what is a philippine-type language

8/12/2019 What is a Philippine-type Language

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What is a Philippine-typelanguage?

Ricardo Ma. Nolasco

Associate ProfessorUP Diliman


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Prototypical characteristics of

Philippine-type languagesa) syllable-timed speech rhythm

b) affix dependent word formation

c) predicate-initial word order

d) ergative morphosyntax


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Speech rhythma) stress timed - intervals between

stresses or rhythmic feet are said to

be near equal length.b) syllable-timed - successive syllables

are said to be near-equal length.

c) mora-timed - contain sub-syllabicunits called morae which are more orless equal in duration


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Syllable-timed languages In most languages, the more syllables

there are, the longer it takes to say

something. Each syllable is more or less the same

length as other syllables.

Example:Hindi ako magnankaw.

`I am not a thief.


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Stress-timed languages In English, the syllables are not similar in

length. It is not each syllable whichreceives equal time in pronunciation buteach segment bounded by primary stresses.

Dnt pay any attn tion to what

thers say.

English is a stress-timed language


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English as a stress-timed

languageIn English, the amount of time it takes to say

something does not depend on the numberof syllables.

a. Dogs chase cats

b. The dogs chase cats.

c. The dogs chase the cats.

d. The dogs will chase the cats.e. The dogs will be chasing the cats.


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Language classification

according to speech rhythm


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What is stress in Philippine

type languages?Syllable prominence - usually associated

with duration. Pitch and loudness are

not reliable indicators of stress.

[g.tm] `hunger [p.n] `tree[ g.tm ] `hungry [p.n] `full

of

s.t.]


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Morphological Typologya) Isolating languageone morpheme,

one word (e.g. Chinese)

b) Agglutinating language - one wordmay consist of several meaning units

(e.g. Turkish, Tagalog)

c) Fusional languageseveral meaningsfused into a word (e.g. Latin)


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Precategoriality in Philippine-

type languagesa) Roots - any form to which an affix

may be added (e.g. bahay)

b) Affixes - dependent forms (e.g. -in)c) Particles - forms to which you cannot

add an affix (e.g. daw, pala, diay)

You can only know the parts of speechmembership of a form when you use itin speech or add an affix


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Rootsbahay ganda takbo

To what parts of speech do the followingroots belong?

Answer: All these forms can be used asnouns, adjectives or verbs.


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What are the parts of speech

in Philippine-type languages?Cross-linguistic categories:

nouns verbs

pronouns numerals

case markers particles

And maybe adjectives, although they mayalso be classified as stative verbs.


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How about adverbs and

prepositions?

In Philippine type languages, some words

which are translated into adverbs orprepositions in other languages areactually:

Nouns: English: under the table

Tag: sa ilalim ng mesa


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How about adverbs and

prepositions? (Contd)Statives a. Tumakbo siya nang mabilis.

b. Mabilis siya.

c. Ganoon siya kabilis.

d. Ganoon siya kabilis tumakbo.

Particles already = na

still = pa


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Root-based and Stem-based

morphological analysisHow do you analyze a form like

pag-aralan?

Root based: pag--an + aral

Stem based: pag-aral + -an


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What is a stem?

A stem is a form to which the last affix isadded.

beautifully = beautiful + ly

beautiful = beauty + ful

Sapin-sapin hypothesis = a word has alayered structure.


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15-item quiz

Gumawa ng tree diagram ng sumusunodna salita

1-5. kaawaan, ikalungkot, makiisa,magdasal, pagprituhan

6-10 Isulat ang stem ng bawat salita.

11-15. Gumawa ng panibagong salitabuhat sa naturang stem.


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S, A, O (and OBL)

S = the only argument of an intransitiveverb

A = the most agentive argument of atransitive verb

O = the most patientive argument of a

transitive verbOBL = all others which are not S, A or O


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Mga halimbawa:

1. Tumakbo si Juan.

S

2. Tinakbuhan ni Juan si Maria.A O


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Word Order

Predicate Initial = PS, PAO (e.g.Sugbuanong Binisaya)

Predicate Medial = SP, APO (e.g.English)

Predicate Final = SP, AOP (e.g.Nihonggo)


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Motivations for altering wordorder

a) Clitics

b) Scene setting function

c) Listing

d) Exclusive contrast


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Clitic word order

1. Kinain ko ang mangga. (PAO)

2. Hindi ko kinain ang mangga. (APO)

3. Hindi ko ito kinain. (AOP)


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Scene setting function

1. Maya-maya pay nagpasya na ringlumusong ang mestisahing babae.

2. Sa pataas sa dako pa roon ng daan,may napansin si Andy.

3. Malapit sa kinatatayuan nila ay isang

malapit na puwestong meryendahan


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Listing

Yung isang friend ko, nag-boyfriend.Nagkaanak lang. Tinakbuhan. Yung isa

pa, dadalawang taon pa lang nanakakasal, hiwalay na. At yong isa pa,nagtitiis na lang para hindi sila

maghiwalay. Dalawa na kasing anak,e. Pero ang dalas mabugbog!


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Exclusive contrast

1. Tumawag si Andy. Isang babae ang sumagot.

2. Si Engkoy ang nagtulak ng kariton pababa sa

baha. 3. Sa N. Domingo sila lumabas.

4. Napagkayarian na si Luz ang pipili ng petsa ng

kasal; si Fe, kung saang simbahan; Si Andy kungsaan ang reception; at si Mon, kung saan anghoneymoon.


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How has Philippinemorphosyntax been analyzed?

a) Nominative accusative subject-object and active-passive constructs

are applicable.b) Ergative-absolutive - subject is not

meaningful because of patientprimacy; what is important is the mostaffected entity;

c) None of the above


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Parameters High Low

A. Arguments Distinct A and O Distinct S

B. Kinesis Action State

C. Aspect Telic Atelic

D. Punctuality Punctual Non-punctual

E. Intentionality Deliberate VolitionalF. Particularity Particular General

G. Directionality External Internal

H. Effort Effortful Effortless

I.Affectedness of O Fully Affected Partially Affected

J. Exclusivity Exclusive O Non-ExclusiveO


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Definition of Transitivity in thePhilippine context

a) An intransitive construction is onewhere the source of the action is also

the most affected entity, the S.Example: Sumikat ang araw.

b) The S is marked by the absolutive case(ang/si)

c) The verb is marked byum- or m-


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Transitive constructions

a) A transitive construction is one wherethe source of the action (A) is distinct

from the most affected entitiy (O).Ex. Hinawakan ko siya.

b) The A is marked by the ergative case

(ng/ni), and the O is marked by theabsolutive case (ang/si);

c) Verb is marked byin, -an or i-.


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Case Forms in Three (3)Philippine Languages


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Case Determiners in Three (3)Philippine Languages


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Quiz 2: Ano ang pagkakaibasa kahulugan ng bawat pares?

1. a) Sumalpok ang alon sa bangka.

b) Sinalpok ng alon ang bangka.

2. a) Binasa ko ang libro.b) Nagbasa ako ng libro.

3. a) Ikinalungkot ko ang pag-alis niya.

b) Nalungkot ako sa pag-alis niya.4. a) Nagtanim ako ng mais sa lupa namin.

b) Tinamnan ko ng mais ang lupa namin.


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Maraming salamat po!

what is a philippine-type language

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