Western Europe / Middle AgesWestern Europe / Middle Ages Rise of the Franks Rise of the Franks

For hundreds of years following the For hundreds of years following the breakup of the Roman Empire, Europe was breakup of the Roman Empire, Europe was in chaos and disorder.in chaos and disorder.

Barbarians invaded the area and settled, Barbarians invaded the area and settled, bringing their ways of living and their bringing their ways of living and their customs.customs.

Eventually, customs and political patterns Eventually, customs and political patterns merged between the barbarians and the merged between the barbarians and the people from the former Roman Empire.people from the former Roman Empire.

Gradually, order was restored and between Gradually, order was restored and between the 400’s and 1500, historians consider this the 400’s and 1500, historians consider this the transition into the development of the transition into the development of Western culture.Western culture.

Middle Ages: The period of European Middle Ages: The period of European development. The time in history that development. The time in history that marks the end of the Classical Age and the marks the end of the Classical Age and the beginning of the Modern World.beginning of the Modern World.

The FranksThe Franks After the fall of the Roman Empire, Many After the fall of the Roman Empire, Many

Germanic Tribes invaded Western Germanic Tribes invaded Western Europe and created small kingdoms. Europe and created small kingdoms.

The FranksThe Franks: organized the Germanic : organized the Germanic people and shaped the post-Roman people and shaped the post-Roman Europe culture.Europe culture.

In 481, a ruler named Clovis became king In 481, a ruler named Clovis became king of one of the Frankish tribes.of one of the Frankish tribes.

Clovis traced his family back to an Clovis traced his family back to an ancestor named Merovech, thus Clovis ancestor named Merovech, thus Clovis and his tribe were called and his tribe were called MerovingiansMerovingians..

The Merovingians, with the support of The Merovingians, with the support of the Christian church, conquered other the Christian church, conquered other Frankish tribes and controlled northern Frankish tribes and controlled northern and southwestern Gaul.and southwestern Gaul.

This is the area of today’s France, which This is the area of today’s France, which is named for the Franks.is named for the Franks.

When Clovis died, his son divided the When Clovis died, his son divided the kingdom. kingdom.

After the death of Clovis, the Merovingian After the death of Clovis, the Merovingian kings were generally weak.kings were generally weak.

Eventually the chief of the royal Eventually the chief of the royal household, known as the “mayor of household, known as the “mayor of the palace”, became the real ruler of the palace”, became the real ruler of each kingdom.each kingdom.

Pepin II - ruled as “mayor of the Pepin II - ruled as “mayor of the palace” from 687 to 714.palace” from 687 to 714.

Charles Martel – A.K.A. Charles the Charles Martel – A.K.A. Charles the Hammer. Son of Pepin II, who became Hammer. Son of Pepin II, who became “mayor of the palace” after Pepin II “mayor of the palace” after Pepin II died.died.

Charles Martel and his cavalry fought Charles Martel and his cavalry fought off raid attempts in France from the off raid attempts in France from the Spanish Moore’s and the Muslims. Spanish Moore’s and the Muslims. (Battle of Tours)(Battle of Tours)

After Charles Martel’s death, his son, After Charles Martel’s death, his son, Pepin III (The Short) and his brother Pepin III (The Short) and his brother Carloman served as joint “mayors of Carloman served as joint “mayors of the palace” over the Merovingian the palace” over the Merovingian kingdom.kingdom.

In 751, Pepin III overthrew the last In 751, Pepin III overthrew the last Merovingian ruler (Childeric III) and Merovingian ruler (Childeric III) and claimed the Frankish throne. Pepin claimed the Frankish throne. Pepin was anointed king of Franks, was anointed king of Franks, establishing a new line of Frankish establishing a new line of Frankish rulers: the Carolingians.rulers: the Carolingians.

CharlemagneCharlemagne: Pepin III’s son and greatest of all Frankish : Pepin III’s son and greatest of all Frankish kings.kings.

Charlemagne inherited and rules the Frankish throne from Charlemagne inherited and rules the Frankish throne from 768 to 814.768 to 814.

Charlemagne was a devout Christian and helped spread Charlemagne was a devout Christian and helped spread Christian beliefs. Christian beliefs.

Charlemagne and the Christian church saw him as the Charlemagne and the Christian church saw him as the inheritor of Roman authority. inheritor of Roman authority. (Christmas 800 – Pope Leo III crowned him emperor.)(Christmas 800 – Pope Leo III crowned him emperor.)

Charlemagne established a court and capital at Aachen Charlemagne established a court and capital at Aachen (Modern day Germany), but spent most of his time traveling (Modern day Germany), but spent most of his time traveling through his realm to maintain his authority.through his realm to maintain his authority.

Charlemagne relied on aristocratic deputies known as Charlemagne relied on aristocratic deputies known as Counts, who held political, military, and legal authority in Counts, who held political, military, and legal authority in local jurisdiction.local jurisdiction.

Because many of the counts often had their own political Because many of the counts often had their own political ambitions and pursued policies contrary to the interest of ambitions and pursued policies contrary to the interest of the central government. the central government.

To tighten control, Charlemagne instituted a new group of To tighten control, Charlemagne instituted a new group of imperial officials known as imperial officials known as missi dominicimissi dominici “envoys of the “envoys of the lord ruler”, who traveled yearly to all local jurisdictions and lord ruler”, who traveled yearly to all local jurisdictions and reviewed the accounts of local authorities.reviewed the accounts of local authorities.

Charlemagne contributionsCharlemagne contributions::* Fought in many battle and defeated many tribes and * Fought in many battle and defeated many tribes and invaders (Lombards in Italy, the Saxons in N. Germany, the invaders (Lombards in Italy, the Saxons in N. Germany, the Avars in central Europe, the Moors across Pyrenees.)Avars in central Europe, the Moors across Pyrenees.)

* United much of Western Europe* United much of Western Europe* Strengthened the political powers of the * Strengthened the political powers of the FranksFranks* Influenced a cultural rebirth throughout * Influenced a cultural rebirth throughout Europe by supporting education, copying Europe by supporting education, copying ancient Roman manuscripts, creating libraries.ancient Roman manuscripts, creating libraries.* The pope preformed the coronation for * The pope preformed the coronation for Charlemagne, strengthening the ties between Charlemagne, strengthening the ties between the Franks and the Christian church.the Franks and the Christian church.* Charlemagne set the example for later kings * Charlemagne set the example for later kings in Medieval Europe.in Medieval Europe.

After Charlemagne’s death in 814, his After Charlemagne’s death in 814, his descendants, Louis the Pious, did not inherit descendants, Louis the Pious, did not inherit his ability to manage a kingdom.his ability to manage a kingdom.

By the mid-800 the Carolingian dynasty had By the mid-800 the Carolingian dynasty had begun to divide and collapse.begun to divide and collapse.

Invasions from Eastern Europe tribes such as Invasions from Eastern Europe tribes such as the Slavs and the Magyars terrorized Europe the Slavs and the Magyars terrorized Europe and broke apart Charlemagne’s empire.and broke apart Charlemagne’s empire.

Muslims invaded from the south and the Norse Muslims invaded from the south and the Norse (Vikings) invaded from the north.(Vikings) invaded from the north.

Answer the following Answer the following questions….questions….

1.1. Who were Who were Missi DominiciMissi Dominici??

2.2. What Pope coronated Charlemagne Christmas What Pope coronated Charlemagne Christmas Day of 800 A.D.Day of 800 A.D.

3.3. Who was Louis the Pious?Who was Louis the Pious?

4.4. What 3 groups invaded Gaul from the North, What 3 groups invaded Gaul from the North, South, and East?South, and East?

