Introduction to TEX amp LATEX

Hadi Safari

University of Tehran

ACM Student Chapter

LATEX IntroSummer 1398

httpshadisafariircourseslatex

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 1 81

What is LATEX

What is LATEX

1 What is LATEX2 How to get LATEX3 LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

Document StructureSpecial Behaviours

4 Formatting Texts5 More Basic Commands

ListsFloatsSimple GraphicsSimple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple TablesSimple BibliographyLinksScientic Typesetting

6 Document Structure amp LayoutDocument ClassTitle amp AbstractSectioningPage StyleMargins amp SpacesPenaltiesMacros

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 2 81

What is LATEX

TEX

is pronounced primetεx like the nal consonant of Bach or primetεksource les plain-text tex lesa markup languages describing how your document should lookcreated by Donald Knuth1977frustrated at result of Art of Computer Programming realized high qualitydigital typesetting system was necessaryThe version numbers of TEX are converging toward π with a current versionnumber of 31415926

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 3 81

What is LATEX

LATEX

a set of macros for TEX to simplify TEX typesettingcreated by Leslie Lamport1983LATEX 2ε is the current version of LATEX since it replaced LaTeX 209 in 1994LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 4 81

What is LATEX

LATEX vs WYSIWYG

WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get such as Microsoft WordApple Pages and LibreOce WriterWYSIWYG programs combine composition and typesettingbibliographies cross-references gure labels and mathematical typesetting isusually hard and should be done manually in WYSIWYG programmesthe nal version of the document usually is not visible when editing it inmark-up languages (like LATEX)generally itrsquos necessary to know commands for writing in mark-up languages(such as LATEX)

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 5 81

What is LATEX

LATEX vs WYSIWYGLATEX Pros

allows you to focus on contentconsistency throughout documentautomation of tedious tasks (cross-references bibliographies mathematicaltypesetting etc)document source is plain text so

document sources can be read with any text editor and understoodtables gures equations etc can be generated programmatically with anylanguagelarge les are easy to handledWhat about spell-checking spell-checkers like ispell aspell and aspell

ispell -t yourfiletex

aspell --mode=tex -c yourfiletex

hunspell -l -t -i utf-8 yourfiletex

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 6 81

What is LATEX

LATEX vs WYSIWYGLATEX Cons

undeniable learning curvecomplex formatting may occasionally take more time than a word processor(eg tables)

LATEX is not a word processor Donrsquot expect it to behave like one

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 7 81

How to get LATEX

How to get LATEX

1 What is LATEX2 How to get LATEX3 LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

Document StructureSpecial Behaviours

4 Formatting Texts5 More Basic Commands

ListsFloatsSimple GraphicsSimple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple TablesSimple BibliographyLinksScientic Typesetting

6 Document Structure amp LayoutDocument ClassTitle amp AbstractSectioningPage StyleMargins amp SpacesPenaltiesMacros

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 8 81

How to get LATEX

TEX Distributions

MikTEXhttpsmiktexorg

TEXLivehttpswwwtugorgtexlivequickinstallhtml

each version will be frozen at February of the next yeartlmgr --help

also available over docker image eg volkerraschekdocker-latexMacTEX

based on TEXLivehttpswwwtugorgmactex

BasicTEX httpswwwtugorgmactexmorepackageshtml

install usign HomeBrew (macOS) brew cask install mactex | basictex

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 9 81

How to get LATEX

Compilation

[3 Basic]

lualatexxelatexpdflatex

PostScriptPDF DVI

latex

texluatex xetex pdftex

dvi2psps2pdf

pdf2ps

dvipdfm

(pdf png jpg)

(eps)

Source formats

Output formats

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 10 81

How to get LATEX

Compilation

LATEX to pdf compilerspdfLATEXX ELATEX

supports Unicode (UTF-8)X EPersian

LuaLATEX

should be compiled multiple times (up to three) to handle references and etclatexmk -pdf -xelatex filetex

les lots of les tex aux bbl bib blg bst cls dtx ins fd log toc lof lot idx ind ilg sty etc

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 11 81

How to get LATEX

Editor

onlineOverleaf httpswwwoverleafcomShareLATEX (merged into Overleaf) httpswwwsharelatexcomAuthorea (WYSIWYG) httpswwwauthoreacomPapeeria httpspapeeriacom

oineTEXstudio (supports X EPersian since v21210) httpswwwtexstudioorgLyX httpswwwlyxorgTEXShop httpspagesuoregonedukochtexshopTEXworks httpwwwtugorgtexworksTEXMaker httpswwwxm1mathnettexmakerGummi httpsgithubcomalexandervdmgummiKile httpskilesourceforgeioVimLATEX(over Vim) httpvim-latexsourceforgenetLATEXTools (over Sublime Text) httpslatextoolsreadthedocsio

any text editor

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 12 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

