Westward Expansion of the U.S.• After the American revolution, Britain ceded

all lands between Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River

• Napoleon sells Louisiana Territory to U.S. in 1803 for $15 million– Lewis & Clark map the territory 1804-1806

• “Manifest Destiny” to occupy all lands from Pacific to Atlantic

Westward Expansion of the U.S.• Andrew Jackson -Indian Removal Act of 1830– By 1837 the Jackson administration had forcibly or

manipulatively removed about 46,000 Native Americans to the “Indian Territory”

– 1838-1839 Thousands died on Trail of Tears relocation of 800 miles

• Mexican-American War 1846-1848– Texas declared independence from Mexico 1836– Became a state 1845– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – $15 million• Texas, New Mexico Territory, California

U.S. Civil War• Missouri Compromise of 1820 – balance free

& slave states• Abraham Lincoln – “a house divided against

itself cannot stand.”• Slavery was the focus but real issues were– States rights vs. Federal government authority– Capitalist system vs. export-oriented economy

• 13th amendment ratified 1865

Canadian Independence Without War• Colonized by French & British• British victory in Seven Years War but French

Canadians outnumbered British Canadians.– Many compromises, like religion

• War of 1812 stimulated unity• British North American Act of 1867 joined

Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and formed federal government

Latin American Fragmentation• Simon Bolivar’s idea of Gran Columbia did not

materialize• Latin American leaders had little experience

with self-government.– Much turmoil– Less than 5% of male population active in politics

• Caudillos – regional military leaders – came to power, restored order.– Often popular, but also used terror as a tool of the

government.

Mexico• Mexican-American war caused turmoil• La Reforma brought a new constitution– Universal male suffrage– Freedom of speech– Land reforms (that failed)

• Liberals and conservatives bitterly divided• Napoleon III invades (unsuccessfully)• Middle class joined with peasants & workers

in a failed attempt to overthrow government in Mexican revolution (1910 – 1920)

American Economic Development

Migrations• California gold rush of 1845, also Canadian

gold rushes, attract migrants• Others migrate to factories, railroad

construction sites, plantations, support services

Economic Expansion• British capital spurs vast expansion of U.S.

industry• Massive expansion of rail system: – Connected the vast size & economic diversity of

the U.S.– Created a dense communication, transportation

and distribution network

Economic Expansion• British capital spurs vast expansion of U.S.

industry• Massive expansion of rail system: – Connected the vast size & economic diversity of

the U.S.– Created a dense communication, transportation

and distribution network– Set up time zones

Economic Expansion• British & U.S. investments spurred economic

growth in Canada• Limited foreign investment in Latin Americas

because of political instability & corruption

American Cultural Diversity

U.S. Societies• U.S. population most culturally diverse in the

hemisphere• U.S. actions attempted to sever Native

Americans from communal traditions and cultural practices– Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 shifts policies away

from collective tribal reservations– Native children taken from families, enrolled in

white-controlled boarding schools

U.S. Societies• Slavery ended but discrimination remains• Huge backlash to Reconstruction in southern

states when northern armies left• Between 1840 – 1914 about 25 million

European migrants came to America

Diversity in Latin America• Complex social structure, based on racial

background– Europeans, natives, African slaves, and

combinations thereof• Increasing migration in nineteenth century

from Asia• Some conflicts between cosmopolitan cities

and rural areas• Symbol of rural culture: the gaucho cowboy