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1999/2000 . Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science 108/109 :19–43

WETLAND FLORA OF THE GRAND CALUMET RIVER INNORTHWEST INDIANA: POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF SEDIMENT

REMOVAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESTORATIO N

Young D. Choi : Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University Calumet ,Hammond, Indiana 46323

ABSTRACT . Northwestern Indiana supports unusually diverse floras . However, rapid industrializatio nand urbanization since the late 19th Century have changed much of the natural character of the wetland salong Grand Calumet River. Of more than 1400 species that occurred historically in the northwester nIndiana, 19 species were identified as extirpated species ; and only 653 species, including 1 extirpated, 1 7endangered, 14 threatened, and 18 rare species were documented during the recent surveys in the GrandCalumet River wetlands . Over 97% the wetlands along the Grand Calumet River were disturbed b yfragmentation, infestation by alien species (120 of 653 species were alien), and anthropogenic disruptionof ecosystem processes (e.g ., fire suppression, draining, filling, and sedimentation) . Among the wetland salong the Grand Calumet River, Roxanna Marsh, DuPont Tract, Clark & Pine East Nature Preserve, an dMiller Woods were identified as high quality habitats with special needs of conservation . The proposedsediment dredging may cause direct physical damage to wetland floras, shoreline erosion along the strea mbanks, and "probable" drainage by deepening the riverbed . Restoration of ecosystem structure and func-tion is needed to minimize such negative impacts that would potentially be incurred by the proposedsediment dredging .

Keywords : Wetland, flora, dredging, conservation, restoration

With its 14,000-year geologic history ,northwestern Indiana natural areas supportunusually diverse biological communitie s(Reshkin 1990). The diverse flora on thedune-and-swale complex on the southernshore of Lake Michigan has been noted byCowles' (1899) bench-mark study, followe dby Fuller (1935), Olson (1958), and Wil-helm (1990). Many factors caused drasti cchanges in species of the plant communitie salong the Grand Calumet River. The geo-morphology of this river system has beenaltered significantly by human activities .The rivers have become straighter and nar-rower as a result of channelization . In ad-dition, drainage and filling, along with in-dustrial pollution of marshes and pond sadjacent to the river, altered local hydrology(Hiebert et al . 1986; Wilcox et al . 1986 ;Bowles 1990) . This chapter discusses (1 )pre-settlement and present-day wetlandplant communities, (2) potential impacts o fthe proposed dredging project on wetlan dvegetation in the Grand Calumet River ba-sin, and (3) restoration potentials of nativ ewetland flora in conjunction with sedimen tremoval .

NATIVE FLORA OF PRE-SETTLEMENTTIMES

Extirpated species .—Peattie (1930), in hi spublication Flora of the Indiana Dunes, esti-mated that 1400 plant species inhabited theIndiana Dunes area. Nineteen of these specie shave not been seen in Indiana since Peattie' ssightings, and they have now been classifie das extirpated species (species that had notbeen seen in Indiana for 50 years) by Aldrichet al. (1986) . They are Betula populifolia(gray birch), Carex scabrata, Corallorrhizatrifida (coral root), Gerardia pedicularia am-bigens (clammy false foxglove), Hemicarpadrummondii, Hippuris vulgaris (mare's tail) ,Lechea stricta (bush pinweed), Lemna per-pusilla (least duckweed), Linnaea borealis(twin flower), Lonicera canadensis (Americanfly honeysuckle), Oryzopsis pungens (short-horned rice grass), Panicum lucidum (bogpanic grass), Psilocarya nitens (bald rush) ,Pyrola secunda (one-sided shinleaf), Scleri areticularis (netted nut rush), Shepherdia can-adensis (russet buffaloberry), Trillium cern-uum macranthum (nodding trillium), and Utri-cularia resupinata (small purple bladderwort) .

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENC E

Historic plant community types .—Baco-ne et al. (1980) reconstructed the pre-settle-ment vegetation characteristics of northwest-ern Indiana by analyzing land survey recordsthat were compiled between 1829 and 1834 .The wetland community types recognized bythis study are aquatic communities, marshes ,swamps, bottomland forests, beach commu-nities, and pannes .

Aquatic communities consist of macro-phytes and phytoplankton in standing or run-ning water. The 1829–1834 survey record not-ed Polygonum spp ., Nuphar advena, andNymphaea tuberosa as typical macrophyte s(Bacone et al. 1980) . Since European settle-ment, species composition of this communityhas been changed significantly by numerou shuman activities such as loading of nutrients ,silts and other pollutants, alteration of localhydrology through channelization, drainage ,and filling of the river and its adjacent wet-lands .

Marshes are probably the most prominen tplant community types along the Grand Cal-umet River. Marshes are open (non-forested)wetlands that are dominated by sedges and/o rgrasses communities (Bacone et al . 1980) . Onthe wet end of the moisture gradient, sedgemeadow is found directly adjacent to aquatic .At the other extreme, wet prairie overlaps wit hthe borders of mesophytic prairies and savan-na complex (Wilhelm 1990) . As is indicatedby its name, sedge meadow is characterizedby abundant sedges (Cyperaceae) ; wet prairie sare dominated by grasses (Poaceae) . Typicalplant species in this community type includ eAster puniceus firmus, Bidens coronata ten-uiloba, Carex aquatilis altior, Decodon ver-ticillatus, Polygonum punctatum, and Scirpusacutus . Historically, periodic fires both nat-ural and man-made—have been a crucial fac-tor in maintaining marshes because fires pro-hibit the invasion of woody shrubs and trees .Since European settlement, however, mos tmarshes have been heavily disturbed by drain -age, by invasion of woody species facilitate dby artificial fire suppression and by intentionalor accidental introduction of alien species (La -bus et al . 1999) .

Shrub can is a transitional wetland frommarsh to swamp. Typical woody species in-clude Alnus spp. and Salix spp. According tothe 1829–1834 survey record, woody specie s(e.g ., Populus tremuloides, and Populus gran-

didentata) were less abundant in pre-settle-ment than the present times (Bacone et al .1980) . However, significant alterations in thelevel of the water table, and a long-lasting pol-icy of fire suppression, have resulted in sig-nificant invasion of overgrown shrubs intomarshes, sedge meadows and wet prairie s(Wilcox et al . 1986) .

Swamps are forested wetlands where thewater level is maintained near the surface o fthe substrate by ground water or by rain (Wil-helm 1990) . In the land survey records, th eswamps in northwestern Indiana were classi-fied into three major types . Coniferou sswamps occurred only in dune-swale systems ,and were dominated by Pinus banksiana andThuja occidentalis . Timbered swamps, nowclassified as green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvan-ica subintegerrima) swamps, are inhabited byPopulus deltoides, Platanus occidentalis ,Fraxinus nigra, Acer saccharinum, and Ulmu sspp. This type of swamp occurred along th eKankakee River. Extensive draining and log-ging in this century has destroyed much ofthis community . The species composition ofthese two community types is quite similar .Shared species include Alnus rugosa ameri-cana and Salix spp. This type of swamp, likethe shrub cans, has become more commonthan during pre-settlement times as a result o flong-term drainage and fire suppression (Ba-cone et al. 1980) .

Bottomland forests consist of severalwoody strata underlain by herbaceous cover,and they are located along the stream bank sand are characterized by annual deposition ofsilt during flooding . Major canopy species inthese forests include Acer negundo, Acer sac-charinum, Platanus occidentalis, Salix nigra ,Ulmus americana, and Ulmus rubra . Small ,scattered patches of bottomland forest still oc-cur today, although most of these have beenheavily disturbed (Bacone et al . 1980; Wil-helm 1990) .

Beach communities are narrow specialize dstrips adjacent to the littoral zone of the lake -shore, and they are dominated by Ammophilabreviligulata (Cowles 1899 ; Wilhelm 1990 ;Poulson 1999) . Pannes are moist interdunaldepressions in calcareous sands on the lee-side of dune, containing such species as Asterptarmicoides and Carex spp. (Hiebert et al .1986; Wilcox & Simonin 1987; Wilhelm1990) .

CHOI—GRAND CALUMET RIVER WETLANDS

2 1

Table 1 .—Eleven natural plant communities listed by Bowles et al . (1990) in Indiana Dunes NationalLakeshore . Wetland types are signified by italics.

