What is an organism?

-any living thing

-There are 7 characteristics that distinguishes living from nonliving.

All living organisms ……. 1. Are made up of one or

more cells.Cells are the basic unit of function and structure of all living organisms.

Unicellular:-organisms made up

of only one cell.Bacteria

Protist

Multicellular:-organisms made up of

many cells all working together.

FungiPlants Animals

Multicellular organisms must display levels of organization:

1. CELLSis the basic unit of life

2. A group of like cells make up a: TISSUE 3. Layers of like tissues make up a:ORGAN 4. A group of organs working together for one purpose is a:SYSTEM Examples?

Digestive, Excretory, Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive, Nervous, etc…..5. ORGANISM

5. Organism =an individual living thing (frog)Made up of a series of organ systems working

together.

6. Species = group of like organisms that can reproduce and produce a fertile offspring.(spring peepers)

= group of individuals of the same species living in one place. ( All the spring peepers living in Mrs. O'Neill's pond).

7. Population

8. Communities = groups of many different populations living in one area. ( all the different types of frogs, fish, turtles and cat tails in Mrs. O’Neill’s pond).

9. Ecosystem = all the different organisms and their physical environment both biotic and abiotic

Biotic: bio=life anything alive

Abiotic a=non bio=life anything nonliving like air, water, etc..

10. Biosphere = is the region of our universe where organisms live (land, air and water).

What’s the difference between the man and the rock?

Man -made upof cells and displays all levels of organization.

Rocks -not made up of cells. Made up of only atoms and molecules

All living organisms……2. Must be able to successfully reproduce.

-Reproduce means to make new organisms .

-This trait pertains to the species and NOT to an individual.

Types of reproduction:

Asexual Reproduction: A

= notSexual

= well you know what that means...

-Asexual reproduction is when one organism divides into two new organisms.

-the new organisms are genetically identical.

-clones-

Bacteria, protist, some fungi, some plants and some animals.

Binary Fission

Budding Hydras

Strawberry Plants

Asexual Reproduction

Benefits: Only takes one

organism to reproduce and keep the species alive

Disadvantages: Decrease in genetic

diversity within a gene pool.

Recycling of “bad” genes/or traits.

If all organisms are identical than a single factor could wipe out the entire species.

Example: Streptococcus bacteria can be killed by penicillin.

Sexual Reproduction:-Requires two things

-sperm-egg

-Produces organisms that are genetically different.

23

23

46

Zygote

Sexual ReproductionBenefits:

• Increases genetic diversity.

• All organisms within a species has unique traits.

• If the traits are beneficial they can pass them on to their offspring and create more fit organisms.

Disadvantage: In most species it

requires two different organisms to reproduce

Few species are hermaphrodites

One organisms has the ability to produce both sperm and egg

Most flowering plants

Sponges

External Fertilization:

verses

Internal Fertilization

External Fertilization:

Sperm and egg are released into the water .

Sperm and egg randomly come together by chance.

Offspring develop on their own, many ending up as a prey or as “fish food”

Fish

External Fertilization

Frogs

External Fertilization Benefits:

Provides the chance to produce a large amount of offspring

Disadvantages: Offspring develop

unprotected Large amount of

offspring do not survive

Internal fertilization: Sperm is deposited into the female’s body and fertilization takes place inside the body.

Internal Fertilization

Internal Fertilization Benefits:

Offspring are protected by the female’s body or by an egg shell

Better chance to survive.

Disadvantages: Less offspring are

produced

3. All living organisms must be able to grow and develop.

Grow: to increase in the number of

cells.Develop:

to change in form.

Growth and development may occur at the same

time.

4. All living organisms must obtain and use energy.

-need energy to do everything-grow, develop, reproduce…..even

sleep.

Why do babies sleep so much????

Obtain energy through:

Photosynthesis:

CO2 + H2O -------> Sugar + O2

Cellular Respiration:

Sugar + O2 -------> CO2 + H2O

Heterotrophs:

Hetero = trophs = different to nourish

-organisms that get energy by consuming and digesting carbohydrates/sugars into useable molecules.

-these molecules are then broken down into energy through the process of cellular respiration.