1 What is LATEX2 How to get LATEX3 LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

Document StructureSpecial Behaviours

4 Formatting Texts5 More Basic Commands

ListsFloatsSimple GraphicsSimple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple TablesSimple BibliographyLinksScientic Typesetting

6 Document Structure amp LayoutDocument ClassTitle amp AbstractSectioningPage StyleMargins amp SpacesPenaltiesMacros

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 13 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Document Structure

Document Structure

documentclassarticle

begindocument

Hello world

enddocument

Preambleeverything before begindocument

Bodyeverything in the document environment

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 14 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Document Structure

Document Structure

documentclassarticle

usepackage[inline]enumitem

usepackage[colorlinksurlcolor=magenta]hyperref

begindocument

thispagestyleempty

This is a test for what

See hrefhttphadisafariircourseslatexcourse website for

more small more details

beginitemize[noitemsep]

item item~1

item item~2qquad $e = mc^2$

item[] item~3

enditemize

enddocument

Document ClassPackage

Package Options (comma-separated)

Command with Multiple Argument

Command Without Argument

Command Optional Argument (comma-separated)

Group (also bgroup amp egroup)

Comment

Inline Maths

Environment

Environment Optional Arguments (comma-separated)

Special Characters

No new linein output

This is a test See course website for more more details

bull item 1bull item 2 e = mc2

item 3

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 15 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Special Behaviours

Spaces amp New Lines

LATEX compiler normalises whitespaceall whitespace characters including single new line are treated as a single spaceseveral consecutive spaces are treated as onespaces at opening a line is generally ignoredit does not matter whether you enter one or several spaces after a word

a double line break (an empty line) denes the end of a paragraphmultiple empty lines are also treated as the end of a paragraphpar also starts a new paragraph breaks the line without starting a new paragraphnewline does the same

more spaces can be added by or thinspace enspace quad qquadand

negative space can be added by

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 16 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Special Behaviours

Spaces amp New Linesthe story of period

LATEX optimizes spaces between sentencesa period after a capital letter signies an abbreviation or an initialevery other period signies the end of a sentenceif an abbreviation does not end with a capital letter and is not the last word inthe sentence then follow the period with an inter-word space ( )if a capital letter is followed by a period and is at the end of a sentenceprecede the period with

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 17 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Special Behaviours

Quotation Marks

single and double quotation marks should be written as `` amp `

LATEXwill convert them to opening and closing quotation marks

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 18 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Special Behaviours

Dashes

hyphen (-) intra-word dash a single dash (-)en-dash (ndash) dash between numbers etc double dashes (--)

em-dash (mdash) mark an abrupt change in thought triple dashes (---)

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 19 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Special Behaviours

Special Characters

lsquorsquo lsquo$rsquo lsquo^rsquo lsquoamprsquo lsquo rsquo lsquorsquo lsquorsquo lsquo~rsquo lsquorsquo and lsquorsquo are special charactersuse lsquorsquo lsquo$rsquo lsquo^rsquo lsquoamprsquo lsquo_rsquo lsquorsquo lsquorsquo lsquotextasciitildersquo lsquotextbackslashrsquoand lsquorsquo to enter those characters

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 20 81

LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo Special Behaviours

Accents amp Ellipses

accents could be added using combination of commands eg a (a) e(e) and ^o (o)ellipses could be added by ldots ( ) dots ( ) or cdots (middot middot middot math modeonly)

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 21 81

Formatting Texts

Formatting Texts

1 What is LATEX2 How to get LATEX3 LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

Document StructureSpecial Behaviours

4 Formatting Texts5 More Basic Commands

ListsFloatsSimple GraphicsSimple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple TablesSimple BibliographyLinksScientic Typesetting

6 Document Structure amp LayoutDocument ClassTitle amp AbstractSectioningPage StyleMargins amp SpacesPenaltiesMacros

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 22 81

Formatting Texts

Text Decorations

Command Declaration Eectemphtext em emphasizedtextbftext bfseries boldtextittext itshape italictextsctext scshape Small Capstextuptext upshape upright shapetextrmtext rmfamily Roman (Serif)textsftext sffamily Sans Seriftexttttext ttfamily typewriter type

textsltext slshape slanted shape

emph could be used nestedemphemphemphnested nested emphasized text

nested nested emphasized text

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 23 81

Formatting Texts

Text Decorationssoul package

Command Eectultext underlinesttext strike throughhltext highlightsotext l e t t e r s p a c i n g

itrsquos possible to change the colours by setstcolorcolour sethlcolorcolourand setulcolorcolour