Community

Characteristics

Wave actions and sandy substrateAnnuals and rhizomatous perennial plant sCycle of sand erosion in steep topography & blow-out sDominant presettlement plant community type on irregular dune topograph yOpen dune conditions with frequent fire sFlat topography with frequent burn sProtected from intense fires (e .g ., dune hollow and ravine slopes)Occasional ground firesCalcareous peat soilsRelict boreal communityStructure affected by fire and water tabl eCalcareous peat soil sBoreal and prairie affinitie sOpen conditions with frequent fires and high water tabl eAcid peat soilsRelict boreal communit yHigh species diversity in openings and pool sWet mineral soils or seepages with high species diversityComplex of fen and marsh in interdunal area sHigh water tables and frequent fire s

Beach/Foredun e

Dune complexSand savanna

Sand prairi eUpland fores t

Forested Fe n

Graminoid fe n

Forested bog

FlatwoodsGraminoid wetlands

EXISTING WETLAND PLANTCOMMUNITIES

Recent vegetation survey and classifica-tion.—Bowles et al . (1990) listed 10 natura lcommunities within the boundary of IndianaDunes National Lakeshore (INDU) . Six ofthese communities are considered wetlan dcommunities (Table 1) . These communities in-clude beach, forested fens, graminoid fens ,forested bogs, flatwoods, and graminoid wet -lands . Wilhelm (1990) also described 11 com-munity types along the gradients of moistureand arborescent development. Among thes ecommunities, swamp complex, bog, mars hcomplex bottomland, and beach are consid-ered as wetland communities . Wilhelm' s(1990) list of vascular plants in the MillerWoods area, along with the species list com-piled by Peloquin & O'Brien (1990), provide sinvaluable information on the floristic com-positions of wetlands adjacent to the Gran dCalumet River.

Natural communities in Lake, LaPorte an dPorter Counties, excluding those found atINDU, were surveyed by Kurz et al . (1978) .In this inventory, a total of 258 potential nat-ural areas (PNA) was identified. These PNAs

were then placed into three categories . Naturalareas are of statewide significance, wherea snotable areas are those which do not meet th ecriteria established for natural areas but dohave considerable importance for education,research, and recreation . The third category,eliminated areas, consists of areas that still re-tain some traces of natural characters butwhich have been so severely disturbed that itis highly unlikely that they will recover thefunctions or structure of undisturbed natura lareas . Kurz et al . (1978) also listed a total of49 natural community types, including 2 6aquatic and wetland types, that they had ob-served in the northwestern Indiana (Table 2) .In Lake County, a total of 38 wetlands wer eidentified, and seven of them were found ad-jacent to the Grand Calumet River. These wet-lands were located in the DuPont tract, in th eIvanhoe Nature Preserve and in the Clark andPine Nature Preserve (Fig. 1) . Of the sevenwetlands, three were placed in the natural are acategory, one was in the notable category, an dthree were in the eliminated category . In ad-dition, an environmental assessment reportthat was submitted by the TAMS Consultants ,Inc . (Mierzwa et al . 1991) for the Illinois-In-

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIANA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

diana regional airport project, updated the list sof plant species for the DuPont tract, and fo rthe Clark and Pine nature preserve .

Recent vegetation classification sys-tems.—Concurrent use of different classifi-cation systems for the same natural areas (e.g . ,Kurz et al . 1978 ; Bowles 1990 ; Wilhelm1990) often causes a great deal of confusionbecause (1) different terms are used to refe rto the same community type, (2) similar term sare used for different communities, and/or (3)the borders between community categories ar edelineated differently. To reduce such confu-sion, a standardized classification system i sproposed, based on the classification schem eof Indiana Department of Natural Resources(Table 3) . In this table, for example, Wil-helm's (1990) "marsh complex" is separatedinto marsh, fen and sedge meadow . The "wetprairie" is a part of "marsh complex" in th eWilhelm's classification, but the proposedclassification places it in the category o f"prairie ." In addition, "hydromesophytic for-est" is a part of Wilhelm's "swamp com-plex," but it is placed the categories of "for-est" and "shrub swamp" in the propose dclassification system .

Special conservation needs.—Among theriparian wetlands of the Grand Calumet River ,Roxanna marsh, DuPont tract, Clark & PineEast Nature Preserve (also known as Bong iPond), and Grand Calumet Lagoons are es-pecially in need of conservation because the yare considered as high quality habitats for en-dangered, threatened and/or rare animals andplants. After a compilation of the existingplant species records (Wilhelm 1990 ; Mier-zwa et al . 1991 ; IDNR unpubl.), 653 plantspecies (533 natives and 120 aliens) wer efound in DuPont tract, Clark & Pine East, andMiller Woods (Appendix) . These species in-cluded 1 extirpated species (never found in itshistorical sites for last 50 years), 17 endan-gered species (inhabit between 1—5 extan tsites), threatened species (inhabit between 6 —10 sites), and 18 rare species (inhabit between11—20 sites) (Aldrich et al . 1986; IDNR un-publ .) .

Roxanna marsh is a severely degraded ri-parian wetland that is located where the GrandCalumet River intersects Route 41 in Ham-mond (Fig. 1) . There has been no systematicsurvey for plant species or community type sin this area. According to the author's visual

Table 2.-Forty-nine plant community types ofIndiana coastal zone listed by Kurz et al. (1978) .Wetland types are signified by italics.

Community typ e

ForestDry-mesic upland fores tMesic upland forestWet-mesic upland fores tDry dune forestDry-mesic dune fores tMesic floodplain forestWet-mesic floodplain forestWet floodplain fores tFlatwoods

PrairieDry-mesic prairi eMesic prairieWet-mesic prairieWet prairi eDry sand prairieDry-mesic sand prairi eMesic sand prairieWet-mesic sand prairieWet sand prairieGlacial drift hill prairi eGravel hill prairieSand hill (dune) prairieShrub prairie

SavannaDry-mesic savannaMesic savann aDry sand savann aDry-mesic sand savannaMesic sand savanna

Aquati cPerennial streamLakePondMarshShrub swampGraminoid bogLow shrub bogTall shrub bogForested bogCalcareous floating matGraminoid fenLow shrub fenTall shrub fenForested fenSedge meadowPanneSeepCalcareous seepSand seepSpring

PrimaryBeac hForedune/Blowout


2 3

Table 3 .—Synthesized wetland plant community types under the classification scheme of the Indian aDepartment of Natural Resources . * = Wetland communities classified by Wilhelm (1990) . ** = Wet-land Communities classified by Bowles et al . (1990) .

Communities by Kurz et al.(1978)

Communities by Bowles et al . (1990) and Wilhelm (1990)

Wet-mesic floodplain fores tWet floodplain forest

Bottomland forest *Hydromesophytic forest in the Swamp Complex *

Flatwoods Flatwoods in the Swamp Complex *Flatwoods* *

Wet-mesic prairi eWet prairi eWet-mesic sand prairi eWet sand prairie

Mesophytic prairie *Wet prairie of in the Marsh Complex *Graminoid wetlands* *

Perennial streamLakePond

Aquatic *

Marsh

Marsh in the Marsh Complex *Graminoid wetlands* *

Shrub swamp

Hydromesophytic forest and conifer swamp in the Swamp Com-plex *

Graminoid bogLow shrub bogTall shrub bogForested bogCalcareous floating mat

Bog*Forested bog* *Graminoid wetlands* *

Graminoid fenLow shrub fenTall shrub fe nForested fen

Fen in the Marsh Complex *Forested fen* *Graminoid fen**

Sedge meadow Sedge meadow in the Marsh Complex *Graminoid wetlands* *

Panne

Panne *

SeepCalcareous seepSand seepSpring

Flatwoods* *

inspection, the entire area was infested by un-desirable species (alien, invasive, or both )such as Lythrum salicaria, Phragmites corn-munis, Typha angustifolia, and T. latifolia .Several woody species (e .g ., ulcer negundo ,Populus deltoides, and Salix spp .) have alsoinvaded the wetland from adjacent riverbanksor woodlands . All of these species have verylittle or no value as elements of natural com-munities (Wilhelm 1990), and thus restoratio nof native vegetation is urgent in this area .Marsh, sedge meadow, and wet prairie ar ebeneficial models for restoration because these

were probably the most common wetlandcommunity types in the region's pre-settle-ment landscape. Their abundance has sinc ebeen decreased significantly . The introductionof several species has been suggested for re-storing marsh, sedge meadow, and wet prairie(Table 4 ; Wilhelm 1990) .After restoration of any of the above wetlands ,periodic fires would be necessary to discour-age the invasion of shrubs and trees (Hender-son & Long 1984) . Wet flood plain forest i svery commonly found in the riparian com-munity in the flood plains of streams and riv-

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ers, so it may serve as a model of restoratio nfor Roxanna Marsh . According to Wilhel m(1990), the following plants are typical of we tflood plain forest : Acer saccharinum (silvermaple), Cardamine bulbosa (smooth springcress), Carex amphibola turgida (gray sedge) ,Carya laciniosa (big shellbark hickory) ,Chaerophyllum procumbens (wild chevil) ,Floerkea proserpinacoides (false mermaid) ,Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash), Populusdeltoides (cottonwood), Salix nigra (blackwillow), and Viola striata (striped white vio-let) . Among the suggested species for we tfloodplain forest restoration are highly inva-sive shrubs (e .g ., Populus deltoides and Salixnigra) that produce quantities of seeds or tha texhibit rapid vegetative growth . Periodic fire smay be necessary to prevent over-growth ofthese species .