Who is heterotrophic:

-some bacteria

-some protist

-all fungi

-all animals

Different types of heterotrophs:1. Herbivore:

-plant eater-Ex: cows, elephants,

giraffes

2. Carnivore:-meat eater-Ex:

lions, tigers, sharks

3. Omnivore -eats both plants and animals

Ex: Humans, bears

4. Decomposer/Saprophyte:Breaks down dead or decaying organic matter

Ex: bacteria, fungus or invertebrates

Autotrophs:Auto = trophs =

self operating to nourish-organisms which make

their own food/sugars through the process of

-once made the sugar must still be broken down into energy through cellular respiration.

Photosynthesis

Who is Autotrophic?

-some bacteria

-some protist

-all plants

An organism’s metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur

within a cell. This includes the breaking down of food molecules into energy and the use of this energy to do

work in the form of building, maintaining and repairing the body .

Ross Review

“When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.”

If all of the lions on an African savanna were killed or removed, how do you think their absence might affect the other living things on the savanna?

1. What is the energy source for this food web?2. Who are the producers/autotrophs?3. Who are the primary consumers/heterotrophs?4. Who are the secondary consumers/heterotrophs?5. What do the arrows represent?6. Approximately what % of energy is passed on

through each step?

Species interactions within an ecosystem:

1. Predator-Prey RelationshipsWhat is the role of the predator?

-organism that feeds directly upon another living organism.

-May or may not kill the prey.

What is the role of the prey?-the smaller and weaker of the two

organisms that is hunted by the predator.

2. Competition Two organisms of the same or from a different

species compete for the same resources:-Food-Shelter-Mates-Space

3. Symbiosis

A non-antagonistic living together of two or more members of different species.

Two types of symbiosis:-Commensalism-Mutualism

Type 1:CommensalismType of symbiosis in which one member clearly benefits (+) and the other member is neither benefited nor harmed .

Type 2: Mutualism

Is the association in which both members of the partnership benefit.

4. Parasitism When a smaller organism feeds on a larger

organism, weakening or killing it. One organism benefits and the other

organism is harmed .

Roles:

Parasite: smaller organism that lives in

or on the body of the host. Host:

Larger organism which is being lived upon.

5. All living organisms must adapt to their environment.

WHY?Survival…………..

Chameleons

Snowshoe rabbit in the winter and summer.

Camouflaging

Organisms that are best adapted to their environment are the ones who survived and reproduced.

-leading cause of evolution-change over time

Other adaptions:

Darwin’s Finches

6. All living organisms must be able to respond to their environment.

WHY?Survival…………………….

STIMULUS coldness

heatno food

light

RESPONSEShiverSweat Birds fly south /hibernationPlant grow towards it

7. All living organisms must be able display homeostasis.

Homo =same

stasis =stationary

Heart beat/pulseBlood pressureWater balanceBody temperature

Homeostasis is the ability for an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain an equilibrium or constant internal conditions.

-Homeostasis is accomplished by a series of feedback mechanisms

-An organism is in homeostasis when it’s needs are met and it is functioning properly.

Example:

Blood sugar rises body senses change pancreas secretes insulin into blood insulin effectively lowers the blood sugar level by moving sugar into the cells. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis the pancreas stops releasing insulin

If a person can not perform this negative feedback loop then what is wrong with the person?

-

Example:

Blood vessel is damaged platelets cling to injured site and release chemicals to attract more platelets platelets continue to pile up and release these chemicals until a clot is formed.

Homeostasis happens in all organisms, even plants.

Plants need to regulate:-water loss-CO2 intake

Homeostasis linkWhat is the body temperature of a healthy human?

How does our bodies react/maintain homeostasis when exposed to the following stimuli:

STIMULUS RESPSONSE RESULT1. Coldness Homeostasis 1. warms up

mechanism 2. 3.

STIMULUS RESPSONSE RESULT

2. Heat Homeostasis 1. cools down mechanism 2.

3. Blood Homeostasis 1. blood pressure mechanism pressure drops rises

4. Blood Homeostasis 1. blood sugar mechanism sugar rises drops