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Page 1: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition
Page 2: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition
Page 3: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

What is chromatography?

• Chromatography is the separation of an analyte from a complicated mixture of similar constituents for qualitative or quantitative identification

– Applies to both organic and inorganic compounds

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Chromatography separation method partitioning behavior

원리 : 시료 성분 (용질) 고정상통과 (이동상) 분배(partition), 용질성분에 따른 분배비율 차이(이동 속도가 달라짐)에 따라 분리가 일어남.

고정상 혹은 정지상(stationary) - 관속 혹은 관판에 고정

이동상(mobile phase, eluent) - 액체, 기체, (초임계 유체)로서 시료를 이동시킴

이동상종류에 따라 분류

개스 (gas chromatography),

액체 (liquid chromatography)

Page 5: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition
Page 6: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition
Page 7: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition
Page 8: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition
Page 9: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition
Page 10: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

종 류 (1) 정지상과 이동상을 접촉시키는 방법에 근거

* 관 chromatography 정지상(좁은관에 고정), 이동상(관을 통해 압력이나 중력의 힘으로

흐름)

* 평면(planar-): 정지상 (유리판, 다공성 종이에 정지상 도포), 이동상 (모세관 운동, 중력의 영향을 받아 정지상 통해 움직임)

(2) 관 크로마토그래피법의 용리 elution(용리) - 연속적으로 새로운 이동상을 첨가함으로써 관을 통하여

화학종 이동(분배), 시료중의 용질(정지상 이동상), 이동속도의 차

(3) 크로마토그램 (chromatogram) 검출기를 관 끝에 설치, 신호를 시간의 함수로 표시 - 봉우리 위치 (시료의 성분확인) - 봉우리 면적 (성분의 양)

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분류 : 일반적 two phases의 종류에 따라 명칭을 붙인다. GC: 정지상 상태 GSC (분리 mechanism - 흡착) GLC (분리 mechanism - 분배) GSC (컬럼 충진물 실리카겔, 분자체, charcoal, porapak 등) GLC (정지상은 불활성인 고체 지지체에 얇은 막입힌 액체상)

LC: 컬럼(성능, 분리우수), plane method (TLC, paper chro.) 정지상인 액체상이 지지체에 어떻게 붙어있느냐? LLC (고체지지체에 액체정지상)

LBC (정지상이 화학결합) LSC (정지상 상태에 따라)

정지상이 흡착제인 경우 (흡착; LSC) 정지상이 이온교환수지 (IEC)

이온교환, 발달 (IC) 양/음 이온분리 정지상이 다공성 gel (분자량 크기 분리) SEC GFC(수용성) GPC (비수용성)

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Classification of column chromatography methods

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분류 크로마토그래피

이동상 종류 Gas Chromatography (GC)

gas-liquid chromatography (GLC)

gas-solid chromatography (GSC)

Liquid Chromatography (LC)

liquid-liquid chromatography (LLC)

liquid-solid chromatography (LSC)

분리기구

(고정상 종류)

분배 (partition chromatography)

흡착 (adsorption chromatography)

이온교환 (ion exchange chromatography)

겔침투 (gel permeation chromatography)

고정상 형식 종이 (paper chromatography)

박층 (thin-layer chromatography)

칼럼 (column chromatography)

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- 정성분석 (용질이 나타나는 시간) - 정량분석 (피크 면적)

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The Chromatogram A

BC

D

E

Sample Mixture

Chromatogram

0 5 10 15 20

Time (minutes)

Abundance

A

B

C

D

E

Chromatograph

The time that a peak appears (it’s retention time) is diagnostic for a given compound

The relative size of a peak (area or height) is proportional to the relative abundance of the compound in the mixture

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기본적 분리 원리

• Introduce two solutes

(A & B) onto a

packed column

through which a

mobile phase (i.e.

solvent) or eluent is

continuously pumped

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Basic separation principles

Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition between the mobile and stationary phases

We define this interaction with a partition coefficient (분배 계수):

K = Cs/Cm

Cs = stationary phase concentration

Cm = mobile phase concentration

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• 넓힘현상:

Zone broadening or

band broadening

Refers to the shape of

a peak as a solute migrates through a chromatographic column; it will “spread out” and “shorten in height” with

distance migrated

“마라톤”

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1940년대 (Martin, Synge)

단(층)이론= 관은 수많은 연속적인 얇은 층 (이론단). 각단에서 이동상과 정지상 사이에 용질의 평형 발생. 분석물 이동은 평형된 이동상이 한단에서 다음 단층으로 단계적 이동

관 효율 = 분리와 넓힘 고려

단층이론과 속도이론 이해

10.3. 크로마토그래피의 이론

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단층이론

분리관 = 이론단(얇은단)이 연속적으로 연결되어 있는 것

각 단에서 용질 평형 (이동상과 정지상)

평형은 연속적으로 일어남

Gauss 곡선형태와 이동속도 성공적 설명, 넓힘현상은 설명하지 못함 (분리 효율)

컬럼효율 척도 이론단수 N = L/H

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• 분리관이 얇은 단들이 연속적으로 싸여 있다고 가정.

• Plate Height (H) and Theoretical Plates (N)

– 컬럼의 분리 효율을 나타낸다

– column “efficiency” increases as N increases

N = L/H

N (이론단수), H (이론단 높이 HETP)

N = the number of interactions (i.e. transitions between mobile and stationary phases) that a solute has during its residence in the column

H= the distance through the column a solute travels between

interactions (typically given in cm)

단층이론 (plate theory)

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속도이론 ; 두가지 변수 설명

용리띠가 분리관의 끝에 나타날 시간에 영향주는 변수

용리된 봉우리 너비에 영향을 주는 변수

봉우리 = 대표적인 입자 평균속도값/주위 각 입자 속도

띠 너비(w) = 관에 머무르는 시간에 정비례

이동상 흐르는 속도에 반비례

(1) 표준편차 관효율척도

- 봉우리는 Gauss 곡선

- 효율을 표준편차 혹은 평방표준편차(분산)로 정의

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속도이론 rate theory (or kinetic theory) – used to explain (in quantitative terms) the shapes of chromatographic peaks and the effects of chromatographic variables on peaks as a solute migrates through a column

The Gaussian shape of an peak can be attributed to the additive combination of the random motions of individual solute molecules

The migration of an individual molecule through a column is irregular (based on “random walk” mechanism)

Results in a symmetric spread of velocities around the mean

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• 크로마토그래피의 띠는 원칙적으로 Gaussian shape 의 peak을 형

성하기 때문에, 정규오차 곡선의 폭은 측정의 표준편차 (σ) 또는

평방표준편차 (σ2) 와 직접적 관계가 있다.

L

H

2

=

관길이 당 분산정도

2

L2

N =

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N과 H의 실험적 측정 (크로마토그램을 이용하여 측정)

-용질 입자 움직이는 평균속도 (L/tr) -시간으로 나타낸 표준편차 는 cm로 나타낸 표준편차를 이동속도로 나눔

W = magnitude of the base of the triangle (in units of time) tM = retention time of an unretained solute tR = retention time of the solute

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W (띠넓힘 현상의 정량적 척도)

정규곡선에서 대략 96% 면적은 ±2σ

그림에서 W=4τ

2

16

=

W

tN r

실험결과 tr과 W N H

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띠넓힘 현상 원인 (band broadening) p. 168/330

A. Eddy diffusion(소용돌이 확산) 다중 경로 효과 (multi-path) B. Longitudinal (molecular) diffusion (종축 확산)

(용질, 운반기체 확산도 현상) N2, Ar 분자량 > H2, He

C. 비평형 질량이동 순간적 불완전한 평행, 고체 지지체 입혀진 액상. 정도가 낮은

액상/얇고 균일한 막

따라서 피크 폭이 넓어지는 이유 띠넓힘

+ 관에 머무르는 시간에 (정)비례

+ 이동상이 흐르는 속도에 반비례

+ 요인들: 입자직경(작고 균일), 유속, 운반기체, 액상종류,

액상 양, 압력, 온도 등

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한 개의 이론적 컬럼층에 해당하는 높이

(HETP)에 의해 정량적 나타냄

HETP= 시료분자인 용질이 이동상과 고정상사이에서 평형에 도달되는데 필요한 컬럼

길이

van Deemter HETP = L/N = A + B/u + C*u

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컬럼효율 영향 인자

Mobile phase flow rate

– optimum flow rate

corresponds to

minimum H

– H is much smaller for

HPLC(more efficient)

than for GC, but in

practice GC columns

are much longer than

for HPLC - hence

greater N for GC.