5.5. Where did the term “Vikings” originate from?Where did the term “Vikings” originate from?

6.6. Explain the Feudal System.Explain the Feudal System.

7.7. Explain the relationship between lords and Explain the relationship between lords and serfs.serfs.

VikingsVikings: Most feared group of invaders : Most feared group of invaders from Scandinavia.from Scandinavia.

The Vikings sailed shallow draft boats The Vikings sailed shallow draft boats that could cross heavy seas, but could that could cross heavy seas, but could also navigate the many rivers offering also navigate the many rivers offering access to interior regions of Europe.access to interior regions of Europe.

The Vikings were ruled by kings and The Vikings were ruled by kings and nobles, but were somewhat democratic. nobles, but were somewhat democratic. Assemblies of landowners made the Assemblies of landowners made the laws.laws.

The Vikings would raid and loot The Vikings would raid and loot settlements and then take captives back settlements and then take captives back to Scandinavia to work as slaves on their to Scandinavia to work as slaves on their farms.farms.

EnglandEngland 450 A.D. Roman rule had ended in 450 A.D. Roman rule had ended in

Britain.Britain. Germanic Tribes moved into the islands:Germanic Tribes moved into the islands:

11stst as Raiders as Raiders22ndnd as Settlers as Settlers

Invasions prompted a series of small Invasions prompted a series of small kingdoms established earlier by Angles, kingdoms established earlier by Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic people Saxons, and other Germanic people merged into a single large realm. merged into a single large realm.

Anglo-Saxon England – named for two Anglo-Saxon England – named for two Germanic tribes. Germanic tribes.

The leader of this effort, King Alfred, The leader of this effort, King Alfred, expanded form his base in southern expanded form his base in southern England to territories farther north held by England to territories farther north held by Danish invaders.Danish invaders.

Alfred the Great Alfred the Great – came to the throne in – came to the throne in 871 and was determined to drive the 871 and was determined to drive the Danes out.Danes out.

Danes were also referred to as Vikings.Danes were also referred to as Vikings. Alfred built a navy to challenge the Alfred built a navy to challenge the

Vikings at sea and constructed a fortress Vikings at sea and constructed a fortress on land to secure areas that he conquered on land to secure areas that he conquered from the invaders.from the invaders.

876 Alfred attacked the Danes and by 886 876 Alfred attacked the Danes and by 886 the Danes were weakened and a treaty the Danes were weakened and a treaty was established with them. They were was established with them. They were allowed to live in parts of Mercia and allowed to live in parts of Mercia and Northumbria and where able to govern Northumbria and where able to govern themselves.themselves.

Over time, the Anglo Saxons formed Over time, the Anglo Saxons formed several independent kingdoms, which several independent kingdoms, which eventually were divided up into eventually were divided up into governmental districts: governmental districts: ShiresShires

A shire was governed by a shire-reeve. A shire was governed by a shire-reeve. (Today’s sheriff)(Today’s sheriff)

Alfred’s successors had established Alfred’s successors had established themselves kings of all of England.themselves kings of all of England.

Danish ruleDanish rule After the death of Alfred, the Danes began to After the death of Alfred, the Danes began to

attack again and by 1013, the Danes again attack again and by 1013, the Danes again controlled the entire country.controlled the entire country.

1042, Edward the Confessor (part Anglo-1042, Edward the Confessor (part Anglo-Saxon part Norman) becomes kingSaxon part Norman) becomes king

Edward the Confessor didn’t leave a heir to Edward the Confessor didn’t leave a heir to the throne so a distant relative, Duke William the throne so a distant relative, Duke William of Normandy took the English throne.of Normandy took the English throne.

Anglo’s refuse to recognize him as king, so Anglo’s refuse to recognize him as king, so Edwards’s brother-in-law, Harold of Wessex Edwards’s brother-in-law, Harold of Wessex became king.became king.

Determined to become king, William along Determined to become king, William along with Norman knights crossed the English with Norman knights crossed the English Channel to battle against Harold and the Channel to battle against Harold and the Anglo-Saxon army. (Battle of Hastings - 1066)Anglo-Saxon army. (Battle of Hastings - 1066)

Harold was defeated & William of Normandy Harold was defeated & William of Normandy (William the Conqueror) became king.(William the Conqueror) became king.

At first there was resistance from the Anglo-At first there was resistance from the Anglo-Saxons, but eventually they accepted him and Saxons, but eventually they accepted him and his laws.his laws.

Reforms under William’s successors:Reforms under William’s successors: Strong, efficient, well-financed governmentStrong, efficient, well-financed government King John and Magna Carta – protected King John and Magna Carta – protected

liberties of nobles and outlined rights for liberties of nobles and outlined rights for ordinary peopleordinary people

Parliament: Nobles and clergy made up Parliament: Nobles and clergy made up House of Lords, knights and burgesses House of Lords, knights and burgesses made up House of Commonsmade up House of Commons

Common law: Collection of decisions that Common law: Collection of decisions that were applied equally and in commonwere applied equally and in common

GermanyGermany When Carolingian authorities were unable When Carolingian authorities were unable

to prevent invasions from the Magyars, to prevent invasions from the Magyars, local lords took matters into their own local lords took matters into their own hands. The most successful, King Otto I of hands. The most successful, King Otto I of Saxony Saxony

Otto I was elected king in Germany 936.Otto I was elected king in Germany 936. Otto I was a powerful leader and would later Otto I was a powerful leader and would later

be known as Otto the Great. Otto I worked be known as Otto the Great. Otto I worked to develop a strong kingdom in Germanyto develop a strong kingdom in Germany

951, Otto moved to seize 951, Otto moved to seize northern Italy with the support northern Italy with the support of Pope John XII. Otto would of Pope John XII. Otto would later be crowned Emperor of later be crowned Emperor of the Romans. (962) Overtime, the Romans. (962) Overtime, the Holy Roman Empire was the Holy Roman Empire was weakened by internal division.weakened by internal division.

Henry III became Emperor in Henry III became Emperor in 1046.1046.

Henry III, like Charlemagne, Henry III, like Charlemagne, expected the church to actively expected the church to actively support the empire and its support the empire and its ruler. (Henry III chose the popes ruler. (Henry III chose the popes during his reign.) Henry III during his reign.) Henry III viewed the church as a branch viewed the church as a branch of the imperial government.of the imperial government.

Henry III died in 1056, so his 5 Henry III died in 1056, so his 5 year old son, Henry IV, took the year old son, Henry IV, took the throne.throne.

Many nobles and church clergy Many nobles and church clergy saw his youth as an saw his youth as an opportunity to gain power.opportunity to gain power.

FeudalismFeudalism The Feudal System was introduced to England The Feudal System was introduced to England

following the invasion and conquest of the following the invasion and conquest of the country by William I (The Conqueror). country by William I (The Conqueror).

The system had been used in France by the The system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. It was a simple, but effective in about 900AD. It was a simple, but effective system, where all land was owned by the King. system, where all land was owned by the King. One quarter was kept by the King as his One quarter was kept by the King as his personal property, some was given to the personal property, some was given to the church and the rest was leased out under strict church and the rest was leased out under strict controls. controls.