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 24 81

Formatting Texts

Text Justication

Environment Declaration Eect

beginflushrighttextendflushright raggedright right justied

begincentertextendcenter centering centred

beginflushlefttextendflushleft raggedleft left justied

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 25 81

Formatting Texts

Text Size

Declaration Eecttiny tiny text

scriptsize scriptsize text

footnotesize footnotesize textsmall small textnormalsize normalsize textlarge large textLarge Large textLARGE LARGE texthuge huge textHuge Huge text

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 26 81

Formatting Texts

Text ColourColour Denition

LATEX has got some predened colours black blue brown cyandarkgray gray green lightgray lime magenta olive orangepink purple red teal violet white and yellowxcolor package is used to add extra featuresyou may consider using usenames dvipsnames svgnames andx11names options to access more predened colours(see httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXColors)new colours could be dened using definecolornamemodelspec wheremodel is one ofgray (0-1) rgb (0-1) RGB (0-255) HTML (00-FF) or cmyk (0-1)you can also combine colourscolorblue20 20 blue and 80 white

colorblue20black 20 blue and 80 black

colorblue20black30green

[(20 30) blue ((100 - 20) 30) black] and (100 - 30) green

colorletnotgreenblue50yellow define new colour

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 27 81

Formatting Texts

Text ColourColour Usage

color[model]colour declaration and color[model]colourtext commandcan be used to colourize textscolorboxcolourtext can be used to change background colour of a textit can be used nested toocolorboxGreencolorboxYellowtextcolorRedtext text

fcolorboxframecolourbgcolourtext can be used to change background ampframe colour of a textpagecolorcolour can be used to change the background colour of the wholepage

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 28 81

Formatting Texts

Footnotes

footnotetext is used to create footnotesbe careful about the space before the footnotetext command which maycreate extra space it the nal outputfootnotes could not be inserted in section titles and 13oat tables

consider using protect and short title for section titlesconsider using longtable packages for tables or put tabular inside aminipage environment

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 29 81

Formatting Texts

Text Font

in X ELATEX amp LuaLATEX itrsquos possible to use TTF amp OTF fonts by fontspecpackageusepackagefontspec

setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX]Georgia

setsansfont[Ligatures=TeX]Arial

see httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXFonts for more details

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 30 81

More Basic Commands

More Basic Commands

1 What is LATEX2 How to get LATEX3 LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

Document StructureSpecial Behaviours

4 Formatting Texts5 More Basic Commands

ListsFloatsSimple GraphicsSimple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple TablesSimple BibliographyLinksScientic Typesetting

6 Document Structure amp LayoutDocument ClassTitle amp AbstractSectioningPage StyleMargins amp SpacesPenaltiesMacros

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 31 81

More Basic Commands Lists

Lists

LATEX has got three types of listsitemize bullet lists

enumerate numbered listsdescription labeled lists (key-value lists) all items should have got a label

examplebeginitemize

item Hello

item Hi

item[$circ$] Al-salaam

enditemize

Hello

Hi

Al-salaam

list environmentlist item

list item labelconsider using enumitem for list personalization specially inline optionand starred version of list environmentslists can be nested

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 32 81

More Basic Commands Floats

Floats

some parts of document in LATEX are float eg figure amp table

environmentsLATEX tries to put 13oats in a proper position automatically usually at the topor bottom of the page instead of putting them in the middle of textsthe following positioning options are available

t topb bottomh approximately herep 13oat-only page override internal parameters LATEX uses for determining good

13oat positionsH precisely here requires float package

a combination of options is acceptable tooeg when using ht LATEX will try to put the 13oat at the insertion point thenon the top of the next page if it happens to violate its typesetting rulesconsider using [htb] if you want not to use float package

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 33 81

More Basic Commands Floats

Cross-Reference

labels can be created using labelkey command usually after caption orsectionrefkey amp pagerefkey can be used to refer to labelskeys traditionally are like typename when type is one of fig tab chapsec eq and fnnamerefkey from nameref package can be used to automatically add prexto references

