whales and dolphins of maldives by rachel lambert

5/24/2018 Whales and Dolphins of Maldives by Rachel Lambert

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SIX SENSES LAAMU PRESENTATION


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ONE FULL PAGE IMAGE FOR A DIVIDERSLIDE

Rachel LambertMarine Biologist

Six Senses Laamu

Whales and Dolphins

of the Maldives

R. Lambert


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SIX SENSES LAAMU |

Copyright 2013 Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas |www.sixsenses.com

Define cetaceans Identify the 23 whales and dolphins of the Maldives Discuss their biology, ecology and behaviour Focus on spinner dolphins Highlight the issue of disturbance

Introduce the dolphin watching guidelines whichshould

be followed

Whales and Dolphins of the Maldives

WHALES AND DOLPHINS OF THE MALDIVES


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Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Cetacea

wholly (all) marine mammals

whales, dolphins & porpoises

Whales and Dolphins



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Marine mammals Homeothermic Live young Mammary glands Suckle on milk

Lungs Hair

Cetaceans


R. Lambert/HEPCA


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External Anatomy


Dorsal Fin

Tail Fluke

Pectoral Fins(Flippers)

MelonBlowhole

Rostrum/

Beak

R. Lambert/HEPCA


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2 extant sub-orders: Mysticeti baleen whales Odontoceti toothedwhales

At least 85 species 14 mysticetes 71 odontocetes

Cetaceans



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Baleen whales Possess baleen plates Filter feeders Rorquals have ventral pleats Two nostrils (blowholes) Large whales 3 species in the Maldives(Anderson et al.2012)

Mysticeti



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Balaenoptera musculus Family: Balaenopteridae 27 33 m 180,000 kg Broad U-shaped head

10 m blow Feeds on shrimp-like krill

Blue Whale



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Balaenoptera edeni Family: Balaenopteridae 15 17 m 3 distinct ridges on head Lives year-round in tropical waters

Livelier lunge feeding

Brydes Whale



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Megaptera novaeangliae Family: Balaenopteridae 14 17 m Distinctive hump on back Tubercles (lumps) on head Energetic leaps Krill and schooling fish Sing

Humpback Whale



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Toothed whales Teeth One nostril (blowhole) Posses a melon Echolocation

20 species in the Maldives(Anderson et al.2012)

Odontoceti



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Produce high frequency sounds above 120 kHz

Click train Detect the echoes when the sound bounces back offobjects

Phonic lips create the sound which is focused by themelon

Sound is received by the lower jaw Can determine the physical features of theirenvironment

Locate and hunt prey Biosonar

Echolocation



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Physeter macrocephalus Family: Physeteridae 12 18 m Largest toothed whale Submarine shape Left angled, bushy blow Spermaceti organ Diving 2000 m+ for squid

Sperm Whale



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Kogia sima Family: Kogiidae 2.5 2.7 m Dark blue/ olive brown skin Deep waters Feed on deep-sea squid, fish and crustaceans Little knowledge

Dwarf Sperm Whale



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Family: Ziphiidae Mysterious whales Strandings data mostly All deep diving Feeding mostly on squid 5 species in the Maldives Difficult to identify in the field 4 7 m

Beaked Whales


Blainvilles beaked whale


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Cuviers beaked whaleZiphius cavirostris Blainvilles beaked whale

Mesoplodon densirostris

Longmans beaked whaleIndopacetus pacificus

Ginko-toothed beaked whale*Mesoplodon ginkgodens

Atoll beaked whale*Mesoplodon hotaula

Beaked Whales


Cuviers beaked whale


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Globicephala macrorhynchus Family: Delphinidae 5 7 m Large, bulbous head Broad-based dorsal finWarm, deep waters Feed mostly on squid Highly social

Short Finned Pilot Whale



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Orcinus orca Family: Delphinidae 8 10 m Largest of the dolphin family Black with white patches Male dorsal up to 2 m 3 types of orca - transients Highly intelligent and social

Orca (Killer Whale)



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Pseudorca crassidens Family: Delphinidae 5 6 m Uniformly dark grey/ black Rounded head

Tropical/ sub-tropical waters Feed on large pelagic fish and sometimes dolphins

False Killer Whale



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Feresa attenuata Family: Delphinidae 2 2.6 m Dark grey or black Dark cape down the backWhite lips Deep, tropical and subtropical waters Feed mostly on fish and squid

Pygmy Killer Whale



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Peponocephala electra Family: Delphinidae 2.6 2.8 m Dark grey or blackWhite lips Slim body Offshore in tropical and subtropical waters Feed on pelagic fish and squid

Melon Headed Whale



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Lagenodelphis hosei Family: Delphinidae 2.6 2.7 m Bluish-grey back Cream-pink underbelly

Pantropical, oceanic distribution Dive up to 500 m to catch mid-water fish and squid

Frasers Dolphin



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Stenella coeruleoalba Family: Delphinidae 2 2.6 m Bluish greyWhite stripes Tropical and subtropical waters Often hundreds are seen together Opportunistic feeder squid, fish, crustaceans

Striped Dolphin



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Stenella attenuata Family: Delphinidae 1.7 2.6 m Grey colouration Adults have spots

Pantropical distribution Feeds at night on fish, crustaceans and squid

Pantropical Spotted Dolphin



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Copyright 2013 Six Senses Hotels Resorts Spas |

www.sixsenses.com

Grampus griseus Family: Delphinidae 2.6 3.8 m Bulbous, rounded head Dark greyWhite scars accumulate Preference for deep water Feeds on squid at night

Rissos Dolphin



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Steno bredanensis Family: Delphinidae 2.5 2.8 m Primitive appearance Head slopes smoothly Cookie cutter scars Offshore in tropical and subtropical waters Feed on fish and cephalopods