The King The King The King was in complete control under the The King was in complete control under the

Feudal System. He owned all the land in the Feudal System. He owned all the land in the country and decided who he would lease land country and decided who he would lease land to. He therefore only allowed those men he to. He therefore only allowed those men he could trust to lease land from him. However, could trust to lease land from him. However, before they were given any land they had to before they were given any land they had to swear an oath to remain faithful to the King at swear an oath to remain faithful to the King at all times. The men who leased land from the all times. The men who leased land from the King were known as Barons, or Vassals, they King were known as Barons, or Vassals, they were wealthy, powerful and had complete were wealthy, powerful and had complete control of the land they leased from the King.  control of the land they leased from the King.      

Barons / Vassals (Nobles)Barons / Vassals (Nobles) Barons leased land from the King which was known as a manor. They Barons leased land from the King which was known as a manor. They

were known as the Lord of the Manor and were in complete control of this were known as the Lord of the Manor and were in complete control of this land. They established their own system of justice, minted their own land. They established their own system of justice, minted their own money and set their own taxes. In return for the land they had been given money and set their own taxes. In return for the land they had been given by the King, the Barons had to serve on the royal council, pay rent and by the King, the Barons had to serve on the royal council, pay rent and provide the King with Knights for military service when he demanded it. provide the King with Knights for military service when he demanded it. They also had to provide lodging and food for the King and his court when They also had to provide lodging and food for the King and his court when they travelled around the country. The Barons kept as much of their land they travelled around the country. The Barons kept as much of their land as they wished for their own use, then divided the rest among their as they wished for their own use, then divided the rest among their Knights. Barons were very rich. Knights. Barons were very rich.

KnightsKnights Knights were given land by a Baron in return for military service when Knights were given land by a Baron in return for military service when

demanded by the King. They also had to protect the Baron and his family, demanded by the King. They also had to protect the Baron and his family, as well as the Manor, from attack. The Knights kept as much of the land as well as the Manor, from attack. The Knights kept as much of the land as they wished for their own personal use and distributed the rest to as they wished for their own personal use and distributed the rest to villeins (serfs). Although not as rich as the Barons, Knights were quite villeins (serfs). Although not as rich as the Barons, Knights were quite wealthy.wealthy.

Villeins (Serfs) Villeins (Serfs)

Villeins, sometimes known as serfs, were given land by Knights. They Villeins, sometimes known as serfs, were given land by Knights. They had to provide the Knight with free labour, food and service whenever it had to provide the Knight with free labour, food and service whenever it was demanded. Serfs had no rights and were poor. They were not was demanded. Serfs had no rights and were poor. They were not allowed to leave the Manor and had to ask their Lord's permission before allowed to leave the Manor and had to ask their Lord's permission before

they could marry.  they could marry.          

Medieval Life - FoodMedieval Life - Food A Norman lord dined in the great hall of his castle or manor A Norman lord dined in the great hall of his castle or manor

house. He sat in a high-backed chair at one end of the large house. He sat in a high-backed chair at one end of the large room with his family and special guests. Less important room with his family and special guests. Less important people ate sitting on stools or benches at trestle tables lower people ate sitting on stools or benches at trestle tables lower down the hall. The lord’s table stood on a platform of wood down the hall. The lord’s table stood on a platform of wood or stone.or stone.

The Normans ate their meals off wooden plates or out of The Normans ate their meals off wooden plates or out of bowls. They also used large slices of day-old bread as bowls. They also used large slices of day-old bread as plates for the meat. Although they had knives and spoons, plates for the meat. Although they had knives and spoons, there were no forks, so most people used their fingers a there were no forks, so most people used their fingers a great deal. Dogs, and sometimes beggars, wandered great deal. Dogs, and sometimes beggars, wandered around the tables looking for scraps.around the tables looking for scraps.

The lord ate well, even during winter. Unlike most of the The lord ate well, even during winter. Unlike most of the people who lived on his manor, he could afford to buy salt to people who lived on his manor, he could afford to buy salt to preserve his meat all the year round. He could also afford preserve his meat all the year round. He could also afford pepper to spice tasteless food or food which was beginning pepper to spice tasteless food or food which was beginning to go bad.to go bad.

The peasants’ main food was dark rye bread. They grew The peasants’ main food was dark rye bread. They grew peas, beans and onions in their gardens and collected peas, beans and onions in their gardens and collected berries, nuts and honey from the woods. Peasants did not berries, nuts and honey from the woods. Peasants did not eat much meat. Many kept a pig or two but could not often eat much meat. Many kept a pig or two but could not often afford to kill one. They could hunt rabbits or hares but might afford to kill one. They could hunt rabbits or hares but might be punished for this by their lord.be punished for this by their lord.

Manorial SystemsManorial Systems

A Medieval ManorA Medieval Manor

This map illustrates the layout of a This map illustrates the layout of a typical manor. Each manor was typical manor. Each manor was largely self-sufficient, growing or largely self-sufficient, growing or producing all of the basic items producing all of the basic items needed for food, clothing, and needed for food, clothing, and shelter. To meet these needs, the shelter. To meet these needs, the manor had buildings devoted to manor had buildings devoted to special purposes, such as the mill special purposes, such as the mill for grinding grain, the bake house for grinding grain, the bake house for making bread, and the for making bread, and the blacksmith shop for fashioning blacksmith shop for fashioning metal goods. Notice that one of the metal goods. Notice that one of the fields has been left fallow, or fields has been left fallow, or unplanted, so that the soil can unplanted, so that the soil can replenish its nutrients.replenish its nutrients.

Life in the Middle AgesLife in the Middle Ages

6:00 AM - Roosters would wake most villagers up. 6:00 AM - Roosters would wake most villagers up. At this time, most peasants started they daily At this time, most peasants started they daily activities normally by dressing and eating activities normally by dressing and eating breakfast. A peasant's breakfast consisted of breakfast. A peasant's breakfast consisted of mostly vegetables, water, fruits and bread. mostly vegetables, water, fruits and bread.

7:00 AM - The castle's bells would ring (if any) and 7:00 AM - The castle's bells would ring (if any) and serfs were required to start work at this time In serfs were required to start work at this time In winter, peasants were most likely to wake up until winter, peasants were most likely to wake up until 8 AM.8 AM.

8:00 AM - Work continued, There were not many 8:00 AM - Work continued, There were not many interludes for serfs; in the other hand, free interludes for serfs; in the other hand, free peasants; could have many breaks.peasants; could have many breaks.

9:00 AM - Work for serfs continued; they were not 9:00 AM - Work for serfs continued; they were not allowed to drink or eat anything in the farms, but allowed to drink or eat anything in the farms, but nevertheless; most of them managed to nevertheless; most of them managed to contraband goods such as water. Peasants would contraband goods such as water. Peasants would farm a lot as well, but serfs were the true workers. farm a lot as well, but serfs were the true workers.

10:00 AM - The first interlude for serfs. When a 10:00 AM - The first interlude for serfs. When a noble was generous, he'd let the serfs rest for up noble was generous, he'd let the serfs rest for up to half an hour at this time. Draconian nobles to half an hour at this time. Draconian nobles would impose rules against resting.would impose rules against resting.

11:00 AM - Labor was at its peak. Peasants were 11:00 AM - Labor was at its peak. Peasants were required to work and work at this time. In the required to work and work at this time. In the interim, nobles were usually riding their horses or interim, nobles were usually riding their horses or taking care of business. Most nobles would live taking care of business. Most nobles would live out of the work of their serfs.out of the work of their serfs.