DuPont tract, owned by DuPont ChemicalCompany, is located to the east of Cline Av-enue in Hammond, Indiana (Fig . 1) . Despit eextensive industrial development during the1950s and the 1970s, significant portions o fclassical "dune and swale systems" are pre -served in this property . TAMS Consultant s(Mierzwa et al . 1991) and IDNR (unpubl . )documented 240 vascular plant species (203natives and 37 aliens) including 1 endangered ,2 threatened, and 4 rare species (Tables 5, 6 ,7 and Appendix) . Clark & Pine East NaturePreserve is located in the southeastern cornerof the East Chicago-Gary Regional Airpor tproperty (Fig. 1) . Like the DuPont tract, thi sarea is a classical example of a dune an dswale system. TAMS Consultants (Mierzwa e tal . 1991) and IDNR records for the area (un-publ .) list 271 species (245 natives and 2 6aliens) including 7 endangered, 4 threatened ,and 7 rare species (Tables 5, 6, 7 and Appen-dix) . Aggressive expansions of invasive spe-cies, both alien and native, pose seriousthreats to populations of native species in th eClark & Pine East Nature Preserve . The riv-erbanks in these natural areas are heavily in-fested with Phragmites commums berlandieri ,Lythrum salicaria, and Typha angustifolia .Spread of these species is generally facilitate dby their effective pollination systems, see ddispersal (mostly by wind), breeding system s(e.g ., facultative apomixis) and, in many cir-cumstances, rapid vegetative growth by "root -suckering" or "stem sprouts" (Baker 1986) .These characteristics make this group of spe -

cies very likely to continue expand aggres-sively in the wetlands of this tract, therebyout-competing native species . Forty alien spe-cies have already been found in the natura lareas of DuPont and Clark and Pine Easttracts . Most wetlands of the Grand CalumetLagoons are located within the Miller Wood sarea, which is a part of INDU (Fig. 1) . Thisis home to what probably is the best-preservedand most diverse flora in northwestern Indi-ana . Potamogeton pulcher (spotted pond -weed), presumed to be an extirpated species ,was found by Wilhelm (1990) . Whilhel m(1990) also documented 555 species (453 na-tives and 102 aliens) including 12 endangered,12 threatened, and 12 rare species (Tables 5 ,6, 7 and Appendix) .

POTENTIAL IMPACTS OFSEDIMENT REMOVA L

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1997) ,after a comparison of 18 different methods forsediment treatment, recommended "mechani-cal dredging" with a closed bucket (oftencalled a "clam-shell bucket") . Three potentialimpacts of the dredging operation on th eGrand Calumet River riparian wetlands arepossible. First, mechanical dredging ma ycause direct physical damages (e .g ., tram-pling) to the riparian wetlands . Preparation ofstaging areas and an access road would inev-itably remove some riparian vegetation . Phys-ical damages could be critically disruptive i fdone in sensitive wetland habitats such as theDuPont tract, Clark & Pine East, and MillerWoods. Second, the removal of sediment swould certainly deepen the riverbed, steepenthe shores and eventually facilitate soil ero-sion on the stream-banks, and this would low -er water quality . Third, local wetland hydrol-ogy could be modified by a deepening theriver ; i .e ., deepening of the river bed may fa-cilitate drainage from the adjacent wetlands ,and this "probable" drainage may cause dras-tic changes in plant species composition (e .g . ,from Carex spp. to Typha spp.) as evidencedin the nearby Cowles Bog in the Indian aDunes National Lakeshore (Wilcox & Simon -in 1987) . To minimize these impacts, I suggestthe following considerations for the propose dsediment removal project in the Grand Calu-met River and Indiana Harbor Ship Canal :

1 . Any sediment removal project shouldaim to restore full ecosystem function and

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Table 4 .-Suggested species matrices for resto-ration of marsh, sedge meadow, and wet prairi ealong the Grand Calumet River (Wilhelm 1990) .

Mars hAster puniceus firmus (marsh aster)Carex comosa (bristle sedge)C. haydenii (long-scaled meadow sedge )C. lacustrisC. lanuginosa (woolly sedge)C. lasiocarpa americana (narrow-leaved woolly

sedge )C. starwelliiC. stricta (meadow sedge)C. tribuloide sDecodon verticillatus (swamp loosestrife)Lysimachia thyrsiflora (tufted loosestrife )Polygonum hydropiperoides (mild water pepper)Potentilla palustris (marsh cinqefoil)Proserpinaca palustris crebra (mermaid weed )Rumex orbiculatus (great water dock )Scirpus acutus (hard-stemmed bulrush )S. validus creber (great bulrush )Scutellaria epilobiifolia (marsh skullcap)Sium suave (water parsnip)

Sedge meadowAster junciformis (rush aster)Bidens comosa (swamp tickseed)Dryopteris thelyteris pubescens (marsh shield

fern)Eupatorium perfoliatum (common boneset)Hypericum virginicum fraseri (marsh St. John' s

wort)Lycopus uniflorus (northern bugle weed )Mentha arvensis villosa (wild mint)Polygonum punctatum (smartweed)P. sagittatum (arrow-leaved tear-thumb )

Wet prairieAletris farinosa (colic root)Cladium marsicoides (twig rush)Eleocharis melanocarpa (black-fruited spike

rush)Gentiana crinita (fringed gentian )Juncus canadensis (Canadian rush)Ludwigia alternifolia (seedbox )Oxypolis rigidior (cowbane)Rubus hispidus obovalis (swamp dewberry)Sisyrinchium atlanticum (eastern blue-eyed grass )Spiranthes cernua (nodding lady's tresses )

structure of the Grand Calumet River and it sadjacent wetlands. The project should not b elimited to the simple activity of "getting thedirt out." The river cannot attain full ecolog-ical functioning without having its riparianwetlands restored. Only removing the sedi -

ment will certainly waste resources . For thi sreason, it is critical that the proposed sedimen tdredging be accompanied by the restoration ofriparian wetlands .

2. Physical damages to the wetland com-munities must be avoided, or at least mini-mized, during the sediment removal operation .Toward this end, the staging areas must b elocated as far as possible from the sensitivehabitats, such as DuPont tract, Clark and Pin eEast Nature Preserve, and Miller Woods . TheRoxanna Marsh area is an ideal candidate fora staging area, provided that the operation isnot done during the breeding seasons for fis hand wildlife . The area is considered to be se-verely degraded land. Such undesirable plantsas Typha spp. and Phragmites spp. would b eremoved during the preparation of stagingarea. After sediment-removal operations, thi sarea could be restored as wildlife habitat byestablishing native plant communities such assedge meadow or wet prairie .

3. Disposal sites for removed sedimentshould be located a safe distance from sensi-tive wetland habitats . Ecological feasibility ofdisposal at any proposed disposal site shoul dbe evaluated . Restoration of wetland ecosys-tems in the riparian lands (the areas immedi-ately adjacent to the river) are crucial for es-tablishing full ecological functions of theGrand Calumet River. Therefore, it is recom-mended that all riparian lands along the GrandCalumet River be excluded from the sedimentdisposal.

