What is Genetic What is Genetic Engineering?Engineering?

Lets look at the big Lets look at the big picture:picture:

GENETIC ENGINEERING

CLONINGDNA

FINGERPRINTINGGENE THERAPY

DOLLY…born 1996 in Scotland, died in DOLLY…born 1996 in Scotland, died in Feb. 2003 of lung disease.Feb. 2003 of lung disease.

It took 277 tries for Dolly to be born.It took 277 tries for Dolly to be born.Sheep have 54 chromosomes in every Sheep have 54 chromosomes in every

cell.cell.

Examples of Cloning Examples of Cloning

• Definition:Definition: Creating an organism that is Creating an organism that is genetically identical to the parent.genetically identical to the parent.

More Examples……More Examples……

To Clone or Not to Clone? To Clone or Not to Clone? That is the question.That is the question.

• ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

• Cloning for medical purposes Cloning for medical purposes *Research on genetically*Research on genetically

identical mice (control and experimental group is the identical mice (control and experimental group is the same)same)

• Cloning for stem cells Cloning for stem cells *Organ cloning and transplants*Organ cloning and transplants

Quality and abundant food, plants and cattleQuality and abundant food, plants and cattle

Reproducing a deceased Reproducing a deceased beloved pet.beloved pet.

• “ “Pharming” for drug and protein production. Pharming” for drug and protein production. • Reviving endangered or extinct species.Reviving endangered or extinct species.

Click for pictures of endangered species.Click for pictures of endangered species.

THINGS TO CONSIDERTHINGS TO CONSIDER

• Ethical Ethical issues are those that ask us to consider the issues are those that ask us to consider the potential moral outcomes of cloning technologies.potential moral outcomes of cloning technologies.

Why some say humans should be cloned?Why some say humans should be cloned?To help infertile couples have children.To help infertile couples have children.To replace a deceased child. To replace a deceased child.

• LegalLegal issues require researchers and the public to issues require researchers and the public to help policymakers decide whether and how cloning help policymakers decide whether and how cloning technologies should be regulated by the government.technologies should be regulated by the government.

• SocialSocial issues involve the impact of cloning issues involve the impact of cloning technologies on society as a whole.technologies on society as a whole.

CONCERNSCONCERNS

Why Not?Why Not?• Cloning animals shows us what might happen if we try to

clone humans. What have these animals taught us about the risks of cloning?

• 1. High failure rate

*The enucleated egg and the transferred nucleus may not be compatible *An egg with a newly transferred nucleus may not begin to divide or develop properly

*Implantation of the embryo into the surrogate mother might fail

*The pregnancy itself might fail

• 2. Problems during later development*Large Offspring Syndrome" (LOS). Clones with LOS

have abnormally large organs. This can lead to breathing and blood flow problems.

*Short Life Span*Kidney or brain malformations and impaired immune

systems

Lets Clone Mimi the Lets Clone Mimi the Mouse!!Mouse!!

Mice have 40 chromosomes Mice have 40 chromosomes in every somatic (body) cellin every somatic (body) cell• Click on Mimi to clone!Click on Mimi to clone!

Farmers Raise Cloned Farmers Raise Cloned AnimalsAnimals

Let’s See How It Started!Let’s See How It Started!