what happens after they arrive? how settlement ... · resettled refugees sponsored family members...
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What happens after they arrive?
How settlement organizations are
essential to successful refugee
resettlement Lori Wilkinson, PhD
Department of Sociology
Metropolis North America, Washington D.C.
16 November 2017
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Immigrants to Canada 2006-2015
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
All Other Immigrants
Refugee claimants
Resettled Refugees
Sponsored Family
Members
Economic immigrants
Source: IRCC, 2017
Facts and Figures
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Refugees to Canada by Type, 2004-2015
On average, between 43% and 57% of refugee claimants are admitted to Canada on
humanitarian grounds.
Calculations from Immigration and Citizenship Canada. 2017. Facts and Figures
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Government Assisted Refugees Privately Assisted Refugees
Refugee Claimants
Asylum seekers
(refugee claimants)
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Refugee Claimants Canada, 1999-2017
-
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
Figures for 2017 include Jan-August 2017 only
CIC Facts and Figures, 2008; CIC Facts and Figures 2015; IRCC Open Data, 2017
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Age at Arrival, Refugees 2006-2015
20%
14%
50%
13%
3%
0 to 14 years of age
15 to 24 years of age
25 to 44 years of age
45 to 64 years of age
65 years of age or
more
Source: IRCC, 2017
Facts and Figures Another 9% are aged
25-29 years
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Findings from Syrian Refugee Study 2017; Western Settlement Survey 2013
Top Initial Difficulties in Resettling
• Training to get a job
• Difficulty finding work
• Credential and experience
recognition
• Orientation to the Canadian
economy
• Links to employers
• Learning English or French
Wilkinson, et.al, 2017; Wilkinson et. al, 2013
Photo credit: AFP/Getty Images 2017
Wilkinson et al., 2017; Wilkinson et al., 2014
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Language and settlement needs
Photo credit: University of Reading, 2017
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Self-rated English Pre-arrival among refugees, 2015
Source: IRCC Monthly data release, May 2017
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
English Neither English Neither English Neither
GAR PSR BVOR
Alberta
Saskatchewan
Manitoba
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Not attending English Class by Sex & Province
Findings from Syrian Refugee Study 2017
Wilkinson et al., 2017
25%
17%
13%
3% 3% 4%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba
Females Males
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Why not attending language class?
Alberta Saskatchewan Manitoba
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Currently on
wait list 5% 4% 1% 6% 0% 4%
Plan to attend
class 1% 10% 0% 8% 4% 9%
No plans to
attend 11% 11% 2% 3% 0% 0%
Attending 83% 75% 97% 83% 96% 87%
Findings from Syrian Refugee Study 2017
Wilkinson, et. al., 2017
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What programs are available Language
• Canadian Language Benchmark online assessment tool
• Language Instruction for Newcomers to Canada (LINC)
• Cours de langue pour les immigrants au Canada (CLIC)
• CLB programs offered by accredited agencies
• « Community » led English language and conversational
classes
• English language for professionals
• Some free courses, others fee-for-service
• Online English language training and exercises
• Some places offer childminding
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Language affects settlement outcomes • Social integration, sense of well being, connections with community all
increase when newcomers can speak local language
• Family well-being is decreased when some members don’t learn the official
language
• Critical period hypothesis: learning a language after age 12 more difficult
• Average earnings 50% higher among those who can speak official
language
• Literacy test scores account for 2/3 of earnings disparities among
university-educated immigrants
• Language is the second most important determinant of occupational
success
• Ability to understand spoken English is more important to labour market
integration than speaking, writing and reading it
Skuderud 2012; Ferrer et al., 2006; Carnevale et al., 2001
Shields and Prince 2002
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Employment and settlement needs
Images courtesy of hirearefugee.ca 2017; Peace by Chocolate 2017 and
Maclean’s Magazine, 2017
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Used employment services by city
4%
53%
13%
35%
0%
35% 30%
13%
28%
46%
19%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Findings from Syrian Refugee Study 2017
Wilkinson, et al., 2017
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Trouble finding work that matches qualifications
by province and class Western Settlement Survey 2013
Wilkinson, et. al, 2016
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Occupational “mobility” of refugees
67%
53%
75%
66%
21%
12%
28%
9%
31%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
BC AB SK MB
Status decline Stayed same Status increase
Western Settlement Survey 2013
Wilkinson, et. al, 2016
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What programs are available? • Resume and interview preparation, career counseling, computer
classes, some internship
• Credential recognition
– International Credential Assessment Services of Canada
– Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials
– Each province and each profession has its own regulations
– Office of the Fairness Commissioner (Ontario, Quebec, MB)
• Talent Beyond Boundaries
• Refugee Career Jumpstart Project
• English language on the job
• Danby Appliances, hirearefugee.ca, Syriana
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Employment influences settlement
success
• Allow refugees to work as soon as possible (Canada & US)—have greater
employment rates than countries that prevent refugees from entering labour
market (Sweden & Switzerland)
• Speed up process of asylum hearings (Spain, Norway, Germany, Canada &
Sweden)
• Reintroduce “Matching Grant” programs in Canada and US that provide
employers with financial incentives to hire refugees
• Settle in areas where population is declining
• Access to language training as soon as possible
• Provide higher level language training to assist in gaining better employment
• Provide language training on-the-job
• Mentorship and internship possibilities increase linkages with potential employers
Hainmueller, Hangartner and Lawrence 2016; Smith 2015; Legrain 2017
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Resettlement of Syrians in Western Canada
2017 Study thanks: • Brooks and County Immigration Services
• Calgary Catholic Immigration Societies
• Catholic Social Services (Edmonton)
• Catholic Social Services (Red Deer)
• Lethbridge Family Services-Immigrant Services
• Moose Jaw Multicultural Council
• Regina Open Door Society
• Saskatoon Open Door Society
• YWCA Prince Albert
• La Société franco-manitobaine/Accueil francophone (Saint-Boniface)
• Manitoba Interfaith Immigration Council Inc. (Winnipeg)
• Westman Immigrant Services (Brandon)
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Additional Thanks
• Joseph Garcea, University of Saskatchewan
• Pallabi Bhattacharyya, Jill Bucklaschuk, Abdul-Bari Abdul-Karim, Annette
Riziki, Janine Bramadat, Palak Dhiman, Kaitlyn Fraser University of
Manitoba; Marie Schnieders, University of Oldenburg (Germany)
• Jason Disano, Jessica McCutcheon, Martin Gaal and team at the Social Science
Research Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan
• Stephanie Kot and Milton Ortega, AAISA
• Bob Cram, SAISIA
• Vicki Sinclair, Teresa Burke and Bequie Lake, MANSO
• Donna Wall and John Biles, IRCC
• Funding: IRCC-Prairie Region & NHQ, MITACs Globalinks, University
of Manitoba Undergraduate Summer Internship Fund
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Additional Findings, Reports and Information
Immigration Research West
92 Dysart Road
University of Manitoba
Winnipeg, MB Canada R3T 3M5
Email: [email protected]
http://umanitoba.ca/about_IRW.html
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