4. Stream-bank erosion should be prevente dby the construction of appropriate anti-erosio nstructures . For example, BioLogs (long rollsof coconut fiber encased in coconut netting )may serve as submersible substrate to ancho rnative aquatic plants and create calm "ed-dies" that protect and enhance wildlife . Thesestructures are commercially available, andthey have been used successfully (e .g ., marshrestoration in Hackensack Meadowlands, Ne wJersey ; Driver 1993) .

5. After removing the sediments, it is rec-ommended that the riverbeds be lined wit hsand to make a gentle slope from the shoresto the center. This approach has been used forstream bank stabilization (Abt et al . 1995) .The gentle slopes not only prevent drasticbank erosion, but they also provide an impor-tant feeding habitat for wildlife because birds(especially wading birds and possibly other

CHOI GRAND CALUMET RIVER WETLANDS

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Table 5 .-Endangered plant species, as listed by Indiana Department of Natural Resources, in th ewetlands of DuPont Tract, Clark & Pine Nature Preserve (C&P), and Miller Woods .

Species

Locatio n

Scientific name

Common name

DuPont C&P

Miller

Agalinis purpureaCarex brunnescens

sphaerostachyaCarex bushi iCarex richardsoni iEleocharis geniculataEquisetum variegatumGlyceria borealisJuncus scripoidesLudwigia sphaerocarpa deami iLycopus americanaPanicum columnianumPanicum dichotomiflorumPolygonum hydropiperoide sPotamogeton robbinsiiSatureja arkansanaScleria pauciflora carolian aTalinum rugospermum

Purple foxglove

X

Brown sedge

XLong-scaled sedge

XPrairie hummock sedge

XKnee spike bush

X

XSmall scouring rush

XNorthern manna grass

XRound-headed rush

XRound-fruited loosestrife

XCommon water horehound

X

X

XHemlock panic grass

XKnee grass

XMild water pepper

XFern pondweed

XDogmint

XFew-flowered nut rus hFame flower

X

X

animals, too) favor gentle dish-shaped basinsover steep cup-shaped ones (Smith et al .1994) .

6 . To investigate the impact of the propose dsediment removal on the local hydrology andplant communities of adjacent wetlands, anexperimental pilot dredging project is recom-mended .

THREATS AND RESTORATIONPOTENTIALS FOR WETLAND FLORAShuey (1996) listed three major threats to

biodiversity in the southern shore of LakeMichigan as follows : (1) habitat fragmentatio nand natural land conversion, (2) infestation ofexotic species and (3) anthropogenic disrup-tion of ecosystem processes . Industrial and ur-

Table 6 .-Threatened plant species, as listed by Indiana Department of Natural Resources, in the wet-lands of DuPont Tract, Clark & Pine Nature Preserve (C&P), and Miller Woods .

Species

Location

Scientific name

Common name

DuPont

C&P

Mille r

Arenaria strictaAristata intermediaAster ptarmicoide sCakile edentulaCarex aureaCarex bebb iCarex garberiCirsium picher iEriophorum angustifoliu mJuncus pelocarpusLathyrus orchtoleucusMyriophyllum verticullatum

pentinatumPolygonella articulataUtricularia cornuta

Stiff sandwort

XFalse arrow feather

X

XStiff aster

X

XSea rocket

XGolden sedge

X

X

XBebb's oval sedge

XFalse golden sedge

XDune thistle

XNarrow-leaved cotton grass

XBrown-fruited rush

XPale vetchling

X

Whorled water milfoil

XJointweed

XHomed bladderwort

X

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Table 7 .-Rare plant species, as listed by Indiana Department of Natural Resources, in the wetlands o fDuPont Tract, Clark & Pine Nature Preserve (C&P), and Miller Woods .

Species

Locatio n

Scientific name

Common name

DuPont C&P Miller

Aralia nudicularisArctostaphylos uva-ursi coatilisAster borealisBaptisia leucanthaBetula papyriferaCatalpa speciosaCypripedium caleolus parviflorumDiervilla loniceraDrosera intermediaHypericum kalmianumLiparis loeseli iPinus banksian aPogonia ophioglossoide sPotamogeton pusillusRhynchospora macrostachyaSolidago ptarmicoidesTofieldia glutinosa

Wild sarsaparilla

X

XArctic bearberry

X

XRush aster

XWhite wild indigo

X

XPaper birch

X

XNorthern catalpa

XSmall yellow lady's slipper

XDwarf honeysuckle

XNarrow-leaved sundew

XKalm's St. John's wort

X

XGreen twayblade

X

XJack pine

XSnake-mouth orchid

XSmall pondweed

XHorned beak rush

XPrairie golden rod

XFalse asphodel

X

ban development not only eliminated mos tnatural habitats but also fragmented remainin gpatches of natural lands . Habitat fragmenta-tion has several negative effects . Decline ofspecies richness in isolated small habitats is aclassic example of island biogeography that i ssupported by numerous filed evidences (e .g . ,Schonewald-Cox 1983 ; Newmark 1995). Asdistance between habitat patches increases, re -colonization following local population cras hbecomes less likely, which can ultimately leadto the regional collapse and extirpation ofhighly-sensitive species such as Kanner blu ebutterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), an en-dangered species as listed by U .S. Endangere dSpecies Act, on the southern shore of LakeMichigan (Shuey 1996 ; Knutson et al . 1999) .Fragmentation may also disrupt the life cycle sof species with complex habitat requirements ,such as species that may require wetlands forreproduction but uplands for foraging . Edgeeffects from fragmentation are also problem-atic . Severe fragmentation increases vulnera-bility to invasion of exotic species into corenatural areas (Shuey 1996) and unnatural pre-dation from disturbance-adapted predators ,such as raccoons (Procyon lotor), skunks(Spilogale spp.), and blue jays (Cyanocittacristata) (Yahner 1988; Shuey 1996) .Exotic species overrun native habitats, ofte neliminating entire flora on the southern shore

of Lake Michigan. Severe land disturbance b yphysical forces (Bowles et al . 1990 ;.Shuey1996), nutrient enrichment (Inouye & Tilma n1995), and altered hydrology (Wilcox et al .1986) generally favor exotic species over na-tive plants. The wetlands on the southernshore of Lake Michigan, as well as entireMidwestern U .S., are overrun by Phragmitescommunis (giant reeds), Typha angustifolia(narrow-leaf cattail), Lythrum salicaria (pur-ple loosestrife), and an exotic genotype ofPhalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass),whereas the upland fields and oak-savannasare overrun by Robinia pseudoacacia (blacklocust), Rosa multiflora (multiflora rose), Ul-mus pumila (Siberian elm), Lonicera japonic a(Japanese honeysuckle), Rhamnus spp. (buck-thorns), Melilotus spp. (sweet clovers), Co-ronilla varia (crown vetch), Allaria officinalis(garlic mustard), and other exotic plant s(Bowles et al . 1990; Wilhelm 1990 ; Shuey1996 ; Choi & Pavlovic 1998 ; Peloquin & Hie-bert 1999) .

Closely related to the impact of habitat los sis the elimination or alteration of ecosystemprocesses . The ecological communities of thesouthern shore of Lake Michigan were amongthe most dynamic in the midwestern U .S ., cre-ated and maintained by wildfires, hydrologica lfluctuations, and onshore transport of sandsand sediments . Wildfires originally played a


2 9

critical role in maintaining open habitats in th earea. Habitats such as oak-savanna, tall-grassprairie, and sedge meadow have been main-tained by periodic wildfires that discourage dthe invasions by woody plants such as Robi-nia pseudoacacia, Sassafras albidum (sassa-fras), Populus deltoides (cottonwoods), Cor-nus spp. (dogwoods), and Salix spp. (willows)and the over-growth and over-reproduction o foaks (Quercus spp.) (Taylor 1990 ; Wilhelm1990; Choi & Pavlovic 1998) . Unfortunately,modern culture has traditionally abhorredwildfires because of the perceived destructiv enature of fire, and this mentality led to artifi-cial suppression of wildfires for more than acentury. Without the influence of fire, openhabitats such as oak-savannas have succeede dto oak forests with full closure of their cano-pies now interrupting penetration of sunlightto ground layer. This transformation of com-munity types has caused significant decline o fLupinus perennis (wild lupine) which favorsopenings in oak-savannas, and the decline ofL. perennis lead to the endangerment of th eendemic Karner blue butterfly whose larva eforage exclusively on the leaves of lupines(Grundel et al . 1998) .