2:00 PM - Work at farms continued. Children were usually 2:00 PM - Work at farms continued. Children were usually playing in the gardens or farming as well. Their mothers playing in the gardens or farming as well. Their mothers spent a great amount of time at home--preparing food, spent a great amount of time at home--preparing food, teaching their kids new knowledge and doing house-work. teaching their kids new knowledge and doing house-work. Nevertheless, a women could also be a serf; thus some of Nevertheless, a women could also be a serf; thus some of them worked many hours at the farms.them worked many hours at the farms.

3:00 PM - Work continued.3:00 PM - Work continued.

4:00 PM - This was the official resting time. Nobles would 4:00 PM - This was the official resting time. Nobles would normally have glorious feasts with more food than a serf normally have glorious feasts with more food than a serf would see in a month. Serfs usually ate bread, vegetables would see in a month. Serfs usually ate bread, vegetables and water. Under good circumstances, they had meat and water. Under good circumstances, they had meat (usually in holidays).(usually in holidays).

5:00 PM - Serfs were required to return to work. 5:00 PM - Serfs were required to return to work.

6:00 PM - Work continued.6:00 PM - Work continued.

7:00 PM - Work for serfs continued.7:00 PM - Work for serfs continued.

8:00 PM - Labor usually finished for the day. Serfs were 8:00 PM - Labor usually finished for the day. Serfs were paid a very small amount of money; from which, they were paid a very small amount of money; from which, they were required to pay a lot of taxes.required to pay a lot of taxes.

9:00 PM - Serf's dinner.9:00 PM - Serf's dinner.

10:00 PM - Serfs would often go to sleep at this time. In the 10:00 PM - Serfs would often go to sleep at this time. In the meantime, at the castle, nobles would be having another meantime, at the castle, nobles would be having another feast. Dinner was their favorite meal and castles were full feast. Dinner was their favorite meal and castles were full of servants to provide nobles with whatever they wanted.of servants to provide nobles with whatever they wanted.

The Middle Ages was a period of glory for some--and The Middle Ages was a period of glory for some--and misery for others. misery for others.

A normal day of a regular peasant would generally start--and end like this:

12:00 AM - Serfs continued working12:00 AM - Serfs continued working

1:00 PM - Serfs would be normally given a time-off 1:00 PM - Serfs would be normally given a time-off at this time since the sun would burn them at this time since the sun would burn them otherwise. Farms were very hot places in which the otherwise. Farms were very hot places in which the sun was strong enough to make very painful burns. sun was strong enough to make very painful burns. Serfs usually died at an early ageSerfs usually died at an early age

A Monk’s Day

The life of a monk in the Middle Ages was far more structured than that of most people of today. Time was spent in attending church services, meditating and reading, working, sleeping, and eating—and nothing else.

Brain BreakBrain BreakUse your booksUse your books

•Role of male serfs

•Role of female serfs

•Agriculture

•Economy (Trade)

•Who did they trade with?

Feudalism QuizFeudalism QuizTake and Turn-inTake and Turn-inTrue or FalseTrue or False

1. Feudalism was introduced to England by William the Conqueror. 1. Feudalism was introduced to England by William the Conqueror.

2. Knights leased land from the king. 2. Knights leased land from the king.

3. A baron (nobles) was known as 'Lord of the Manor'. 3. A baron (nobles) was known as 'Lord of the Manor'.

4. Barons (Nobles)had to provide food for villeins (serfs). 4. Barons (Nobles)had to provide food for villeins (serfs).

5. Knights had to fight for the king when the barons told them to. 5. Knights had to fight for the king when the barons told them to. 6. Knights were quite wealthy. 6. Knights were quite wealthy.

7. Villeins (Serfs) were also known as serfs. 7. Villeins (Serfs) were also known as serfs.

8. The king gave food to everyone. 8. The king gave food to everyone.

9. Villeins (Serfs) were rich. 9. Villeins (Serfs) were rich.

10. Barons set their own taxes. 10. Barons set their own taxes.

The ChurchThe Church The medieval church had control over political power The medieval church had control over political power

due to the weak central governments throughout due to the weak central governments throughout Europe.Europe.

It’s power extended throughout kingdoms and through It’s power extended throughout kingdoms and through every social and political level.every social and political level.

When the Roman empire collapsed, the papacy When the Roman empire collapsed, the papacy survived and claimed spiritual authority over all the survived and claimed spiritual authority over all the lands formerly connected to the empire.lands formerly connected to the empire.

For a century, the pope cooperated closely with For a century, the pope cooperated closely with Byzantine emperors who appeared to be the natural Byzantine emperors who appeared to be the natural heirs to the emperors of Rome.heirs to the emperors of Rome.

In the late 6In the late 6thth Century, the popes acted more Century, the popes acted more independently and devoted their efforts to independently and devoted their efforts to strengthening the western Christian church based at strengthening the western Christian church based at Rome and clearly distinguishing itself from the eastern Rome and clearly distinguishing itself from the eastern Christian church in Constantinople.Christian church in Constantinople.

After the 11After the 11thth Century, the 2 branches were identified Century, the 2 branches were identified as the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox as the Roman Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox churches.churches.

Pope Gregory I, aka Gregory the Great reasserted Pope Gregory I, aka Gregory the Great reasserted papal primacy – that the bishop of Rome was the papal primacy – that the bishop of Rome was the ultimate authority in the Christian Church.ultimate authority in the Christian Church.

The church was a great economic force: By the 1100’s, The church was a great economic force: By the 1100’s, the medieval church was one of the leading landowners the medieval church was one of the leading landowners throughout Europe.throughout Europe.

Within the church, clergy members were organized Within the church, clergy members were organized according to strict hierarchy of rank.according to strict hierarchy of rank.

Each rank had different responsibilities.Each rank had different responsibilities. Parish Priest:Parish Priest: Lowest Rank Lowest Rank The Parish was the smallest division of the church The Parish was the smallest division of the church

and the priest directly served the people in his parish. and the priest directly served the people in his parish. Responsible for religious instruction and the moral Responsible for religious instruction and the moral

and spiritual life within his community. and spiritual life within his community. Administer five of the seven sacraments: Ceremonies Administer five of the seven sacraments: Ceremonies

at which the participants received God’s direct favor, at which the participants received God’s direct favor, or grace to help ward off the consequences of sin.or grace to help ward off the consequences of sin.

The 5 Sacrament ceremonies the parish priest could The 5 Sacrament ceremonies the parish priest could perform were:perform were:

1.1. BaptismBaptism2.2. Holy CommunionHoly Communion3.3. PenancePenance4.4. MatrimonyMatrimony5.5. Anointing the sick and dying.Anointing the sick and dying.

Sacraments

Bishop:Bishop: Manages a group of parishes called a Manages a group of parishes called a diocese. diocese.

The cathedral serves as the bishop’s official church. The cathedral serves as the bishop’s official church. The king or powerful nobles usually controlled the The king or powerful nobles usually controlled the

selection of bishops on the basis of family selection of bishops on the basis of family connections and political power. connections and political power.

Many bishops were feudal lords or vassals in their Many bishops were feudal lords or vassals in their own right and had vassals themselves. own right and had vassals themselves.

Bishops also perform the sacraments of confirmation Bishops also perform the sacraments of confirmation and taking holy orders.and taking holy orders.

Church leadershipChurch leadership A group of several dioceses is called an archdiocese, A group of several dioceses is called an archdiocese,

which is managed by an archbishop. Archbishop: had which is managed by an archbishop. Archbishop: had all the powers and responsibilities of a bishop and all the powers and responsibilities of a bishop and also had authority over the bishops of the also had authority over the bishops of the archdiocese.archdiocese.