Rough Toothed Dolphin



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Tursiops truncatus

Family: Delphinidae 2.8 - 3.8 m Uniformly grey Stocky body Curved dorsal fin Coastal distribution worldwide Opportunistic feeder - fish, squid, crustaceans

Common Bottlenose Dolphin


D. Feingold/Sea Watch Foundation


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Tursiops aduncus Family: Delphinidae 2.4 2.7 m Confused with the commons Adults may have spots Prefer shallow waters Indian and western Pacific oceans Feed on fish and squid

Indo Pacific Bottlenose Dolphin


R. Lambert


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Stenella longirostris Family: Delphinidae 1.8 2.3 m Grey with a light stripe Underside can be pink Long, pointed rostrum Tropical waters

Spinner Dolphin


R. Lambert


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Unique spinning behaviour during leaps Record is 7 rotations in one leap Form of communication Dislodges parasites Excitement Play Showing off

Spinner Dolphin Behaviour - Spinning


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Sleep during the day- inside the atoll

Rest half the brain at a time Hunt mesopelagic fish andsquid at night

Dive to 300 m to catch prey Seen travelling out of the atoll at sunset

Spinner Dolphin Behaviour


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Sound communication Primary method of communication EcholocationWhistles Signature whistles (Caldwell & Caldwell 1965) Co-ordinate hunting Mothercalf cohesion Alarm calls

Acoustic Communication



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Touch Physical contact Caress others with flippers and beak Mothers and young calves Aggressive Tactile Communication: Biting Tail slapping and leaping onto others Pushing others underwater

Tactile Communication


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Blow bubbles when whistling Counter-shading Aggressive Visual Communication:Wave tail from side to side Head shaking Tail slapping Staring Swimming quickly towards others

Visual Communication


R. Lambert/HEPCA


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Allows people to see dolphins in their natural habitat Developed rapidly in the 1980s and seen as analternative

to whaling

The industry was never regulated and concernsdeveloped

Dolphin Watching


R. Lambert


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THE major conservation concern Changes in the behaviourof the animals

Can affect their survival

Disturbance


R. Lambert


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Injury collision/ propeller Can lead to death

Immediate Impacts


Institute of Zoology Sea Watch Foundation

R. Lambert/Sea Watch Foundation


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Disruption of or changes in:

swimming speed & direction surfacing behaviour (breathing) communication group size/ cohesion mating or nursing feeding/ resting patterns increased aggression

Short - term Impacts


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Bay of Islands, N.Z. resting behaviour ofbottlenose dolphins decreased (Constantine et al. 2004)

Western Australia group structure of bottlenosedolphins changed (Arcangeli & Crosti 2008)

New South Wales dive times of humpback whaleswere higher (Stamation et al. 2010)

Examples


SIX SENSES LAAMU |WHALES AND DOLPHINS OFTHE MALDIVES


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Alter their distribution and range Habitat abandonment

ecological impacts Increased chronic stress

reduced reproductive success

and higher mortality

Long term Impacts




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Six Senses Laamu Code of Conduct




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Keep at least 50 m away from dolphins

For whales, keep at least 100 m away No more than 3 boats should be within 150 m ofdolphins

and 300 m of whales

Boats should spend no more than 30 minutes withwhales or

dolphins Do not approach from directly behind or head on

Boats should travel side-by-side to the animals Allow the dolphins to choose to approach the boat


Code of Conduct



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No rapid changes in speed or rapid changes indirection- be predictable

Reduce speed to less than 6 knots when within 150 m Do not cut them off or chase them

Do not encircle or box in the animals, always allow the animals an escaperoute

Do not separate mothers and calves

Do not attempt to feed, touch or swim with whales ordolphins


Code of Conduct



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All whales and dolphins are protected under Maldivianlaw

(May 1993)

IWCs Indian Ocean Whale and Dolphin Sanctuary Codes of conduct implemented worldwide Encourage sustainable tourism Reduce disturbance Enhance the guest experience Ensure the future of the trips


Concluding Remarks



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Anderson, R.C., Sattar, S.A. & Adam, M.S. 2012 Cetaceans in the Maldives: areview. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 12(2): 219-225 Arcangeli, A. & Crosti, R. (2009) The short-term impact of dolphin-watchingon the behaviour of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in westernAustralia. Journal of Marine Animals and Their Ecology, 2: 7pp.

Caldwell, M. C. & Caldwell, D. K. (1965) Individualized whistle contours inbottlenosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Nature 207, 434435. Constantine, R., Brunton, D.H. & Dennis, T. (2004) Dolphin-watching tourboats changes bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behaviour. BiologicalConservation 117: 299-307

Stamation, K.A., Croft, D.B., Shaughnessy, P.D., Waples, K.A. & Brigss, S.V.(2010) Behavioural response of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) to

whale-watching vessels on the southeastern coast of Australia. MarineMammal Science, 26 (1): 98-122.

WDC Species Guide (http://www2.wdcs.org/species/about2.php)

References




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www.sixsenses.com

Photo Credits

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teachers, lecturers and students may incorporate the Material in their educational material (including, butnot limited to, their lesson plans, presentations, worksheets and projects) in hard copy and digital format for

use within a registered educational establishment, provided that the integrity of the Material is maintained

and that copyright ownership and authorship is appropriately acknowledged by the End User. (http://

www.arkive.org/about/terms-of-use)

Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association Sea Watch Foundation


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ONE FULL PAGE IMAGE FOR A DIVIDERSLIDE

Thank You For

Listening

R. Lambert


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THANK YOU

Contact Information | www.sixsenses.com


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whales and dolphins of maldives by rachel lambert

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