Historically, fluctuations of the local wate rtable played a critical role in maintaining lak-eplain and marsh communities . The swale scollect water from well-drained soils of ridgesas well as from underground . Therefore, waterlevels in the swales are dependents of above -ground runoff, seepage from sandy ridges, un-derground water table depths, short term fluc-tuations of Lake Michigan water level and thelong term retreat of the lake (Thompson 1992 ;Chrzastowski et al . 1994 ; Brown 1997 ; Labuset al . 1999) . Periodic episodes of elevated wa-ter tables re-set succession and maintain th ehighly productive herb-dominated systems .Many rare species, such as Utriculata spp .(bladderworts), and Cypripedium spp. (lady ' sslippers), in the lakeplain ponds are annuals .These annuals are dormant until a favorablemoisture condition stimulates germination .When this happens, they quickly reach matu -

rity and set seed before drought or inundationensues . Alteration of ground water regime ha sdisrupted these delicate cycles (Keddy 1990) .On the other hand, Carex spp ., Scirpus spp . ,and Juncus spp. (sedges and rushes) weredominant perennials in the lakeplain wetlandsbecause they could tolerate seasonal drought sbetter than other perennials such as cattails .However, extensive runoff from imperviousland surfaces (e .g ., highways, parking lots ,and residential discharge) inundated the soi lall year long causing massive invasions of Ty-pha, followed by Phragmites, Lythrum, andPhalaris (Wilcox et al . 1986; Choi 2001) .

The onshore deposition of sandy sediment shas been responsible for the formation ofdunes and beaches in the southern shore o fLake Michigan . Sand grains from erodingbanks and tributary mouths are carried by on -shore currents and winds and accrete to for mdunes, beaches, sandbars, and spits that shelte rthe pannes (wetlands with highly alkaline wa-ter) in intradunal depressions (Thomson 1992 ;Chrzastowski et al . 1994) . Today, lakefrontdevelopment (e .g ., marinas, piers, and con-crete walkways) in Chicago in Illinois, an dHammond and Gary in Indiana interruptsmuch of the sediment movements and depo-sitions along the shoreline. These interrup-tions arrest the formation of new beaches ,dunes, swales, and pannes (Shuey 1996 ; La-bus et al . 1999) .

Choi (2001) identified 34,771 ha of wet-lands (from the National Wetland Inventor y(NWI) - a Geographic Information Syste m(GIS) database) along the Grand Calumet Riv-er. Of these wetlands, only 197 ha (0 .6%)were high quality and 657 ha (1 .9%) are re -storable to natural conditions . Much of theothers (33,917 ha, 97 .5%) are also restorabl eto certain conditions ; however, limited tech-nology, high financial cost, and social and po-litical ramifications (i .e ., conflicts betweeneconomic growth and environmental conser-vation) only solidify the unlikelihood of res-toration in this highly industrialized region(PAHLS 1993) .

30


Appendix .—Check list of plant species in DuPont tract (DT), Clark and Pine East Nature Preserve(CP), and Miller Woods (MW) . Three classes of protection (status) by State of Indiana, extirpated (Ex) ,endangered (E), threatened (T), rare (R), and watch list (W) are indicated. Alien species (A) are als oindicated. Data compiled from Wilhelm (1990), Mierzwa et al . (1991), and unpublished data from theIndiana Department of Natural Resources .

Scientific name Common name DT CP MWSta-tu s

Abutilon theophrasti Velvetleaf X AAcer negundo Boxelder X XAcer platanoides Norway maple X AAcer rubrum Red maple X XAcer saccharinum Silver maple X X XAchillia millefolium Yarrow X X AAgalinis purpurea Purple false foxglove X X XAgalinis skinneriana Pale false foxglove X EAgalinis tenuifolia Slender false foxglove XAgropyron repens Quack grass X AAgropyron smithii Western wheat grass X AAgropyron trachycaulum unilaterale Bearded wheat grass X XAgrostis alba Redtop X X X AAgrostis hymalis Tickle grass XAilanthus altissima Tree of heaven X AAlestris farinosa Colic root XAlisma subcordatum Common water plantain X XAlisma trivale Large-flowered water plantain X XAllaria offacinalis Garlic mustard X AAllium cernuum Nodding wild onion XAlthaea rosea Hollyhock X AAmbrosia artemisiifolia elatior Common ragweed X XAmbrosia psilostachya coronopifolia Western ragweed X AAmbrosia trifida Giant ragweed X X XAmelanchier arborea Serviceberry XAmelanchier interior Inland shadbush XAmelanchier laevis Allegheny shadbush XAmmophila breviligulata Merram grass X WAmorpha canescens Lead plant XAmphicarpa bracteata Upland hog peanut XAndropogon gerardii Big bluestem grass X X XAnemone canadensis Meadow anemone XAnemone cylindrica Thimbleweed X X XAntennaria neglecta Cat's foot XAntennaria plantaginifolia Pussy toes X XAnthriscus caucalis Bur chervil XApios americana Ground nut X XApocynum androsemifolium Spreading dogbane XApocynum cannabinum Indian hemp X X XApocynum sibiricum Prairie Indian hemp X X XAquilegia canadensis Wild columbine X XArabis lyrata Sand cress X X XAralia nudicaulis Wild sarsaparilla X X RArctostaphylos uva-ursi coatilis Arctic bearberry X X X RArenaria lateriflora Wood sandwort XArenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved sandwort X AArenaria stricta Stiff sandwort X TAristata intermedia False arrow feather X X TAristata oligantha Plains three-awn grass X AAristata purpurascens Arrow feather X AAronia melanocarpa Black chokeberry X

CHOI—GRAND CALUMET RIVER WETLANDS 3 1

Appendix .—Continued .

Scientific name Common nameSta-

DT CP MW tus

Aronia prunifolia Chokeberry X XArtemisia caudata Beach wormwood X X XArtemesia vulgaris Mugwort X AAsclepias amplexicaulis Sand milkweed XAscelpias incarnata Swamp milkweed X X XAscelpias syriaca Common milkweed X X XAsclepias tuberosa Butterfly weed X X XAsclepias verticillata Whorled milkweed X X XAsclepias viridiflora Short green milkweed XAsparagus offacinalis Asparagus X X X AAster azureus Sky-blue aster X X XAster borealis Rush aster X RAster dumosus Rice-button aster X XAster ericoides Heath aster X XAster laevis Smooth blue aster XAster lateriflorus Side-flowering aster X XAster liniariifolius Flax-leaved aster XAster novae-angliae New England aster X XAster pilosus Hairy aster XAster ptarmicoides Stiff aster X X TAster puniceus firmus Shining aster XAster sagittifolius Arrow-leaved aster XAster sagittifolius drummondii Drummond's aster XAster simplex Panicled aster X X XAster umbellatus Flat-top aster X XAureolaria pedicularia ambigens Clammy false foxglove XBaptisia leucantha White wild indigo X X RBabarea vulgaris Yellow rocket X ABetula papyrifera Paper birch X X RBidens cernua Nodding bur marigold XBidens comosa Swamp tickseed XBidens coronata Tall swamp marigold X XBoehmeria cyclindrica False nettle X XBoltonia latisquama recognita False aster XBromus inermis Hungarian brome X ABromus japonicus Japanese chess X ABromus kalmii Prairie brome X XBromus tectorum Downy brome X X ABulbostylis capillaris Hair sedge XCacalia plantaginea Prairie Indian plantain XCakile edentula Sea rocket X TCalamagrostis canadensis Blue joint grass X X XCalamovilfa longifolia Sand reed X X XCamassia scilloides Wild hyacinth XCampanula aparinoides Marsh bellflower X X XCampanula rotundifolia Harebell XCampanula uliginosa Marsh bellflower XCannabis sativa Hemp X ACapsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd's purse X ACarduus nutans Musk thistle X ACarex alata Winged oval sedge X RCarex aurea Golden sedge X X X TCarex bebbii Beb's oval sedge X TCarex brevior Plains oval sedge X XCarex buxbaumii Dark-scaled sedge X X