The Pope has supreme authority in the church.The Pope has supreme authority in the church. The Pope was advised by the curia, a group of The Pope was advised by the curia, a group of

counselors drawn form the highest ranks of the counselors drawn form the highest ranks of the clergy. clergy.

The Curia’s most important and powerful members The Curia’s most important and powerful members were cardinals.were cardinals.

Cardinals: “The princes of the church” advise the Cardinals: “The princes of the church” advise the pope on legal and spiritual matters. pope on legal and spiritual matters.

Only cardinals can elect the pope. Only cardinals can elect the pope. It didn’t happen often, but a man of great ability, It didn’t happen often, but a man of great ability,

regardless of birth, could rise to great heights within regardless of birth, could rise to great heights within the church.the church.

The Church and Medieval LifeThe Church and Medieval Life The pope was both political and religious leader.The pope was both political and religious leader. Many popes claimed that the church held political and Many popes claimed that the church held political and

spiritual power over all monarchs.spiritual power over all monarchs. The church had its own courts and code of law, called The church had its own courts and code of law, called

canon law.canon law. Clergy members of the church could be tried in this court Clergy members of the church could be tried in this court

and could possibly be excommunicated: cut off from the and could possibly be excommunicated: cut off from the church and could not receive the sacraments or be church and could not receive the sacraments or be buried on sacred ground. It also effectively removed an buried on sacred ground. It also effectively removed an individual from society.individual from society.

The court could also issue an interdict against an entire The court could also issue an interdict against an entire region: All the churches in that region would be closed region: All the churches in that region would be closed and the clergy would be forbidden to perform any of the and the clergy would be forbidden to perform any of the sacraments. sacraments.

The people in this region would be at risk of eternal The people in this region would be at risk of eternal punishment.punishment.

The people did not allow anyone to question the basic The people did not allow anyone to question the basic principles of the Christian religion.principles of the Christian religion.

The church would use the threat of interdiction to turn a The church would use the threat of interdiction to turn a region’s people against a ruler that might oppose the region’s people against a ruler that might oppose the church power and policies.church power and policies.

Heretics: People who denied the truth of the church’s Heretics: People who denied the truth of the church’s principles or preached beliefs not approved by the principles or preached beliefs not approved by the church.church.

MonasticismMonasticism The first group of clergy was called secular clergy. The first group of clergy was called secular clergy.

Secular comes from the Latin word saeculum, which Secular comes from the Latin word saeculum, which means “the present world.” The secular clergy gave the means “the present world.” The secular clergy gave the sacraments and preached the gospel among the people sacraments and preached the gospel among the people of the everyday world.of the everyday world.

The next group of clergy was called regular clergy. The next group of clergy was called regular clergy. Male monks made up regular clergy because they had Male monks made up regular clergy because they had

to live in accordance with strict rules. to live in accordance with strict rules. Female nuns also lived in accordance with strict rules, Female nuns also lived in accordance with strict rules,

but they were not considered clergy because only men but they were not considered clergy because only men could fulfill that role in the church. could fulfill that role in the church.

Monks and Nuns believed that they needed to Monks and Nuns believed that they needed to withdrawal themselves from the world and its withdrawal themselves from the world and its temptations. temptations.

They chose to serve God through:They chose to serve God through:1.1. FastingFasting2.2. PrayingPraying3.3. Self-denialSelf-denial*4. Inflict extreme physical suffering on themselves to *4. Inflict extreme physical suffering on themselves to

prove their dedication. (Not always done)prove their dedication. (Not always done) During early centuries of Christianity, monks and nuns During early centuries of Christianity, monks and nuns

lived alone to practice their devotion to God. lived alone to practice their devotion to God. Eventually, monks and nuns gave up the hermit Eventually, monks and nuns gave up the hermit

lifestyle and formed religious communities. lifestyle and formed religious communities. Monk communities are called monasteries, and nuns Monk communities are called monasteries, and nuns

lived in convents. lived in convents. Monasticism refers to the way of life in convents and Monasticism refers to the way of life in convents and

monasteriesmonasteries..

Abbot: Abbot: elected head of the community and controlled and elected head of the community and controlled and distributed all property.distributed all property.

Abbess: Abbess: served a similar role as an abbot for women in a served a similar role as an abbot for women in a conventconvent

In some areas, efforts were made to organize monastic In some areas, efforts were made to organize monastic communities before the 500’s.communities before the 500’s.

A young Roman named Benedict became disgusted by the A young Roman named Benedict became disgusted by the worldly corruption he saw around him. worldly corruption he saw around him.

Benedict left Rome to worship God as a hermit and his Benedict left Rome to worship God as a hermit and his reputation for holiness spread and he attracted many reputation for holiness spread and he attracted many followers. followers.

Because of his growing popularity, Benedict established a Because of his growing popularity, Benedict established a monastery at Monte Cassino (Central Italy) 529.monastery at Monte Cassino (Central Italy) 529.

Saint Benedict created rules to govern monks’ lives – Saint Benedict created rules to govern monks’ lives – The Benedict Rule The Benedict Rule required monks to take vows to lead required monks to take vows to lead communal, celibate lives under the absolute direction of the communal, celibate lives under the absolute direction of the abbot. (Virtues of Poverty, Chastity, & Obedience)abbot. (Virtues of Poverty, Chastity, & Obedience)

Through the influence of St. Benedict, his twin sister, St. Through the influence of St. Benedict, his twin sister, St. Scholastica, adapted the “Scholastica, adapted the “Rule”Rule” providing guidance for providing guidance for religious life of women living in convents (nuns).religious life of women living in convents (nuns).

Within a century, most of European monasteries & convents Within a century, most of European monasteries & convents observed the Benedict Rule.observed the Benedict Rule.

Clash over Germany and ItalyClash over Germany and Italy HHenry III died in 1056, so his 5 year old son, Henry enry III died in 1056, so his 5 year old son, Henry

IV, took the throne.IV, took the throne. At age 15 Henry IV moved to strengthen the At age 15 Henry IV moved to strengthen the

imperial rule. This led him into conflict with Pope imperial rule. This led him into conflict with Pope Gregory VII.Gregory VII.

Pope Gregory felt that the church was the supreme Pope Gregory felt that the church was the supreme spiritual power on earth. He felt that rulers and spiritual power on earth. He felt that rulers and ordinary people were subject to the will of the ordinary people were subject to the will of the church and the pope. church and the pope.

Pope Gregory used the threat of excommunication Pope Gregory used the threat of excommunication as a way to resolve conflicts between church and as a way to resolve conflicts between church and state.state.

Pope Gregory releases the emperor’s subjects Pope Gregory releases the emperor’s subjects from their vow of loyalty to the ruler and urged from their vow of loyalty to the ruler and urged them to elect another emperor.them to elect another emperor.

Fearing rebellion, Henry sought the pope’s mercy.Fearing rebellion, Henry sought the pope’s mercy. Imperial submission – Pope Gregory revoked the Imperial submission – Pope Gregory revoked the

king’s ex-communicationking’s ex-communication After humiliation, Henry’s excommunication was After humiliation, Henry’s excommunication was

lifted.lifted. Concordat of Worms: limited imperial power over Concordat of Worms: limited imperial power over

German churches. This was an agreement between German churches. This was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V near Worms, Germany. near Worms, Germany.

It brought to an end the first phase of the It brought to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors. Holy Roman Emperors.

The King was recognized as having the right The King was recognized as having the right to invest bishops with secular authority in to invest bishops with secular authority in the territories they governed, but not with the territories they governed, but not with sacred authority.sacred authority.