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 34 81

More Basic Commands Simple Graphics

Simple Graphics

to add external graphics (pictures images graphs etc) to LATEX documentyou need graphicx packageincludegraphics[options]file command can be used to add graphics thenusually the inserted graphic is put in a figure environment making it 13oatit has got an optional argument for positioningyou may want to use centering declaration at the beginning of gureitrsquos possible to add a caption to the 13oat by the captiontitle commandcaption usually should be placed at the bottom of the picture in the scienticdocumentshowever you may want to put the caption at the top of picture to makepicture visible after clicking a cross-reference to it

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 35 81

More Basic Commands Simple Graphics

Simple GraphicsExample

usepackagegraphicx

beginfigure[h]

centering

includegraphics[width=05textwidth]ut

captionLogo of

textitUniversity of Tehran

labelfigut-logo

endfigure

Figure Logo of University of Tehran

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 36 81

More Basic Commands Simple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple Mathematical TypesettingEnvironment

inline formulas can be written between $ $ (TEX) or ( ) (LATEX)displayed formulas can be written between $$ $$ (TEX) or [ ] (LATEX)equations also could be written in equation equation anddisplaymath environmentsthe rst one numbers the equations too and you can label the equationspacing after a comma is dierent in math and textunless the comma is part of the mathematical notation you generally want itoutside of math modeyou may consider using amsmath packageto write text inside math mode use textcnt command (from amsmath

package) or font formatting commands like textrmcnt

see httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXMathematics

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 37 81

More Basic Commands Simple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple Mathematical TypesettingCommands

a b a lowast ba times b atimes ba cdot b a middot b

a b abfrac12 1

21over2 1

2

a_n an

a^n an

a div b adivide b

sqrt[4]-sqrt-1 4radicminusradicminus1

Lambda binomkn Λ(

kn

)

sum_n=1^vartheta n

ϑsumn=1

n

int_a^b x^2 dx

int b

ax2dx

lim_xtoinfty f(x) limxrarrinfin

f (x)

prod_i=a^b f(i)

bprodi=a

f (i)

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 38 81

More Basic Commands Simple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple Mathematical TypesettingBraces amp symbols

1+Big(2+big(3+(4+5)big)Big) 1 +(

2 +(

3 + (4 + 5)))

( big( Big( bigg( Bigg( (((((

s = langle 0 1rangle langle 0 2rangle s = 〈0 1〉 〈0 2〉

left(2 binomknright) (

2 lowast(k

n))

leftfracx^33right|_0^1 x3

3

∣∣∣10

rightarrowRightarrowlongrightarrow rarrrArrminusrarrR mathnormalR mathrmR mathbfR mathfrakR mathbbR RRRRRRmathbbtext requires amsfonts or amssymb package

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 39 81

More Basic Commands Simple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple Mathematical TypesettingAccents amp Symbols

a aprime

a aprimeprime

dota a

overrightarrowaminusrarra

overlinea ahata a

tildea awidehata anota 6 a

for i amp j in mathematical environments imath amp jmath may be used$hatjmath$ (ȷ)

pmmp plusmn∓gtgegeqgg gtgegelandlorneg and or notinsubsetsubseteq isinsubsubeneqequivsim 6=equivsimtherefore there4

forallexistsnexists forallexistrightarrowto rarrrarrleftarrowgets larrlarrRightarrowimplies rArr =rArrLeftrightarrowiff hArrlArrrArremptysetvarnothing emptyempty

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 40 81

More Basic Commands Simple Mathematical Typesetting

Multiline Mathematical Typesetting

begingather

k = frac12 m v^2

u = m g h

endgather

k =12

mv2

u = mgh

beginalign

f(x) amp =

int_-infty^infty

alpha h(x) dx

amp = alpha

int_-infty^infty

h(x) dx

amp = alpha g(x)

endalign

f (x) =int infinminusinfinαh(x) dx

= αint infinminusinfin

h(x) dx

= αg(x)

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 41 81

More Basic Commands Simple Mathematical Typesetting

Matrices

A_mn =

beginpmatrix

a_11 amp a_12 amp cdots amp

a_1n

a_21 amp a_22 amp cdots amp

a_2n

vdots amp vdots amp ddots amp

vdots

a_m1 amp a_m2 amp cdots amp

a_mn

endpmatrix

Amn =

a11 a12 middot middot middot a1na21 a22 middot middot middot a2n

am1 am2 middot middot middot amn

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 42 81

More Basic Commands Simple Mathematical Typesetting

Mathematical TypesettingExample

beginalign

(p rightarrow r) (q rightarrow r) (pland q) amp vdash_N p land q ampamp (varepsilon)labeleq11

(p rightarrow r) (q rightarrow r) (pland q) amp vdash_N p ampamp (land -

textrefeq11)labeleq12

(p rightarrow r) (q rightarrow r) (pland q) amp vdash_N p rightarrow r ampamp

(varepsilon)labeleq13

(p rightarrow r) (q rightarrow r) (pland q) amp vdash_N r ampamp (rightarrow - textrefeq13

textrefeq12)labeleq14

(p rightarrow r) (q rightarrow r) amp vdash_N (pland q) rightarrow r ampamp (rightarrow +

textrefeq14)labeleq15

quadBox

endalign

(prarr r) (qrarr r) (p and q) `N p and q (ε) (1)(prarr r) (qrarr r) (p and q) `N p (andminus 1) (2)(prarr r) (qrarr r) (p and q) `N prarr r (ε) (3)(prarr r) (qrarr r) (p and q) `N r (rarr minus 3 2) (4)

(prarr r) (qrarr r) `N (p and q)rarr r (rarr + 4) (5)

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 43 81

More Basic Commands Simple Tables

Simple Tables

begintabularcolscntendtabular environment can be used to add tablescols describes the columns of the table by a combination of the followingsymbols

l left-justied columnc centred columnr right-justied column

pwidth vertically aligned paragraph at topmwidth vertically aligned paragraph at middle requires array packagebwidth vertically aligned paragraph at bottom requires array package

| vertical line|| double vertical line

usually the inserted table is put in a table environment making it 13oatit has got an optional argument for positioningyou may want to use centering declaration at the beginning of gureitrsquos possible to add a caption to the 13oat by the captiontitle commandcaption usually should be placed at the top of the table in the scienticdocuments

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 44 81

More Basic Commands Simple Tables

Simple TablesCont

each row of table consists of elds (up to the number of columns described inthe rst argument of tabular environment)elds of each row should be separated by amp

at the end of each row except perhaps last row should be usedrows could be separated by one or more hlines

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 45 81

More Basic Commands Simple Tables

Simple TablesExample

begintable[h]

centering

captionList of universities

labeltabuniversities

begintabularcc

hline

textbfUniversity amp

textbfCity

hline

hline

Tehran amp Tehran

Sharif amp Tehran

Ferdowsi amp Mashad

Isfahan amp Isfahan

hline

endtabular

endtable

Table List of universities

University CityTehran TehranSharif Tehran

Ferdowsi MashadIsfahan Isfahan

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 46 81

More Basic Commands Simple Bibliography

Simple Bibliography

manual bibliography can be created bybeginthebibliographywidestlabelendthebibliography

widestlabel should be a number with the same length as the number of itemseach item can be added by bibitem[label]citekeydescription

itrsquos possible to refer to items by cite[text]keylist

you may need to use nocitekeylist or even nocite to add a hiddenreferencemanual bibliography should be sorted manuallyyou may want to use renewcommandrefnametitle (article class) orrenewcommandbibnametitle (report amp book classes) to changebibliography titleyou may want to use tocbibind package or usephantomsectionaddcontentslinetocsectionRefrences to addbibliography to table of contents

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 47 81

More Basic Commands Simple Bibliography

Simple BibliographyExample

See cite[p1]wikibooks18 Also see citewikibooks18alex17

nocitewikibooks18

beginthebibliography9

bibitemalex17 Alex 2017 Assert and textttstatic_assert Retrieved

from

urlhttpswwwlearncppcomcpp-tutorial7-12a-assert-and-static_assert

bibitemwikibooks18 Wikibooks 2018 ``Unit Tests In

textitWikibooks The Free Textbook Project Retrieved from

urlhttpsenwikibooksorgwikiIntroduction_to_Software_EngineeringTestingUnit_Tests

endthebibliography

See [2 p1] Also see [2 1]

References

[1] Alex 2017 Assert and static assert Retrieved from httpswww

learncppcomcpp-tutorial7-12a-assert-and-static_assert

[2] Wikibooks 2018 ldquoUnit Testsrdquo In Wikibooks The Free TextbookProject Retrieved from httpsenwikibooksorgwikiIntroduction_

to_Software_EngineeringTestingUnit_Tests

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 48 81

More Basic Commands Links

hyperref Package

hyperref package can be used to clickable linkshyperref needs to be the last package you loadhyperref package accepts some options eg

breaklinks allow links to be broken across several linescolorlinks colour the text of the links and anchorslinkcolor colour for normal internal links

anchorcolor colour for anchor textscitecolor colour for bibliographic citations in text