32



Sta -Scientific name Common name DT CP MW tus

Carex brunnescens sphaerostachya Brown sedge X ECarex bushii Long-scaled green sedge X ECarex comosa Bristly sedge XCarex crawei Early fen sedge X TCarex emoryi Riverbank sedge XCarex garberi False golden sedge X XCarex granularis Pale sedge XCarex haydenii Long-scaled tussock sedge XCarex hystrixina Porcupine sedge XCarex interia Prairie star sedge XCarex lanuginosa Woolly sedge X X XCarex muhlenbergii Sand bracted sedge X XCarex pensylvanica Common oak sedge X XCarex richardsonii Prairie hummock sedge X ECarex starwellii Running marsh sedge X XCarex siccata Running savanna sedge XCarex stricta Common tussock sedge X X XCarex suberecta Wedge-fruited oval sedge X XCarex tenera Narrow-leaved oval sedge XCarex tetanica Common stiff sedge XCarex tonsa Smooth-fruited sedge XCarex tribuloides Awl-fruited oval sedge XCarex umbellata Early oak sedge X X XCarex viridula Green yellow sedge X XCarex vulpinoidea Brown fox sedge XCassia fasciculata Patridge pea X WCassia nictitans Wild sensitive plant XCastilleja coccinea Indian paintbrush X X XCatalpa speciosa Northern catalpa X RCeanothus americanus New Jesey tea X XCelastrus scandens Climbing bittersweet X XCenchrus longispinus Sandbur X XCentaurium pulchellum Showy centaury X X ACephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush X X XChelone glabra Turtlehead X AChenopoodium album Lamb's quarters X AChenopodium leptophyllum Narrow-leaved goosefoot XChenopodium standleyanum Woodland goosefoot XCicuta bulbifera Bulblet-bearing water hemlock XCinna arundinacea Common wood reed X XCirsium arvense Field thistle X X ACirsium discolor Pasture thistle X X XCircium muticum Swamp thistle X X XCirsium pitcheri Dune thistle X TCirsium vulgare Bull thistle X X X ACladium maricoides Twig rush X X XCommandra umbellata False toadflax X XCommelina communis Common day flower X ACommelina erecta deamiana Narrow-leaved day flower XConium maculatum Poison hemlock X AConvolvulus arevensis Field bindweed X AConvolvulus sepium Hedge bindweed X XCoreopsis lanceolata Sand coreopsis X X XCoreopsis palmata Prairie coreopsis X XCoreopsis tripteris Tall coreopsis X X X

CHOI-GRAND CALUMET RIVER WETLANDS 3 3



DT CP MW tu s

Corispermum hyssopifolium Bugseed XCornus obliqua Pale dogwood X X XCornus racemosa Gray dogwood X XCornus rugosa Round-leaved dogwood X TCornus stolonifera Red-osier dogwood X X XCornus stolonifera baileyi Dunes dogwood XCrepis capillaris Hawk's bear X ACuscuta coryli Hazel dodder XCuscuta gornovii Common dodder XCycloloma atriplicifolium Winged pigweed X XCyperus erythrorhizos Red-footed nut sedge XCyperus esculentus Field nut sedge XCyperus ferruginescens Rusty nut sedge X X XCyperus filiculmis Slender sand cyperus XCyprerus rivularis Brook nut sedge X X XCyperus schweinitzii Rough sand cyperus X XCyperus strigosus Long-scaled nut sedge X XCypripedium acaule Stemless lady's slipper WCypripedium calceolus parviflorum Small yellow lady's slipper X RCypripedium calceolus pubescens Large yellow lady's slipper X WDaucus carota Wild carrot X X X ADescurainia sophia Flixweed X X ADesmodium canadense Showy tick trefoil X X XDesmodium paniculatum Panicled tick trefoil X X XDesmodium sessilifolium Sessile-leaved trefoil XDianthus armeria Deptford pink X ADiervilla lonicera Dwarf honeysuckle X RDigitaria ischaemum Smooth crab grass X ADigitaria sanguinalis Ciliate crab grass X ADiplotaxis muralis Wall rocket X X ADiplotaxis tenuifolia Sand rocket X ADrosera intermedia Narrow-leaved sundew X RDryopteris spinulosa Spinulose shield fern XDryopteris thelypteris Marsh shield fern X X XDulichium arundinaceum Three-way sedge XEchinochloa crusgalli pubescens Barnyard grass X XEchinocystis lobata Wild cucumber XEchium vulgare Viper's bugloss X AEleocharis acicularis Needle spike rush XEleocharis compressa Flat-stemmed spike rush XEleocharis elliptica Golden-seeded spike rush X X XEleocharis engelmannii Engleman's spike rush XEleocharis erythropoda Red-footed spike rush X X XEleocharis geniculata Knee spike rush X X EEleocharis intermedia fernaldii Matted spike rush XEleocharis smallii Marsh spike rush XElodea canadensis Common waterweed XElodea nuttallii Slender waterweed XElymus canadensis Canada rye X X XEpilobium ciliatum Northern willow herb XEquisetum arvense Horsetail X X XEquisetum hymale Tall scouring rush X X XEquisetum variegatum Small scouring rush X EEgiusetum X ferrissii XEquisetum X laevigatum Smooth scouring rush X XEquisetum X trachyodon X

34



Sta -Scientific name Common name DT CP MW tu s

Eragrostis cilianensis Stink grass X AEragrostis hypnoides Creeping love grass AEragrostis pectinacea Small love grass X XEragrostis poaeoides Low love grass X X AEragrostis spectabilis Purple love grass X XEragrostis trichodes Tall love grass X AErechitites hieracifolia FireweedErigeron annuus Annual fleabane XErigeron canadensis Horseweed X X XErigeron philadelphicus Marsh fleabane XErigeron pulchellus Robin's plaintain X XErigeron strigosus Daisy fleabane X XEriophorum angustifolium Narrow-leaved cotton grass X X TEryngium yuccifolium Rattlesnake master XEupatorium altissimum Tall boneset X X XEupatorium maculatum Spotted joe pye weed X X XEupatorium perfoliatum Common boneset X X XEupatorium rugosum White snakeroot XEupatorium serotinum Late boneset X X XEuphorbia corollata Flowering spurge X X XEuphobia dentata Toothed spurge X AEuphorbia maculata Nodding spurge X AEuphobia polygonifolia Seaside spurge XEuphobia supina Spotted creeping spurge X AFestuca elatior Tall fescue X AFragaria virginiana Wild strawberry X X XFraxinus americana White ash XFraxinus pennsylvanica subintegerrima Green ash XGalium aparine Annual bedstraw XGalium concinnum Shining bedstraw XGalium obtusum Wild madder X XGalium pilosum Hairy bedstrawGalium tinctorium Stiff bedstraw XGaylussacia baccata Box huckleberry XGentiana andrewsii Closed gentain XGentiana crinita Fringed gentain X XGentiana procera Small fringed gentain X XGeranium carolinianum Carolina cranesbill XGeranium maculatum Wild geranium XGeum laciniatum trichocarpum Rough avens XGlechoma hederacea Ground ivy X AGleditsia triacanthos Honey locust X X AGlyceria borealis Northern manna grass X EGlyceria septentrionalis Floating manna grass XGlyceria striata Fowl meadow grass X X XGnaphalium obtusifolium Old-field balsam XHabenaria ciliaris Orange fringed orchid XHabenaria clavellata Club-spur orchid XHabenaria flava herbiola Tubercled orchid X XHabenaria hyperborea huronesis Northern bog orchid XHabenaria psycodes Purple fringed orchid XHamamelis virginiana Witch hazel XHelianthemum canadense Common rockrose XHelianthus divaricatus Woodland sunflower X X XHelianthus grosseserratus Sawtooth sunflower X XHelianthus occidentalis Western sunfower X X


3 5



DT CP MW tu s

Helianthus petiolarus Petioled sunflower X AHelianthus rigidus Prairie sunflower XHeliopsis helianthoides False sunflower XHeteranthera dubia Water star grass XHieracium caespitosum Field hawkweed X AHieracium canadense fasciculatum Canada hawkweed XHieracium gronovii Hairy hawkweed XHieracium scabrum Rough hawkweed XHordeum jubatum Squirrel-tail grass X AHypericum canadense Canadian St . John's wort XHypericum lamianum Kalm's St . John's wort X XHypericum majus Sand St . John's wort X RHypericum virginicum fraseri Marsh St . John's wort XHypoxis hirsuta Yellow star grass XHystrix patula Bottlebrush grass XIlex verticillata Winterberry X XImpatiens capensis Spotted touch-me-not X X XImpatiens pallida Pale touch-me-not X X XIris germanica German iris X AIris pseudacorus Tall yellow iris X AIris virginica shrevei Blue flag X X XJuncus balticus littoralis Lake shore rush X X X WJuncus brachycephalus Short-headed rush X XJuncus canadensis Canadian rush X XJuncus diffusissimus Slimpod rush XJuncus dudleyi Dudley's rush X X XJuncus effusus solutus Common rush XJuncus greenei Greene's rush XJuncus interia Inland rush XJuncus marginatus Grass-leaved rush XJuncus nodosus Joint rush X X XJuncus pelocarpus Brown-fruited rush X TJuncus scripoides Round-headed rush X EJuncus tenuis Path rush X X XJuncus torreyi Torrey's rush X X XJuniperus virginiana crebra Eastern red cedar XKoeleria cristata June grass X XKrigia biflora False dandelion X XKrigia virginica Dwarf dandelion XKuhnia eupatroioides corymbulosa False boneset XLactuca canadensis Wild lettuce X XLactuca serriola Prickly lettuce X ALathyrus japonicus glaber Beach pea XLathyrus orchroleucus Pale vetchling X TLathyrus palustris myrtifolius Marsh vetchling X XLechea villosa Hairy pinweed XLeersia oryzoides Rice cut grass X XLeersia virginica White grass XLepidium virginicum Common peppergrass XLeptoloma cognatum Fall witch grass XLespedeza capitata Round-headed bush clover X XLespedeza virginica Slender bush clover XLiatris aspera Rough blazing star X X XLiatris cyclindracea Cylindrical blazing star X X XLiatris spicata Marsh blazing star X X XLilium philadelphicum andinum Prairie lily X X X

36


Appendix .—Continued.


DT CP MW tu s

Linaria canadensisLinaria vulgarisLinum medium texanumLiparis lilifoliumLiparis loeseli iLiriodendron tulipiferaLithospermum canescensLithospermum croceu mLobelia kalmi iLobelia siphiliticaLobelia spicataLonicera dioicaLonicera X muendenuensisLonicera tataricaLudwigia alternifoli aLudwigia palustris amerianaLudwigia polycarp aLudwigia sphaerocarpa deami iLupinus perennis occidentali sLychnis albaLycopus americanu sLycopus aspe rLycopus rubellusLycopus uniflorusLycopus virginicu sLysimachia lanceolataLysimachia quadrifloraLysimachia terrestri sLysmachia thysifloraLythrum alatu mLythrum salicariaMaianthemum canadense interiu sMalus ioensisMedicago lupulinaMelampyrum lineare latifoliumMelilotus alb aMelilotus officinali sMentha arvensis villosaMimulus ringen sMirabilis nyctagineaMollugo verticillataMonarda fistulosaMonarda punctata villicaulisMonotropa unifloraMorus albaMuhlenbergia mexican aMuhlenbergia racemosaMyosotis scorpioidesMyriophyllum exalbescen sMyriophyllum verticullatum pentinatu mNajas flexili sNepeta catariaNuphar advenaNymphaea tuberos aNyssa sylvatica

Blue toadfla xButter-and-eggsSmall yellow flaxPurple twaybladeGreen twayblad eTulip tre eHoary puccoonHairy puccoonBog lobeliaGreat blue lobeliaPale spiked lobeli aRed honeysuckl eCommon fly honeysuckl eTartarian honeysuckl eSeedboxMarsh purslan eFalse loosestrifeRound-fruited loosestrifeWild lupin eWhite campionCommon water horehoundRough water horehoundStalked water horehoundNorthern bugle weedBugle weedLance-leaved loosestrifeFour-leaved loosestrifeSwamp candle sTufted loosestrifeWinged loosestrifePurple loosestrifeHairy Canada mayflowerIowa crabappl eBlack medi cCow wheatSweet white cloverSweet yellow cloverWild min tMonkey flowerWild four o'clockCarpet wee dWild bergamotHorse mintIndian pipeWhite mulberr yLeafy stain gras sUpland wild timoth yCommon forget-me-no tSpiked water milfoilWhorled water milfoilSlender naiadCatnipYellow pond lilyWhite water lilySour gum

X

XX

XX

XX

XXXX

XXX

XXXXX

X

XX

X

X

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X

X

X

XXXX

X

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A

R

AA

E

AEA

A

A

AA

AA

A

AA

T

A


3 7


Scientific name Common nameSta -

DT CP MW tu s

Oenothera biennisOenothera rhombipetalaOnoclea sensibilisOpuntia humifusaOrobanche unifloraOsmunda cinnamome aOsmunda regalis spectabili sOxalis europaeaOxypolis rigidiorPanicum capillarePanicum columnianumPanicum depauperatumPanicum dichotomifloru mPanicum flexilePanicum implicatumPanicum latifloru mPanicum lindheimer iPanicum oligosanthes scribnerianu mPanicum perlongu mPanicum rigidulumPanicum villosissimumPanicum villosissimum pseudopubescensPanicum virgatumParnassia glauc aParthenocissus insertaParthenocissus quinquefoli aPedicularis canadensisPenthorum sedoidesPetalostemum purpureumPhalaris arundinace aPhleum pratensePhlox divaricataPhlox glaberrima interiorPhlox peniculataPhlox pilosaPhragmites australi sPhysalis heterophyll aPhysalis pubescensPhysalis subglabrataPhysalis virginian aPhysocarpus opulifoliusPhysostegia virginianaPhytolacca americanaPinus banksianaPlantato majo rPlantato rugeliiPlatanus occidentalisPoa annuaPoa compressaPoa pratensisPogonia ophioglossoidesPolanisia graveolen sPolygala cruciata aquiloniaPolygala polygama obtusata

Common evening primros eWestern sand evening primroseSensitive fernEastern prickly pearOne-flowered broom rapeCinnamon fernRoyal fernTall wood sorrelCowbaneOld witch grassHemlock panic gras sStarved panic gras sKnee gras sWiry panic gras sOld-field panic grassBroad-leaved panic gras sSmooth woolly panic grassScribner's panic grassLong-stalked panic gras sMunro gras sWhite-haired panic gras sFalse white-haired panic grassSwitch grassGrass of parnassusThicket creeperVirginia creeperWood betonyDitch stonecu pPurple prairie cloverReed canary gras sTimothyBlue phloxMarsh phloxGarden phloxSand prairie phloxCommon reedClammy ground cherr yHairy ground cherryTall ground cherr yLance-leaved ground cherr yNinebarkFalse dragonheadPokeweedJack pin eCommon plantai nRed-stalked plantainSycamoreAnnual blue grassCanada blue gras sKentucky blue gras sSnake-mouth orchi dSlammy weedCross milkwortPurple milkwort

X

XX

X

X

X

X

XXX

X

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XX

X

XX

XX

X

X

X

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AA

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38



Sta-Scientific name Common name DT CP MW tus

Polygonatum canaliculatum Smooth Solomon's seal X X XPolygonella articulata Jointweed X TPolygonum amphibium stipulaceum Water knotweed X X XPolygonum aviculare Common knotweed X APolygonum coccineum Water heartease X XPolygonum convolvulus Black bindweed X APolygonum hydropiperoides Mild water pepper X EPolygonum lapathifolium Heartease XPolygonum pensylvanicum Pennsylvania knotweed XPolygonum persicaria Lady's thumb X APolygonum punctatum Smartweed X XPolygonum scandens Climbing false buckweat XPolygonum tenue Slender knotweed XPontederia cordata Pickerel weed XPopulus deltoides Eastern cottonwood X X XPopulus grandidentata Large-toothed aspen XPopulus tremuloides Quaking aspen X X XPortulaca oleracea Purslane X APotamogeton amplifolius Large-leaved pondweed XPotamogeton foliosus Leafy pondweed XPotamogeton gramineus Grass-leaved pondweed XPotamogeton illinoensis Illinois pondweed XPotamogeton natans Common pondweed XPotamogeton nodosus Long-leaved pondweed XPotamogeton pectinatus Sago pondweed XPotamogeton pulcher Spotted pondweed X ExPotamogeton pusillus Small pondweed X RPotamogeton robbinsii Fern pondweed X EPotentilla fruticosa Shrubby cinquefoil X XPotentilla palustris Marsh cinquefoil X XPotentilla recta Sulfur cinquefoil X APotentilla simplex Common cinquefoil XPrenanthes alba White lettuce X XPrenanthes racemosa Glaucous white lettuce X XProserpinaca palustris crebra Mermaid weed X XPrunella vulgaris lanceolata Self heal X XPrunus pumila Sand cherry X XPrunus serotina Wild black cherry X X XPrunus virginiana Choke cherry X X XPtelea trifoliata Hop tree XPtelea trifoliata millis Downy hop tree XPteridium aquilinum latiuscuum Bracken fern X X XPycnanthemum virginianum Common mountain mint X X X