The CrusadesThe Crusades

CausesCauses The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) gained control The Seljuk Turks (Muslims) gained control

over Palestine in the late 1000’s.over Palestine in the late 1000’s. This area was known as the “Holy Land” to This area was known as the “Holy Land” to

Christians.Christians. The Turks attacked part of the Byzantine The Turks attacked part of the Byzantine

Empire. When they threatened to attack the Empire. When they threatened to attack the capital city, Constantinople, The Byzantine capital city, Constantinople, The Byzantine Emperor called Pope Urban II for help.Emperor called Pope Urban II for help.

Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of

Clermont.

Pope Urban wanted to regain the “Holy Pope Urban wanted to regain the “Holy Land” from the Turks, so he called a Land” from the Turks, so he called a meeting of church leaders and feudal lords meeting of church leaders and feudal lords to stop the fighting amongst themselves to stop the fighting amongst themselves and unite to fight for the “Holy Land”.and unite to fight for the “Holy Land”.

CrusadesCrusades: A series of military expeditions to : A series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land.regain the Holy Land.

The Pope made an appeal to crusaders that The Pope made an appeal to crusaders that if they fight in this war, they would go if they fight in this war, they would go straight to heaven.straight to heaven.

Others fought to gain money and land.Others fought to gain money and land.

11StSt Crusade (1096 – 1099) Crusade (1096 – 1099) French and Italian lords led several armies French and Italian lords led several armies

of Crusaders from Europe to of Crusaders from Europe to Constantinople.Constantinople.

Although they were glad to receive help Although they were glad to receive help against the Turks, the Byzantine Empire was against the Turks, the Byzantine Empire was suspicious of the Crusaders and their suspicious of the Crusaders and their motive to possibly capture the city. motive to possibly capture the city.

As the Crusaders traveled across Asia Minor, they suffered casualties due to:

1) Hot wool and leather garments2) Heat3) Food and Water Shortage4) Few packed animals to carry supplies

The Crusaders finally reached their target: Jerusalem.

Through several vicious battles, the Crusaders capture Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants

After the 1st Crusade, much of the Holy Land was brought back under European control.

As a result, customs and trade was established by the Europeans amongst the Holy Land and in Southwest Asia.

Change also occurred within Europe and many Christians and Muslims began to respect each other and live amongst each other.

The Fall of Jerusalem during 1st Crusade

2nd Crusade ( 1147 – 1149) By 1146, the Turks had united forces and

taking back cities the crusaders had captured.

King Louis VII of France and German King Conrad III led separate armies across Europe in 1147.

At Damascus, the 2 armies joined forces, but failed to defeat the Turks. The Crusaders returned to Europe in disgrace.

3rd Crusade ( 1189 - 1192) In 1187, the Muslim leader Saladin gained

control of Jerusalem. Holy Roman Emperor Frederick

Barbarossa, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I of England led separate armies.

Barbarossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land, Barbarossa drowned on the way to the Holy Land, so his army turned back.so his army turned back.

King Philip took his army back home to seize King Philip took his army back home to seize English lands in France.English lands in France.

King Richard was forced to fight alone in the Holy King Richard was forced to fight alone in the Holy Land, but they couldn’t recapture the Holy Land.Land, but they couldn’t recapture the Holy Land.

Richard settles for a truce with Saladin, which Richard settles for a truce with Saladin, which allowed the crusaders to receive control of some allowed the crusaders to receive control of some towns along Palestine and allowed Christians to towns along Palestine and allowed Christians to enter Jerusalem freely.enter Jerusalem freely.

44thth Crusade Crusade Pope Innocent gathered a group of French knights Pope Innocent gathered a group of French knights

in 1202.in 1202. 1204 Crusader looted attacked Constantinople.1204 Crusader looted attacked Constantinople.

Other CrusadesOther Crusades Children’s Crusades: 1212Children’s Crusades: 1212

Results of the Crusades: Cultural DiffusionResults of the Crusades: Cultural Diffusion TradeTrade PoliticsPolitics WeaponsWeapons

Late Middle AgesLate Middle AgesTermsTerms

1)1) Expansion of Arable LandExpansion of Arable Land

2)2) The Improvement of Agricultural TechniquesThe Improvement of Agricultural Techniques

3)3) New Agricultural Tools and TechnologyNew Agricultural Tools and Technology

4)4) New CropsNew Crops

5)5) Textile ProductsTextile Products

6) 6) Hanseatic LeagueHanseatic League

7) 7) The Three EstatesThe Three Estates

8)8) Cathedral Schools / UniversitiesCathedral Schools / Universities

9)9) The Urban WomanThe Urban Woman

Late Middle AgesLate Middle AgesGrowth of TownsGrowth of Towns

As towns and trade grew in the Middle Ages, As towns and trade grew in the Middle Ages, townspeople saw they did not fit into the manorial townspeople saw they did not fit into the manorial system.system.

Townspeople now made their living by making and Townspeople now made their living by making and trading goods.trading goods.

Manor lords still controlled the towns. They would Manor lords still controlled the towns. They would only give up control for something in return.only give up control for something in return.

Some towns won self-government peacefully, but Some towns won self-government peacefully, but many resorted to violence.many resorted to violence.

Some lords granted their towns charters of liberties.Some lords granted their towns charters of liberties. Charter:Charter: A written statement of the town’s rights. A written statement of the town’s rights. The Basic 4:The Basic 4:1)1) Anyone who lived in a town for a year and a day Anyone who lived in a town for a year and a day

became free. This included serfs who escaped from became free. This included serfs who escaped from a manor to a town. (Freedom)a manor to a town. (Freedom)

2)2) Townspeople won the right of being exempt, or Townspeople won the right of being exempt, or free, from ever having to work on the manor. free, from ever having to work on the manor. (Exemption)(Exemption)

3)3) Towns had their own courts. Leading citizens tried Towns had their own courts. Leading citizens tried cases that involved townspeople. (Town justice)cases that involved townspeople. (Town justice)

4)4) Townspeople could sell goods freely in the town Townspeople could sell goods freely in the town market. They could also charge tolls to outsiders market. They could also charge tolls to outsiders who wanted to trade there. (Commercial privileges)who wanted to trade there. (Commercial privileges)

Merchants and workers began to unite in associations Merchants and workers began to unite in associations called called guildsguilds..

In each town, a In each town, a merchant guildmerchant guild had the sole right to trade had the sole right to trade there.there.

Merchants from other town could trade there only if they Merchants from other town could trade there only if they paid a fee.paid a fee.

Merchant guilds also helped their members and members’ Merchant guilds also helped their members and members’ families. (Example: Guilds looked after members who were families. (Example: Guilds looked after members who were in trouble and made loans to members. Guilds also aided in trouble and made loans to members. Guilds also aided the widow and children if a guild member died. Guilds also the widow and children if a guild member died. Guilds also looked after ill members and those who could no longer looked after ill members and those who could no longer work.)work.)

Craft guildsCraft guilds also formed over time. also formed over time. Each guild member had a single craft (shoemaker, Each guild member had a single craft (shoemaker,

weaving, etc. ) and the craft guild would set rules for weaving, etc. ) and the craft guild would set rules for wages, hours, and working conditions. They also set wages, hours, and working conditions. They also set standards for quality of work.standards for quality of work.

Master workers of each guild trained boys and men who Master workers of each guild trained boys and men who wanted to join their guild.wanted to join their guild.