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 49 81

More Basic Commands Links

hyperref pdf options

bookmarks write a set of pdf bookmarkspdftitle document information Title eld

pdfauthor document information Author eldpdfsubject document information Subject eldpdfcreator document information Creator eld

pdfproducer document information Producer eldpdfkeywords document information Keywords eld

These options can be added with either usepackagehyperref orhypersetupoptions command

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 50 81

More Basic Commands Links

hyperref Commands

urlURL make a link (url package)hrefURLtext make a linkhyperref[label]text make text a link to where reflabel would point

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 51 81

More Basic Commands Links

Cross-Reference

labels can be created using labelkey command usually after caption orsectionautorefkey amp autopagerefkey can be used to cross-refer to labels withbetter linkingnamerefkey from nameref package can be used to automatically add prexto referenceshyperref package includes nameref package itselfstared version of the aforementioned commands could be used to insertcross-references without links

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 52 81

More Basic Commands Links

Cross-ReferenceExample

captionUT logolabelfigut

beginitemize

item Figure~reffigut

item page~pagereffigut

item namereffigut

item autoreffigut

item autopagereffigut

enditemize

Figure 1 UT logo

bull Figure 1bull page 1bull UT logobull Figure 1bull page 1

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 53 81

More Basic Commands Scientic Typesetting

Theorem

amsthm package provides environments for typesetting theoremsexamplenewtheoremdefinitionDefinition

begindefinition

Here is a new definition

enddefinition

Definition 1 Here is a new definition

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 54 81

More Basic Commands Scientic Typesetting

Preformatted Texts

verbatim environment provides environments for typesetting texts which arenot preprocessedeverything input between the begin and end commands are processed as if bya typewriterall spaces and new lines are reproduced as givenis displayed in an appropriate xed-width fontany LATEX command will be ignored and handled as plain textverb command is the equivalent inline commandsee httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXParagraph_FormattingVerbatim_text

you may want to use fancyvrb package

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 55 81

More Basic Commands Scientic Typesetting

Source Code

listings package provides facilities to typesetting source code in thedocumentlistings package oers multiple commands eg

lstlisting environmentlstinlinesrc

lstinputlistingaddr to read from le

examplebeginlstlisting[language=c++]

int main(int argc char const

argv[])

stdcout ltlt Hello World ltlt

stdendl

return 0

endlstlisting

1 int main(int argc char const

argv[])

2 stdcout ltlt Hello World ltlt

stdendl

3 return 0

4

see httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXSource_Code_Listings

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 56 81

More Basic Commands Scientic Typesetting

Algorithms amp Pseudo-codes

algorithmicx (usepackagealgpseudocode) package provides facilities totypesetting pseudo-codes amp algorithms in the documentalgorithm package provides 13oating environments with numberedalgorithmsexamplebeginalgorithm[h]

captionAn example algorithm

beginalgorithmic

If $igeq maxval$

State $igets 0$

Else

If $i+kleq maxval$

State $igets i+k$

EndIf

EndIf

endalgorithmic

endalgorithm

Algorithm 1 An example algorithm

if i ge maxval thenilarr 0

elseif i+ k le maxval then

ilarr i+ kend if

end if

see httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXAlgorithms

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 57 81

Document Structure amp Layout

Document Structure amp Layout

1 What is LATEX2 How to get LATEX3 LATEX lsquoHello Worldrsquo

Document StructureSpecial Behaviours

4 Formatting Texts5 More Basic Commands

ListsFloatsSimple GraphicsSimple Mathematical Typesetting

Simple TablesSimple BibliographyLinksScientic Typesetting

6 Document Structure amp LayoutDocument ClassTitle amp AbstractSectioningPage StyleMargins amp SpacesPenaltiesMacros

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 58 81

Document Structure amp Layout Document Class

Document Classes

article for articles in scientic journals presentations short reportsprogram documentation invitations etc

proc for proceedings based on the article classreport for longer reports containing several chapters small books thesis

etcbook for real bookletter for letters completely dierent structure

minimal for testAnd there are other non-standard packages like

memoir a class based on book with many optionsbeamer for presentations

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 59 81

Document Structure amp Layout Document Class

Document Class Options

10pt 11pt 12pt the size of the main fonta4paper letterpaper paper size needs geometry package with same

option to change pdf page sizetitlepage notitlepage whether a new page should be started after the

document title or nottwoside oneside whether double or single sided output should be

generatedLATEX distinguishes between odd and even pages intwo-sided output

openright openany makes chapters begin either only on right-hand pagesor on the next page available

