wetland plant id training 2009 - grasses · inflorescence is a large dense panicle that changes...
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BWSR-NRCS Wetland Plant ID Training 2009
Common Wetland Grasses
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Anatomy of a grass► Inflorescence Diversity
http://forages.oregonstate.edu/projects/regrowth/print-section.cfm?title=Grass%20Structures
Panicle Spike Clusters
Ligule
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Anatomy of a grass
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Bluegrasses (Poa spp.)
►Cool season grasses with leaves mostly near base
►Boat-shape leaf tips►Multiple flowers per
spikelet
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Kentucky Bluegrass (FAC-)[Poa pratensis L.]
► To 2.5’ high, stems rounded near base
► Truncate ligule► Broader inflorescence vs Poa palustris
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PoaPrate/PoaPraLi1.html
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Kentucky Bluegrass (FAC-)[Poa pratensis L.]
► 3-5 flowers per spikelet, crowded at the ends of branches
► Spikelets up to ¼” long► Cottony hairs at the base of the
lemma
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PoaPrate/PoaPraSp1.html
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Fowl Bluegrass (FACW+)[Poa palustris]
►Up to 3.5’ tall, stems round or slightly flattened near base
►No rhizomes, stems often purplish at base
►Spreading inflorescence
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Fowl Bluegrass (FACW+)[Poa palustris]
► 2-4 flowers per spikelet, hair on lemma nerves
► 1.5-5 mm semi-opaque ligule, rounded or pointed. Longer than wide
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PoaPalus/PoaPalusDr1.html
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PoaPalus/PoaPalusSp1.html
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Slender wheatgrass (FAC)[Elymus trachycaulus]
►NO creeping rhizomes
►Ligules very short and ciliate
Robert Soreng @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
http://www.plantsofconcern.org/plant_resources/poc_plants_gallery/elymus_trachycaulus/elymus_trachycaulus.htm
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Slender wheatgrass (FAC)
Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
►Spikelets with 3-5 flowers, long glumes - often as long as spikelet
►Spikelets sometimes overlap slightly
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/ElymuTrach/ElyTraSp1.html
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Quackgrass (FACU)[Elymus repens]
►Creeping rhizomes►3-6 flowers per
spikelet►Leaves up to ½”
broad, rough on bottom
http://www.dkimages.com/discover/DKIMAGES/Discover/Home/Gardening/Kitchen-Garden/Herbs/General/General-005.html
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Quackgrass (FACU)
►Spikelets distinctly overlapping
►Stem is very fuzzy at base
Douglas Ladd @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Virginia wildrye (FACW)[Elymus virginicus]
►Long narrow leaves up to ½ in. wide
►Scabrous leave►Dense erect
spikes
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Virginia wildrye (FACW)[Elymus virginicus]
► Short ligule► Pointed overlapping
auricles► 2-6 flowers per
spikelet
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/ElymuVirgi/ElyVirSp3.html
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Prairie cordgrass (FACW+)[Spartina pectinata]
► Long, arching leaves, wide and becoming much more narrow towards tip
►Coarse leaf blades, sawtooth-like edges
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Prairie cordgrass (FACW+)
►Spikelets on in 2 rows on a series of comb-like, one-sided branches
►Flat 1 flowered spikelets
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/SpartPecti/SpaPecSp1.html
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Barnyardgrass (FACW)[Echinochloa crus-galli]
►NO ligule ► Flattened stem base► Leaves w/ strong keel►Naturalized non-native
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Barnyardgrass (FACW)[Echinochloa crus-galli]
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/EchinCrusg/EchCruIn1.html
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/EchinCrusg/EchCruSp1.html
► Single flowered spikelets
► Many spikelets grouped on spikes that together form a panicle up to 1 ft long
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Canada Bluejoint OBL[Calamagrostis canadensis]
►Hairless sheath, dry papery ligule similar to reed canary grass
►Dense blue-tinged leaves
Blue-tinged dense leaves Papery ligule
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Canada Bluejoint OBL[Calamagrostis canadensis]
Purple-blue joint Hairy spikelets
► Purple-blue toward base of stem, frequently has purple joints
►Tufts of hair at base of spikelets
► Single flower spikelets on slender stalks form an open panicle
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Rice Cutgrass OBL[Leersia oryzoides]
►Very rough leaves with sharply toothed margins-can cut skin and catch clothes
►Fuzzy ring around joints on stem
Fuzzy joint
Patrick J. Alexander @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
Rough leaf margin
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Rice Cutgrass OBL[Leersia oryzoides]
Stiff hairs
►Open panicle►Greenish-white
spikelets on branch ends have stiff hairs
► Single flower spikelet
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/LeersOryzo/LeeOrySp1.html
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Big Bluestem FAC-[Andropogon gerardii]
►Signature ‘turkey foot’ inflorescence with 3 spikes
►Leaves and stem become a deeper purple in the fall
►Hairy ligule
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Big Bluestem[Andropogon gerardii]
► Signature ‘turkey foot’ inflorescence with 3 spikes
► Spikelets in pairs: one stalkless and awned, the other on a short stalk with no awn
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/AndroGerar/AndGerSp1.html
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Smooth Brome UPL[Bromus inermis]
►M shaped crinkle in top third of leaf blade
►Leaf sheath wraps around stem
M-shaped Crinkle
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Smooth Brome UPL[Bromus inermis]
►Inflorescence lacks awns (hairless)
►Anywhere from 3-30 florets per spikelet
►Invasive
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Canada wild rye FAC-[Elymus canadensis]
► Ligule is a stiff short membrane that turns brown
► Smooth stem is mostly concealed by leaf sheathes
► Swollen nodes along stem
► Entire plant may have a slightly bluish tint
Larry Allain @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Databasehttp://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/canada_rye.htm
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Canada wild rye FAC-[Elymus canadensis]
► Inflorescence is a very hairy nodding spike up to 6” long
► 2-5 flowers per spikelet
http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/canada_rye.htm http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/ElymuCanad/ElyCanSp1.html
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Foxtail barley FAC+[Hordeum jubatum]
► Inflorescence is a soft and hairy nodding spike, with awns reaching 2.5 in.
► Up to 2 ft tall► Slender leaves up to 5 in.
long
Jennifer Anderson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/ontweeds/foxtail_barleybw2.jpg
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Foxtail barley[Hordeum jubatum]
Elaine Haug @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
► Inflorescence is a soft and hairy nodding spike, with awns reaching 2.5 in.
► Spikelets in groups of 3. The outer spikelets are usually sterile
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/HordeJubat/HorJubSp1.html
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Switch Grass FAC+[Panicum virgatum]
► Ligule is a tuft of hairs that continues up the base of the leaf
► Sheaths wrap around the stem► Leaves are long and slender but
do not extend past the inflorescence
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Switch Grass[Panicum virgatum]
► Airy, large open panicle► Scattered individual spikes
on the ends of long branches
► One flower per spikelet
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PanicVirga/PanVirSp1.html
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PanicVirga/PanVirIn1.html
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Reed Canary Grass FACW+[Phalaris arundinacea]
► Invasive grass that often forms large clumps
► Wide leaves► Large, papery ligule that
wraps around the stem
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Reed Canary Grass FACW+[Phalaris arundinacea]
► Inflorescence is a large dense panicle that changes from green early in the season to maroon and eventually its characteristic light brown.
► Each spikelet contains one fertile floret and two reduced infertile florets
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PhalaArund/PhaAruHa1.html
Early Season Late Seasonhttp://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/PhalaArund/PhaAruSp1.html
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Indian Grass FACU+[Sorghastrum nutans]
► Characteristic ‘bunny ear’ auricles at leaf base
► Ascending, erect branches are usually smooth, may be slightly hairy in young plants
Jennifer Anderson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
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Indian Grass FACU+[Sorghastrum nutans]
► Inflorescence is a tight spike that becomes deep maroon colored
► Single flower spikelets► Pollen produced on
protruding yellow stamens
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/SorghNutan/SorNutSp1.html
http://www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses/speciespages/SorghNutan/SorNutIn1.html