1)1) ApprenticeApprentice: Parents would pay a master worker to house, : Parents would pay a master worker to house, feed, clothe, and train the boy. (Take 5-9 years)feed, clothe, and train the boy. (Take 5-9 years)

2)2) JourneymanJourneyman: A skilled worker who is paid wages by a : A skilled worker who is paid wages by a master. master.

3)3) After some time, the journeyman can become a master After some time, the journeyman can become a master himself by creating a masterpiece. (A piece of work worthy himself by creating a masterpiece. (A piece of work worthy of a master) If the journeyman’s guild approves his of a master) If the journeyman’s guild approves his masterpiece, the journeyman could open his own shop.masterpiece, the journeyman could open his own shop.

Some girls also served as apprentices.Some girls also served as apprentices.

Rise of the Middle ClassRise of the Middle Class In time, towns’ guild members became the In time, towns’ guild members became the

middle class.middle class. Middle class: between the class of a noble Middle class: between the class of a noble

and that of a peasant and unskilled and that of a peasant and unskilled workers.workers.

The middle class favored kings over nobles The middle class favored kings over nobles because kings could provide stable because kings could provide stable government that would protect trade, government that would protect trade, business, and property. The king also business, and property. The king also looked to the middle class for advice. looked to the middle class for advice.

Kings also gave members of the middle Kings also gave members of the middle class government jobs.class government jobs.

Trade & Commerce became a large part of Trade & Commerce became a large part of the European society.the European society.

In time, the middle class started to gain In time, the middle class started to gain power.power.

The growth of towns during the Middle The growth of towns during the Middle Ages could be exciting, but the growth of a Ages could be exciting, but the growth of a town was also filled with turmoil and town was also filled with turmoil and hysteria:hysteria:

The Hammer of Witchcraft: The Hammer of Witchcraft: late 1400’slate 1400’s

The growth of towns during the middle ages were also The growth of towns during the middle ages were also dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy.dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy.

1)1) No Street lightsNo Street lights2)2) No PoliceNo Police3)3) Robbers (Crime)Robbers (Crime)4)4) Waste was dumped into open guttersWaste was dumped into open gutters5)5) Disease spread quickly through crowded cities.Disease spread quickly through crowded cities.

The Black Death:The Black Death: Originated in 1347 (in Asia) Originated in 1347 (in Asia) Many believed that noxious smells caused the disease, Many believed that noxious smells caused the disease,

so they held flowers to their faces and nose for so they held flowers to their faces and nose for protection.protection.

Ring Around the Rosie. What does this game mean?Ring Around the Rosie. What does this game mean? The popular children’s game originated during the Black The popular children’s game originated during the Black

Plague:Plague:““Pocket full of Posies (type of flower), Ashes, Ashes, we Pocket full of Posies (type of flower), Ashes, Ashes, we all fall down!” (A reminder that death could be near)all fall down!” (A reminder that death could be near)

The plague spread through ports by trading ships. The plague spread through ports by trading ships. Black Rats on the ships carried the disease and the Black Rats on the ships carried the disease and the

plague spread to people by bites from fleas on the rats.plague spread to people by bites from fleas on the rats. Estimate of 25 million people died in Europe from 1347 to Estimate of 25 million people died in Europe from 1347 to

13511351 Relationship from upper-class and lower-class changed. Relationship from upper-class and lower-class changed.

(Peasant uprisings)(Peasant uprisings) The church lost some power (People lost their faith)The church lost some power (People lost their faith)

Wars and the Growth of NationsWars and the Growth of Nations In 1328, the last male member of France’s In 1328, the last male member of France’s

Capetian dynasty died. Capetian dynasty died. Edward III of EnglandEdward III of England claimed the French throne.claimed the French throne.

The French assembly chose The French assembly chose Philip VI of Philip VI of FlandersFlanders as king instead. as king instead.

1337, Edward III of England brought an army 1337, Edward III of England brought an army to Flanders, hoping to gain control of this to Flanders, hoping to gain control of this rich trading area.rich trading area.

Edward started the Edward started the Hundred Years’ WarHundred Years’ War between France and England.(1337 – 1453)between France and England.(1337 – 1453)

For 116 years, a series of battles and raids For 116 years, a series of battles and raids occurred between England and France.occurred between England and France.

France suffered the most because the war France suffered the most because the war took place on French soil.took place on French soil.

England won many battles, but lost the war England won many battles, but lost the war to France.to France.

The Hundred Years’ War saw the use of new The Hundred Years’ War saw the use of new weapons:weapons:

1) Longbows (England)1) Longbows (England)2) Gunpowder (England and France)2) Gunpowder (England and France)3) Cannons (England and France)3) Cannons (England and France) The war also increased the power of the The war also increased the power of the

English House of Commons.English House of Commons. Its members won the right to advise the king Its members won the right to advise the king

and consider all new taxes.and consider all new taxes.

The Hundred Years’ War by 1431

In the opening decades of the 1400s, it looked as if English fortunes in the Hundred Years’ War were going to remain bright. In 1415, the English defeated the French at Agincourt. Among the French losses were 3 dukes, 5 counts, 90 barons, and more than 5,000 knights of noble birth. English casualties included only 13 men-at-arms and some 100 foot soldiers. But the tide turned in favor of the French in 1429, when Joan of Arc led French forces against the English at Orléans and recaptured the city. Joan of Arc was captured in 1430, however, and burned at the stake in 1431.

EnglandEngland After the Hundred Years’ War, two After the Hundred Years’ War, two

royal families fought for England’s royal families fought for England’s throne.throne.

The The War of the RosesWar of the Roses was between was between the House of York, whose emblem the House of York, whose emblem was a white rose, and the House of was a white rose, and the House of Lancaster, whose emblem was a red Lancaster, whose emblem was a red rose.rose.

Henry TudorHenry Tudor of Lancaster defeated of Lancaster defeated Richard IIIRichard III of York. of York.

Henry Tudor, A.K.A. Henry Tudor, A.K.A. King Henry VIIKing Henry VII, , set up a strong monarchy for set up a strong monarchy for England.England.

FranceFrance France suffered during the Hundred France suffered during the Hundred

Years’ War:Years’ War:1)1) English soldiers robbed the people English soldiers robbed the people

and destroyed property.and destroyed property.2) Many people in France starved2) Many people in France starved3) An internal fight broke out in the 3) An internal fight broke out in the

French royal family.French royal family.

* The House of Burgundy sided with the* The House of Burgundy sided with theEnglish. English. Charles VIICharles VII of the House of of the House ofOrleans became king with the help ofOrleans became king with the help ofJoan of ArcJoan of Arc..

At the time of Joan's childhood the land of France was At the time of Joan's childhood the land of France was caught up in the Hundred Year's War. caught up in the Hundred Year's War.

Joan started hearing voices at the age of 13. These voices Joan started hearing voices at the age of 13. These voices originally only exhorted her to pray often and attend originally only exhorted her to pray often and attend church.church.

Joan believed God was speaking to her and was telling her Joan believed God was speaking to her and was telling her that she must help the future king of France be crowned. that she must help the future king of France be crowned.

(The dauphin, Charles VII, had to be coroneted at(The dauphin, Charles VII, had to be coroneted atReims by tradition, but at that time Reims was held by theReims by tradition, but at that time Reims was held by theEnglish, with their own hopes of crowning Henry VI, whoEnglish, with their own hopes of crowning Henry VI, whowas but a child, when he was old enough.)was but a child, when he was old enough.) In 1428, Joan left her home town without telling her parents In 1428, Joan left her home town without telling her parents

and managed to get to the King and convince him of the and managed to get to the King and convince him of the sincerity of her mission. sincerity of her mission.

She was supplied with an army to raise the siege of She was supplied with an army to raise the siege of Orleans, leading France to victory against the English.Orleans, leading France to victory against the English.

(From there it seemed that Joan could do no wrong in battle.(From there it seemed that Joan could do no wrong in battle.Joan's success started declining, mainly thanks to the lackJoan's success started declining, mainly thanks to the lackof monetary support from King Charles VII. She wasof monetary support from King Charles VII. She wascaptured at Compiègne when the drawbridge was raised toocaptured at Compiègne when the drawbridge was raised toohastily, resulting in Joan being left outside.)hastily, resulting in Joan being left outside.) Joan was tried by an English inquisition court, found to be Joan was tried by an English inquisition court, found to be

heretical, and burned at the stakeheretical, and burned at the stake..

During the war, French representative assembly (The Estates General) controlled During the war, French representative assembly (The Estates General) controlled finances and passed laws.finances and passed laws.

After the war, it lost power to Louis XI.After the war, it lost power to Louis XI.1) Strengthened the monarchy1) Strengthened the monarchy2) Set up a harsh, but efficient2) Set up a harsh, but efficientgovernment with high taxesgovernment with high taxes3) Seized lands of the House of3) Seized lands of the House ofBurgundyBurgundy4) United the country , reducing the power of4) United the country , reducing the power ofFrench lordsFrench lordsSpainSpain Became a united nation under Became a united nation under Ferdinand and IsabellaFerdinand and Isabella. . Ferdinand and Isabella took power away from the church court and from the nobles.Ferdinand and Isabella took power away from the church court and from the nobles. The Spanish ReconquistaThe Spanish Reconquista: In 1492, the Spanish army finally captured the last of the : In 1492, the Spanish army finally captured the last of the

Moors. They also ordered all Jews to become Christians or leave Spain. (Later they Moors. They also ordered all Jews to become Christians or leave Spain. (Later they gave the Moors the same choice)gave the Moors the same choice)

Most Jews and Moors left, robbing Spain of leaders of industry and trade.Most Jews and Moors left, robbing Spain of leaders of industry and trade.The Holy Roman EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire The Roman Empire remained divided into independent states.The Roman Empire remained divided into independent states. 1273, A member of the 1273, A member of the HabsburgHabsburg family became emperor and ruled a state that is now family became emperor and ruled a state that is now

SwitzerlandSwitzerland Habsburgs became the most powerful family in Europe through powerful marriages Habsburgs became the most powerful family in Europe through powerful marriages

and careful strategies of armed conquest.and careful strategies of armed conquest. They couldn’t however unite the Holy Roman Empire facing opposition from German They couldn’t however unite the Holy Roman Empire facing opposition from German

princes and Italy (which was ruled by the pope at that time.)princes and Italy (which was ruled by the pope at that time.)

The decline of feudalism

The decline of city-states

The decline of church-controlled lands

The existence of warfare

Nations

Factors that Led to the Rise of Defined Nation

Church ConflictsChurch Conflicts

After Pope Innocent III, the power of the church weakened.After Pope Innocent III, the power of the church weakened. The kings of England, France, Spain formed strong gov’t.The kings of England, France, Spain formed strong gov’t. Townspeople supported the kings; Many felt that church Townspeople supported the kings; Many felt that church

laws limited trade and industry.laws limited trade and industry. Also, people found fault with the church’s great wealth &Also, people found fault with the church’s great wealth &

the worldly lives of some of its clergy.the worldly lives of some of its clergy. Soon conflicts arose between the pope and a monarch:Soon conflicts arose between the pope and a monarch:*** *** King Philip IV of France ordered the clergy to pay taxes. King Philip IV of France ordered the clergy to pay taxes. Pope Boniface VIII was angry because he ordered that popes Pope Boniface VIII was angry because he ordered that popes had power over worldly rulers. Philip called together the Estates General. He chargedhad power over worldly rulers. Philip called together the Estates General. He chargedthe pope with heresy and with selling jobs in the church. He wanted a church councilthe pope with heresy and with selling jobs in the church. He wanted a church councilto put Boniface on trial. King Philip’s took the pope prisoner, but Boniface was quicklyto put Boniface on trial. King Philip’s took the pope prisoner, but Boniface was quicklyreleased. Boniface died shortly after his release.released. Boniface died shortly after his release. After Boniface died, King Philip had a French bishop elected pope: Clement VAfter Boniface died, King Philip had a French bishop elected pope: Clement V Clement V moved the center of the church from Rome, where it had been for 1,000 Clement V moved the center of the church from Rome, where it had been for 1,000

years, to Avignon, France.years, to Avignon, France. 6 more French popes lived in Avignon.6 more French popes lived in Avignon. This period when the pope lived in Avignon is known as the Babylonian Captivity: This period when the pope lived in Avignon is known as the Babylonian Captivity:

Named for the years when the ancient Hebrews were forced to live in Babylon.Named for the years when the ancient Hebrews were forced to live in Babylon. People lost respect for the church, believing that the popes were controlled by People lost respect for the church, believing that the popes were controlled by

French kings.French kings.

1377, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome, but soon died.1377, Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome, but soon died. The cardinals in Rome elected an Italian pope to please local mobs.The cardinals in Rome elected an Italian pope to please local mobs. Later they elected a French pope, who went to Avignon.Later they elected a French pope, who went to Avignon. This period of church history is known as The 2This period of church history is known as The 2ndnd SchismSchism: The church was : The church was

divided into 2 opposing groups, each with its own pope.divided into 2 opposing groups, each with its own pope. Finally a church council met in 1414, removing all of the popes and elected Finally a church council met in 1414, removing all of the popes and elected

a new Italian pope.a new Italian pope. The pope’s authority weakened and increased criticism, often within the The pope’s authority weakened and increased criticism, often within the

church:church:1) 1) 1324, 2 teachers @ the University of Paris wrote that the pope was elected to 1324, 2 teachers @ the University of Paris wrote that the pope was elected to

only have power over the church clergy and lay people, not over worldly only have power over the church clergy and lay people, not over worldly rulers.rulers.

2)2) 1300’s, 1300’s, John WycliffeJohn Wycliffe, an English priest and teacher attacked the church’s , an English priest and teacher attacked the church’s wealth and immorality of some of its clergy. wealth and immorality of some of its clergy.

Wycliffe wanted to replace the authority of the church with Wycliffe wanted to replace the authority of the church with that of the Bible.Wycliffe promoted the first translation of that of the Bible.Wycliffe promoted the first translation of the Bible into English, so that English people could read the Bible into English, so that English people could read it and decide for themselves what it meant.it and decide for themselves what it meant.

The church accused Wycliffe of being a heretic, The church accused Wycliffe of being a heretic, but the English royal court defended him. Wycliffe wasn’t but the English royal court defended him. Wycliffe wasn’t executed, but was banned from teaching. executed, but was banned from teaching.

3)3) Jan HusJan Hus, a religious reformer and teacher @ the University of Prague, also , a religious reformer and teacher @ the University of Prague, also criticized abuses in the church.criticized abuses in the church.

Hus was excommunicated and was called before a council where he was Hus was excommunicated and was called before a council where he was declared a heretic and burned at the stake in 1412.declared a heretic and burned at the stake in 1412.

Wycliffe and Hus had a profound impact on people and their questioning set Wycliffe and Hus had a profound impact on people and their questioning set the stage for later reformers.the stage for later reformers.