Liquid Chromatography

Gas Chromatography

Page 34: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

Particle size of column packing.

the smaller the packing particles, the greater the

column efficiency.

컬럼효율 영향 인자

Page 35: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

크로마토 중요 용어들

retention time (tr) = the time it takes after injection for a solute to reach the detector

migration time (tm) = the time for an unretained species to reach the detector

mobile phase velocity 이동상 이동속도(u) = L/tm; the average linear rate of movement of molecules in the mobile phase (L = 컬럼길이)

Linear rate of solute migration 용질 이동속도 (v) = L/tr

Page 36: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

머무름비 (retention ratio) R=tm/tr = Vm/Vr

시료 용질 머무른 부피 Vr = trF

(용질체류시간)(이동상 유속)

용질이동속도 v = u*(용질이 이동상에 머무는 시간분율)

m

s

mm

ssssmm

mm

V

VK

u

VC

VCu

VCVC

VCuuv

=

=

==

1

1

1

1

전체몰수용질의

몰수용질의있는이동상에

Page 37: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

• Retention factor or Capacity factor (k’A 용량인자) = a term used to describe the migration rate of solutes (analytes) on columns

Where: K = is the distribution constant for species A

Vs = volume of stationary phase

Vm = volume of the mobile phase

s

m V

V K k = '

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• The retention factor can be determined directly from a chromatogram using:

-

m

m r

t

t t k = '

Interpreting the retention factor If k’ < 1; the elution is too rapid for accurate determination of tr. If k’ > approx. 10; the elution is too slow to be practical The preferred range for k’ is between 1 and 5

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관 분리능 Column resolution (RS) is a quantitative measure of the ability of a column to separate two analytes:

To increase resolution increase column length (L) Limitation: longer

time and broader bands

Usually compromise between resolution and speed of analysis

BA

ARBRS

WW

ttR

-=

])()[(2

Page 40: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

B

ArBrS

W

ttR

])()[( -=N

tW

W

tN rr 4

16

2

=====

=

selectivity factor (a) = k’B /k’A

Where k’B is the distribution constant of the more strongly retained species (so that a >1)

The selectivity factor can also be defined in terms of retention factors and retention times:

mAr

mBr

A

B

A

B

t)(t

t)(t

k '

k '

K

-

-===

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따라서 A와 B를 분리하는데 필요한 단수를 구할 수 있다 (N과 H의 실험적 측정).

2

'

'22

'

'

)1

()1

(16)1

)(1

(4 B

BS

B

BS

k

kRN

k

kNR

-=---

-=

a

a

a

a

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1. Particle size of packing (as size , H)

2. Immobilized film thickness (as film thickness , H) - due to faster diffusion rates in film

3. Viscosity of mobile phase (as viscosity , H)

4. Temperature (as T증가 , k' , but a remains approximately constant)

5. Linear velocity of mobile phase; u = L/tM (u is proportional to 1/tM because L = constant)

6. Column length (as L , N , but H = constant, and separation efficiency )

In general, separation (or Column) efficiency , as N and H

Page 44: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

The general elution problem

• It is often difficult to find a set of conditions which will resolve all peaks to the same degree and also permit reliable quantification

• Solutions – Multiple runs at different

conditions – Programmed elution (i.e.

change conditions during the run)

Page 45: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition

Important terms

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Page 47: What is chromatography?contents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2015/yeungnam/ko… ·  · 2016-09-09Basic separation principles Separations depend on the extent to which solutes partition