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 60 81

Document Structure amp Layout Document Class

Document Class OptionsCont

13eqn typesets displayed formulas left-aligned instead ofcentred

leqno places the numbering of formulas on the left-hand sideinstead of the right

twocolumn typeset the document in two columns instead of onelandscape landscape layout

draft makes LATEX indicate hyphenation and justicationproblems with a small square in the right-hand marginof the problem lineand shows only a frame where images would normallyoccur so that document could be compiled faster

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 61 81

Document Structure amp Layout Title amp Abstract

Top Matter amp Abstract

titleA Sample LaTeX Document

author

Hadi Safari

thanksCorresponding author

University of Tehran

and

Colleagues

datetoday

begindocument

maketitle

beginabstract

As you may know or not this is abstract

of this simple sample documentldots

endabstract

ldots and this is the main context

enddocument

default

A Sample LATEX Document

Hadi Safarilowast

University of TehranColleagues

August 1 2019

Abstract

As you may know or not this is abstract of this simplesample document

and this is the main contextLorem ipsum dolor sit amet consectetuer adipiscing elit Etiam

lobortis facilisis sem Nullam nec mi et neque pharetra sollicitudinPraesent imperdiet mi nec ante Donec ullamcorper felis non so-dales commodo lectus velit ultrices augue a dignissim nibh lectusplacerat pede Vivamus nunc nunc molestie ut ultricies vel sem-per in velit Ut porttitor Praesent in sapien Lorem ipsum dolorsit amet consectetuer adipiscing elit Duis fringilla tristique nequeSed interdum libero ut metus Pellentesque placerat Nam rutrumaugue a leo Morbi sed elit sit amet ante lobortis sollicitudin Prae-sent blandit blandit mauris Praesent lectus tellus aliquet aliquamluctus a egestas a turpis Mauris lacinia lorem sit amet ipsumNunc quis urna dictum turpis accumsan semper

lowastCorresponding author

1

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 62 81

Document Structure amp Layout Sectioning

Sectioning

LATEX knows multiple levels of sectioningpart level -1chapter only book and report classessectionsubsectionsubsubsectionparagraphsubparagraph

eg sectionLaTeX vs MS Word

anything between a section command and the next one is considered as thecontent of that section

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 63 81

Document Structure amp Layout Sectioning

SectioningCont

there are starred versions of those commandswhich do not have numberingbut also do not appear in table of contents automatically

eg sectiontitlea more complicated examplesection[e = mc^2]$e=mc^2$protectfootnotea well-known equation

there is an optional argument for providing short simple-text version of longtitles or titles including special characters to show in references by name pdfbookmarks etcprotect should be used before some commands in section titles

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 64 81

Document Structure amp Layout Sectioning

Sectioningbook class

frontmatter mainmatter appendix and backmatter commands used in books tochange section numbering and page style

front matter The front matter chapters will not be numbered Page numberswill be printed in roman numerals Front matter is not supposed tohave sections

main matter The main matter chapters works as usual The command resets thepage numbering Page numbers will be printed in arabic numerals

appendix The appendix macro can be used to indicate that following sectionsor chapters are to be numbered as appendices Appendices can beused for the article class too

back matter The back matter behaves like the front matter It has the same issuewith section numbering

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 65 81

Document Structure amp Layout Sectioning

Table of Contents

table of contents can be created automatically by tableofcontents commandthere are also

listoffigures

listoftables

listofalgorithms algorithm packagelstlistoflistings listings package

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 66 81

Document Structure amp Layout Sectioning

Table of ContentsAdding Sections Manually

itrsquos possible to add some section to table of contents manually bysectionIntroduction

addcontentslinetocsectionIntroduction

phantomsection command from hyperref package should be used to correctpdf bookmarksrsquo referencephantomsection

addcontentslinetocsectionIntroduction

sectionIntroduction

for chapters cleardoublepage command may be used toocleardoublepage

phantomsection

addcontentslinetocchapterBibliography

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 67 81

Document Structure amp Layout Page Style

Page Style

pagestylestyle command can be used in preamble to determine page stylethe following styles are available

plain blank header footer contains only the page number (default)empty empty header and footer

headings header provided by document class empty footermyheadings header determined by markrightand amp

markbothleftright

thispagestylestyle changes only the page style of current pagepackage fancyhdr gives you more control on page stylefancypagestylename

lhead chead rhead

lfoot cfoot rfoot

use thepage everywhere to get page number

renewcommandheadrulewidth0pt

renewcommandfootrulewidth0pt

pagestylename

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 68 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