Quercus alba White oak X X XQuercus ellipsoidalis Hill's oak XQuercus velutina Black oak X X XRanunculus flabellaris Yellow water crowfoot XRanunculus sceleratus Cursed buttercup XRatibida pinnata Yellow coneflower XRhamnus cathartica Common buckthorn X X ARhamnus frangula Glossy buckthorn X X X A

Rhus aromatica Fragrant sumac X X X

Rhus aromatica arenaria Dwarf fragrant sumac X X

Rhus copallina latifolia Winged sumac X X X


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DT CP MW tus

Rhus glabra Smooth sumacRhus toxicodendron Poison ivy X X XRhus typhina Staghorn sumac X X XRhynchospora capiillacea Hair beak rush X XRhynchospora macrostachya Horned beak rush X X RRibes americanum Wild black currant XRobinea pseudoacacia Black locust X ARorippa palustris hispida Rough marsh cress XRosa blanda Early wild rose XRosa multiflora Multiflora rose X X ARosa palustris Swamp rose X XRotala ramosior Wheelwort XRubus flagellaris Common dewberry X XRubus hispidus Swamp dewberry XRubus idaeus strigosus Red raspberry X XRubus occidentalis Black raspberry XRudbeckia hirta Black-eyed Susan X X XRumex acetosella Field sorrel X ARumex altissimus Pale dock XRumex crispus Curley dock XSatabia angularis Rose gentain X X ASagittaria graminea Grass-leaved arrowhead XSagittaria latifolia Common arrowhead XSalix amygdaloides Peach-leaved willow X X XSalix discolor Pussy willow X XSalix eriocephala Heart-leaved willow XSalix glaucophylloides Blue-leaved willow X X XSalix humilis Prairie willow X X XSalix interior Sandbar willow X XSalix nigra Black willow X X XSalix pedicellaris hypoglauca Bog willow XSalix petiolaris Meadow willow XSalix purpurea Purple willow X ASalix syrticola Dune willow XSalsola kali tenuifolia Russian thistle X X ASambucus canadnesis Elderberry X X XSanguinaria canadensis Bloodroot XSanicula marilandica Black snakeroot XSaponaria officinalis Bouncing bet X XSassafras albidum Sassafras X X X ASatureja arkansana Dogmint X ESaxifraga pensylvanica Swamp saxifrage XSchizachyrium scoparium Little bluestem X X XScirpus acutus Hard-stemmed bulrush X XScirpus atrovirens Dark green rush X XScirpus cyperinus Wool grass XScirpus pendulus Red bulrush XScirpus pungens Chairmaker's rush X X XScirpus validus creber Great bulrush X X XScleria pauciflora caroliniana Few-flowered nut rush X EScleria triglomerata Tall nut rush XScleria verticillata Low nut rush X XScutellaria epilobiifolia Marsh skullcap X XScutellaria lateriflora Mad-dog skullcap X X X

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Sta -Scientific name Common name DT CP MW tu s

Senecio pauperculus Balsam ragwort X XSetaria faberii Giant foxtail X ASetaria glauca Yellow foxtail X ASetaria viridis Green foxtail X ASilene antirrhina Sleepy catchfly X XSilene cserei Glaucous campion X ASilene cucubalus Bladder campion X ASiphium integrifolium Rosin weed XSisymbrium altissimum Tumble mustard X ASisyrinchium albidum Common blue-eyed grass X X XSium suave Tall water parsnip X XSmilacina racemosa Feathery false Solomon's seal X XSmilacina stellata Stary false Solomon's seal X X XSimilax lasioneura Common carrion flower X XSmililax rotundifolia Green briar XSmilax tamnoides hispida Bristly green briar X XSolanum americanum Black nightshade X ASolanum ducamara Bittersweet nightshade X X X ASoliago altissima Tall goldenrod X XSolidago caesia Blue-stem goldenrod X X XSolidago gigantea Late goldenrod X XSolidago gramminifolia Smooth grass-leaved goldenrod X XSolidago gramminifolia nutallii Hairy grass-leaved goldenrod X X XSolidago gymnospermoides Vicid grass-leaved goldenrod X XSolidago juncea Early goldenrod XSolidago missouriensis fasciculata Missouri goldenrod X XSolidago nemoralis Old-field goldenrod X X XSolidago ohioensis Ohio goldenrod X XSolidago ptarmicoides Prairie goldenrod X RSolidago racemosa gillmanii Dune goldenrod XSolidago riddellii Riddell's goldenrod XSolidago ridida Stiff goldenrod XSolidago rugosa Rough goldenrod X XSolidago sempervirens Seaside goldenrod X ASolidago speciosa Showy goldenrod X X XSolidago tenuifolia Slender-leaved goldenrod XSolidago uliginosa Bog goldenrod XSonchus asper Spiny sow thistle X ASonchus oleraceus Store-front sow thistle X ASonchus uliginosus Common sow thistle X ASorghastrum nutans Indian grass X XSparganium americanum American bur reed X XSparganium chlorocarpum Dwarf bur weed XSparganium eurycarpum Common bur reed XSpartina pectinata Prairie cord grass X X XSphenopholis intermedia Slender wedge grass XSpirea alba Meadow sweet X X XSpirea tomentosa rosea Steeple bush X XSpiranthus ceruna Nodding ladys' tresses X XSporobolus asper Rough dropseed X ASporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed XStachys palustris homotricha Woundwort XStachys tenuifolia hispida Marsh hedge nettle XStipa spartea Porcupine grass X X X


4 1



DT CP MW tusStrophostyles helvula Trailing wild bean XSymphoricarpos orbiculatus Coral berry X ATalinum rugospermum Fame flower X ETaraxacum officinale Common dandelion X X ATephrosia virginiana Goat's rue X XTeucrium canadense Germander XThalictrum dioicum Early meadow rue XTilia ameriana Basswood XTofieldia glutinosa False asphodel RTradescantia ohiensis Spider wort X X XTragopogon dubius Sand goat's beard X X ATragopogon pratensis Common goat's bear X ATrifolium hybridum Alsike clover X ATrifolium pratense Red clover X ATrifolium repens White clover X ATriglochin maritima Common bog arrow grass X XTripasis purpurea Sand grass XTriticum aestivum Wheat X ATypha angustifolia Narrow-leaved cattail X X X ATypha latifolia Broad-leaved cattail X X XUlmus pumila Siberian elm X AUtricularia cornuta Horned bladderwort X TUtricularia gibba Humped bladderwort XUtricularia minor Small bladderwort XUtricularia vularis Great bladderwort XVaccinium angustifolium Early low blueberry XVaccinium pallidum Late low blueberry XVallisneria americana Eel grass XVerbascum thapsus Common mullein X X XVerbana hastata Blue vervain X X X AVerbena stricta Hoary vervain X XVeronia missurica Missouri ironweed XVeronicastrum virginicum Culver's root XViburnum acerifolium Maple-leaved arrow-wood XViburnum lentago Nannyberry XViburnum prunifolium Black haw XViburnum rafinesquianum Downy arrow-wood XVicia americana American vetch XViola conspersa Dog violet XViola fimbriatula Sand violet XViola lanceolata Lance-leaved violetViola pedata lineariloba Bird's foot violet XViola pubescens Yellow violet XViola sagittata Arrow-leaved violet XViola sororia Common blue violet XViola tricolor Pansy violet XVitis aestivalis Summer grape AVitis labrusca Fox grap eVitis riparia Riverbank grape X XVitis vulpina Froot grape XXanthium strumarium Cocklebur X AZizaia aquatica Wild rice X XZizia aurea Golden Alexander X X

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