what is ecology? study of the relationship between organisms and between organisms and their...
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What is Ecology?
• Study of the relationship between organisms AND between organisms and their environment
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Organization of the Living World
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
IndividualSmallest
to
Largest
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Population
All the members of the same species that live in the same area
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Community
All populations of organismsliving in the same place
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Ecosystem
All biotic and abiotic factorsin a particular environment
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BIOSPHERE
All regions of the earth where life can exist
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Abiotic vs. Biotic Factors
Abiotic (nonliving)
- soil, temperature, sunlight, water, gases, minerals, etc.
Biotic (living)
- Any living thing (all depend on abiotic factors for survival)
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Habitat vs. Niche
Habitat - an organism’s environment (ex. A forest)
Niche - an organism’s role in its environment (ex. Producing oxygen (plants))
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Niche of Organism A
Niche of Organism B
Competition
When niches of 2 organisms overlap, competition results
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Symbiotic Relationships
Relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Mutualism - both organisms benefit from relationship (+,+)
• Parasitism - one organism benefits at the expense of the other (+, -)
• Commensalism - one organism benefits while the other is unaffected (+, 0)
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Energy Flow through an Ecosystem
Food Chains and Food Webs
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Energy Flow
• The source of all energy on earth is the sun
• The sun’s energy is trapped by plants in photosynthesis and transformed into carbohydrates
• Energy is measured in calories (kcal)
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How do organisms get energy? The trophic levels
• Producers (autotrophs)
• Consumers* (heterotrophs):
- primary (herbivores - eat only producers)
- secondary (eat primary consumers)
- tertiary (eat secondary consumers)
*A consumer can be all three types at the same time (omnivore)
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Food Chains and Webs
• Show the path of energy through an ecosystem
• Arrows follow the direction of energy flow
• All food chains and webs have producers at the base
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Food Webs
• Food webs show many food chains and how they are connected to each other
• Food webs are more accurate representations of the true relationships between organisms
Example of a food web
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Energy Flow in a Food Web
• At each step in the food chain, 90% of the energy is lost as heat
• Each organism in the chain receives 10% of the energy from the organism it consumes (except for producers which get their energy from the sun)
In the diagram above, only 10%of the available energy is passedon to each trophic level
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Pyramid of Energy and Biomass
Biomass - total amount of living tissue
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Pyramid of Energy and Biomass
producers
Primary consumers
Secondary consumers
Tertiary consumers
Decr
easi
ng b
iom
ass
Decr
easi
ng e
nerg
y
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Pyramid of Energy and Biomass
producers
PC
SC
TCHEAT
1000 calories
100 calories
10 calories
1 calorie
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Cycling of Matter vs. Energy
• Matter is recycled as it passes through any ecosystem.
• Energy is not recycled. It is used up by each organism
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Water cycle
evaporationprecipitation
Transpiration(excess water exits through the leavesas water vapor)
runoff
Condensation to form clouds
Uptake throughroots
The Water Cyclegroundwater
Water vaporRises and cools
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CO2
(air)
ConsumersProducersmake Carbohydrates
(photosynthesis)
photosynthesis respiration
decomposers
Death &
decay
Death
& d
ecayre
spir
ati
on
Fossil fuels (oil, coal)
Millions of years, high pressureand temperature
Factories, cars
Use
d a
s en
ergy
for
combustion
CARBON CYCLE
respira
tion
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N2
(gas)
Nitrates (in soil)Ammonia(in soil)
Bacteria change ammonia into
N2 fixing bacteriachange N2 gas into
plants
Used by
Consumers
Eaten by
Ammonia (in soil)
Dec
ompo
sition
Aft
er d
eath
(by
Dec
ompo
sers
)
Denitrifying bacteriaChange nitrates to N2 gas
NITROGEN CYCLE
Decomposition
After death
Bacteria changeammonia into
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Phosphate(soil)
Consumers
Producers
Eaten byUptake through roots Die & decompose
Aquatic producers and consumers die
Body ofwater (lakes,oceans, etc.)
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
Phosphates in soilseep into streams
Rocks & sediments
Die & decompose