What have we learned so far this year?

Genre focus …Fiction and Nonfiction The Novel Prose and Poetry Drama Introduction to the Research Process

FICTIONTypes of fiction

1. Short stories 3. Novellas2. Novels 4. Historical fiction

The characters face a problem (conflict) that must be overcome. The made-up series of events that describe how the conflict progresses is called plot. There is a setting that helps set the mood of the story.Mood is the overall feeling that a literary work conveys to the reader.

NONFICTIONBiographiesAutobiographiesMemoirsLetters

Journals and DiariesEssay’s and ArticlesInformational texts

Fiction Vs. Nonfiction Fiction1. Tells about made-

up people & events and can retell historical events from a different point of view.

2. Told from the point of view of a fictional character.

Nonfiction1. Deals exclusively

with real people, events, or ideas.

2. Almost always told from the point of view of the writer, who is a real person

Both fiction and nonfiction have…

1. Have a setting, a time , and place.2. Convey a mood, or overall feeling.3. Features the writer’s unique style, a characteristic way of

using language and expressing ideas.

Point of view The narrator tells the story from a certain

point of view. First-person point of view is the

perspective of a character in the story. Third-person point of view is the

perspective of a narrator outside of the action.

HERE IS A STRATEGY FOR READING FICTION AND

NONFICTIONVisualize…Picture the characters, setting, or

other elements of the text in your mind. Allowing yourself to “see” what you are

reading. This will help you to understand it better.

Making Predictions When you predict, you anticipate future

events and possible outcomes.1. Preview the selection2. 2. Formulate a prediction by using what

you know about the topic3. Verify your predictions as you read and

modify (change) them when necessary.

Narrative texts A narrative is a story. Every narrative shares the elements of

character, conflict, plot, and setting. Fiction-tells am imaginary narrative. A nonfiction tells a story about real

characters and events and must remain true to the facts.

Conflict Conflict is a struggle between opposing

forces.1. External conflict … occurs when a

character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, or society.

2. Internal Conflict occurs within the mind of a character who struggles with opposing feelings, beliefs, needs, or society.

Understanding Plot Plot describes both events in the story

and phases of the story… Beginning Middle End1. Exposition-the beginning of the story. It

introduces the characters, setting, and the basic situation.

2. Rising Action- introduces the central idea…the conflict starts to build.

3. Climax-the point when the conflict reaches its greatest intensity.

Understanding Plot cont.1. Falling Action-consists of everything that

happens after the climax.2. Resolution-resolves the conflict and ties

up all the plot’s loose ends.

Exposition(Beginning)

Resolution(Ending)

ClimaxPrince finds Snow White and kisses her

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Snow White Awakens

EventsThe Prince marries Snow White.

Falling ActionRising

Action

Queen poisons Snow White.

Queen believes she is the most beautiful woman in the world. Her magic mirror tells her that Snow White is.

ConflictEvil Queen wants Snow White dead because of Snow White’s beauty.

Authors Purpose To inform

To entertain

To persuade

To reflect

Author’s Purpose cont.To communicate tools

used to communicate purpose in expository

Facts/details Technical Language Sentence structure Figurative language Word Choice Imagery

Literature Characters Theme Imagery Word choice genre

Propagandaa form of persuasion that can be used for

good and bad purposes

Types of Propaganda

Bandwagon technique—since everyone else is doing it

Card Stacking– emphasizing one side and de-emphasizing anotherTestimonials– quotations, stories, or personal

experiences used to make a product or idea sound worthwhile

Celebrity endorsementsGlittering generalities

Setting & Mood Setting of a literary

work is the time and place of the action.

The setting can also be the source of conflict

Mood is the overall feeling that the literary work conveys the reader.

Details of setting help establish the mood

Theme The theme is different from the topic. A

topic is the focus, while a theme is its unifying idea.

The message can be a lesson about life or an observation about people. Sometimes the theme is implied.

Novel A novel is a full-length work of

fiction (a hundred pages or more). It is usually divided into chapters and includes some of the following literary elements and techniques.

Literary ElementsRefer to page 108

Flashback Foreshadowing Plot Subplots Character Protagonist Antagonist Characterization…direct and indirect Point of view…1st Person and 3rd person

Omniscient third person Irony

Novel vs. Short story Short Story Usually focuses on a

protagonist and a few other characters

Usually tells about one important event or episode.

Focuses on the protagonist’s conflict and how it is resolved

Plot builds to a climax—a moment of decision or insight that often reveals the story’s theme.

Novel Usually presents several minor

characters May develop minor characters Usually takes place over a longer

period of time and weaves together many incidents and subplots

Focuses on the protagonist’s conflict but usually includes several related conflicts

Builds to a climax but usually more complicated in structure

Presents more than one them and may have many subplots to show the theme from different angles

Making inferences Is an educated guess or logical

assumption based on available—though sometimes incomplete—information. You must often “read between the lines” and look beyond what the words say to what they imply.

Making inferences can also help you to determine the main idea.

Irony Page 174 Verbal Irony—A writer, speaker, or

character says something that is the opposite of what that person really means.

Situational Irony– Something happens that contradicts what the reader, the audience, or a character expects.

Dramatic Irony– The reader or audience knows or understands something that a character does not.

Nonfiction Reflective—Addresses an experience and

includes the writer’s insights about the event’s importance (letter)

Persuasive—Tries to convince the reader to adopt a particular point of view(sales brochure, editorial)

Narrative—Tells a story of real-life experience (biography or autobiography)

Expository—Presents facts and ideas, or explains a process (essay, how-to writing)

Literary terms—Expository Terms

Cause & effect—look for– because, why, therefore, so, then, since, as a result

Chronological organization– look for– first, then, since, next, once, before, after, later, etc.

Compare & Contrast—look for– Compare: like, same, similarly…Contrast – look for– different, however, instead, but.

Problem & Solution– look for—if/then, therefore, the problem is, the question is

Persuasive page 228 An author uses persuasion to convince

the reader to take action. The writer’s position is his or her opinion

or point of view Rhetorical Question Facts Ethical appeal Opinions Emotional appeal

Poetry and ProseTwo Major Genres of Literature

Prose occurs in two forms: fiction and nonfiction

Poetry describes the use of extremely concise, musical, and emotionally charged language

In Prose, sentences are used to express complete thoughts.

In Poetry, the equivalent is a line.

Poetry Form and structure Form and structure—lines, stanza,

speaker, traditional, free verse, couplets Sound—Rhythm, Patterns of stressed,

Rhyme-sounds at the end, alliteration-repeating consonant sounds at the beginning, assonance-repeating vowel sounds.

Imagery & Fig. Language – Simile, metaphor, personification, etc