what is ipe? ipe= 3 areas 1. international monetary system 2. international trade system 3....
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International Political Economy
What is IPE?IPE= 3 Areas
1. International Monetary System2. International Trade System3. International Investment & Finance
#1The International Monetary System
About the IMSAbout the IMS
Currency exchangeInt’l Monetary Fund (IMF)
StabilityGDP measures of monetary wealth
¤
Country GDP (IMF 2013) GDP per capita (IMF 2013)
United States (1) $16.8 T $53,101
China (2) $9.18 T $9,844
Japan (3) $4.9 T $36,899
Germany (4) $3.64 T $40,007
France (5) $2.74 T $35,784
India (10) $1.87 T $4,077
EU $17.37 T $34,280
China’s Income Distribution
http://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/mapping-chinas-income-inequality/279637/
IMS: InterdependentConnected
Income from exportsCurrency valueInterest rates
Currency exchanges2013- $5.3 T exchanged
http://www.economist.com/news/economic-and-financial-indicators/21586351-global-foreign-exchange-turnover
~$1.45 T/ per day60% of global capital through 4 cities
¤
#1 London
#2 NYC
#4 Paris
#3 Tokyo
IMS: GN DominationColonizationPost WWII US Goals
Avoid repeating Post WWI errorsGN currencies buy morePurchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Way to compare costSame goods in different countries
Big Mac index
Big Mac (ave. cost)
Could Buy Abroadhttp://www.economist.com/content/big-mac-index
U.S. $4.20 12,310 Big Macs
312,916 Big Macs in India
India $1.62 2,372 Big Macs 891 Big Macs in U.S.
#2The International
Trade System
About the ITSExchange of goods & services2 types of trade
1. Merchandise trade Primary goods
Raw foods, fuels, fibers, minerals, water
Manufactured goods Processed
2. Service trade¤
ITS: InterdependentGlobal trade flows
Who relies on what exportsOutsourcing
3rd partyOffshoring
Abroad Reshoring
Returning¤
Goods & Serviceshttp://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22093304
1913 $20 Billion= $55,000/ day
2013 $18.3 Trillion= $50 B/day
ITS: How States TradeBilateralChina- Japan, Canada- UK, US- EUUS- EU trade deal-- How does this deal affect
you?Cheaper shoesCheaper drugsEU cars cheaper, more available Dairy availabilityStandardize products
Headlights issueGas exports to EU
¤
ITS: How States TradeWhat’s up with cheesemakers?
Proprietary names When is ‘feta’ really ‘feta’?
EU demanding protection 145 food names
Often city, region originHow does/ could this proprietary issue affect
trade?Could stop trade agreements
EU- US TTIP pactViewed as trade barrier
Unless trademarked (ex.: Parmigiano Reggiano)¤
ITS: How States TradeMultilateral Free trade agreements (FTAs)
NAFTA, APEC, proposed TPP Fight protectionism Challenges
WTO Dispute mechanism
Ruled on almost 450 cases Recent rulings
US wrongly imposed tariffs on steel from India, China
US wins complaint against Chinese tariffs on US cars
¤
Jeep Billboard in Shanghai http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/24/business/wto-ruling-on-chinese-tariffs-on-us-cars.html?_r=0
ITS: GN AdvantageColonization
GS Primary goods Cash crops
Uneven tradeRising role of EEs
Bigger economy = more leverage¤
#3The International
Investment & Finance
About II & IFInt’l FinanceCountries’ ‘checking accounts’
DebitsCredits
About II & IFInt’l investment
Funds invested abroad
2 ways:1) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
MNCs Control assets $$$
2) Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) Stocks, bonds, etc. Earn dividends
¤
II & IF: InterdependentFDI, FPI WWIIU.S. MNCs
invest abroad after war
Most FDI China, USEEs, EUInvestment not
evenly distributed ¤
http://www.finfacts.ie/irishfinancenews/article_1026203.shtml
II & IF: GN DominationPost-WWII US hegemonyTop 500 MNCs 80% GNGross Corporate Product (GCP)¤
Rank
Country # of top 500 MNCs
1 US 132
2 China 73
3 Japan 68
4 (tie) France 32
4 (tie) Germany 32http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/countries/Australia.html?iid=top3
Rank
Company
1Royal Dutch Shell
2 Exxon Mobil3 Wal-Mart4 BP5 Sinopec Group
6China Nat’ l Petroleum
7 State Grid8 Chevron9 ConocoPhillips
10 Toyota Motorhttp://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/full_list/index.html/
II & IF: GN DominationMNCs’ power
ShellGCP of $484.5 B in 2013= 25th state GDP
http://www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/21594476-scarce
Economic Sanctions
Economic Sanctions
What are they?Why are they used? EffectivenessSome examples
U.S. Cuba M23 U.K. Rwanda for M23 support Global, unilateral Iran
Nuclear weapons program¤
http://www.the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001214320
Iranian Sanctions‘Iranians Feel Sanctions Bite’What impact have sanctions had on Iran?
Cut business ties High unemployment Fewer w/ steady income Increased prices Shortages Can’t transfer $ Volatile prices Rial value decreased Trade $, buy gold Oil exports affected http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19800532
Russian Sanctions‘Iranians Feel Sanctions Bite’What impact have sanctions had on Iran?
Cut business ties High unemployment Fewer w/ steady income Increased prices Shortages Can’t transfer $ Volatile prices Rial value decreased Trade $, buy gold Oil exports affected http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19800532
Recap
# 1 What IPE ISIPE: 3 Sectors1. International Monetary System
Currency exchange
2. International Trade System Exchange of goods & services 2 types of trade
3. International Investment Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI)