A G M Y Z M S G I A Q N QG R E E N C O L O U R D B T L N L Y I A K G P A I Z C N E VQ Z W U V K W I W N A T E K U T Z N T W Z L E L L F J Y S VN N A B L E Z N K Z C A R R P S A A J Z Y Q Z C Z N P O U SH C R S M B H Y C T A I F L W H W C I U F Y M R Q Q Q M R LX F K V D L B B G W S O P T O Q Q Z C Q Y C T D C E L L S M

Animals Artificial light Atmosphere CarbohydrateCarbon dioxide Cells Cellulose Cell wallsChemical Chlorophyll Chloroplasts DaytimeEnergy release Fats Food GardenersGas Glucose Green colour GreenhousesGreen plants Growth Horticulturalists Light energyLight intensity Limiting factors Night OilsOxygen Paraffin burners Photosynthesis PhotosynthesiseProcess Proteins Repair RespirationRespire Soil Starch StorageSun Temperature Thermostats Water