Margins

you can manually set the marginparameters with commands likesetlengthparameterlength andaddtolengthparameterlength

take a look at calc and geometrypackages too

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 69 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

Marginsgeometry package

geometry package can be used to control marginsyou can use eg margin=1in top=15in height=8in or width=4in options whenincluding packageuse showframes to show page frameslandscape and some options like a4paper are also available in geometry

package

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 70 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

Breaks

double new lines and par indicates beginning of a new paragraph and newline break the lines without beginning a new paragraphnewpage begins a new pageclearpage prints remaining floats and begins a new page

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 71 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

More on Spaces

you can change all the length parameters with setlengthparameterlength

and addtolengthparameterlength commands egsetlengthbaselineskip15baselineskip

minus amp plus commands could be used to show tolerable change range egsetlengthparskip1ex plus 05ex minus 02ex

baselineskip length parameter is used to determine space between linesparindent length parameter is used to determine paragraph indentationparskip length parameter is used to determine space between paragraphsyou can use indent amp noindent commands to add indentation to a paragraphor remove ityou may want to use indentfirst package

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 72 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

More on Spaces

horizontal amp vertical spaces could be added by hspacelength ampvspacelength commands respectivelyyou may consider using starred version of those commands to be eectiveeven at the start and end of line or pagestretchn could be used to divide the space by weight nxhspacestretch1

xhspacestretch3xx x x

you may consider using [length] bigskip and smallskip toocommands vfil vfill hfil hfill hlinefill and dotfill could be usedto ll the spaces between texts

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 73 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

Units of Length

in addition to mm (millimetre) cm (centimetre) in (inch) and pt (point) therelative units em (approx width of an M in the current font) and ex (approxheight of an x in the current font) are available

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 74 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

Rules amp Boxes

in LATEX everything is positioned inside a boxmboxtext fboxtext makebox[width][position]textframebox[width][position]text parbox[position]widthtextbeginminipage[position]widthtextendminipage andraiseboxdistance[extendabovebaseline][extendbelowbaseline]text may beused to work with boxesrule[lift]widththickness could be used to draw linesstrut is dened as rule[-3baselineskip]0ptbaselineskip

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 75 81

Document Structure amp Layout Margins amp Spaces

Multi-column

beginmulticolsncntendmulticols environment from multicol

package make it possible to typeset texts in multiple columnsit balances the columns automatically the starred version of environmentdonrsquot

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 76 81

Document Structure amp Layout Penalties

Penalties

use tolerance=5000 (with a number up to 10000) to deal with overfill lineswhich are indicated with black square in draft modeuse widowpenalty=300 and clubpenalty=300 (with a number up to 10000) toincrease window and orphan penalty

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 77 81

Document Structure amp Layout Macros

Counters

counters are what LATEX uses to keep the right number attached to equationspages theorems etceg equation figure footnote page table chapter sectionsubsection subsubsection enumi enumii enumiii and enumivfor every counter name there is a thename command which shows the currentvalue of the name countersetcountercountervalue is used to set the value of a counterstepcountercounter is used to increment a counter by oneaddtocountercountervalue is used to increment a counter by valueusually LATEX increments the counter and then generates the appropriatenumberexception pageif you want the rst page in your paper to be page 45 you should putsetcounterpage45 line directly after begindocument

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 78 81

Document Structure amp Layout Macros

Dening New Commands

itrsquos possible to dene new commands in LATEXLATEX has got three commands for this

newcommandcmd[args][default]def

dene a new already-undened commandrenewcommandcmd[args][default]def

redene an already-dened commandprovidecommandcmd[args][default]def

dene a command regardless of that previous denitions

newenvironmentname[num][default]beforeafter and similar commandsare used to dene new environmentssee httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXMacros

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 79 81

Document Structure amp Layout Macros

Arithmetic amp Conditionals

calc package provides the common inx notation eg in counter-relatedcalculationssee httpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeXMacros

ifthen package provides conditional commands by means ofifthenelsecondthenelse command

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 80 81

References

References

Woerner K Benjamin M and Henrik S LATEX Lab Department of Mechanical Engineeringof MIT 2017 Available Online at httpoceanaimiteduk_wlatex_lab

Higginbottom R Introduction to Scientic Typesetting 2012 Available Online athttpwww2washjeffeduusersrhigginbottomlatexmainhtml

Wikibooks contributors LATEX Wikibooks The Free Textbook Project Available Online athttpsenwikibooksorgwikiLaTeX

Oetiker T Partl H and Hyna I Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2ε Available Online athttpmirrorsctanorginfolshortenglishlshortpdf

Hadi Safari (UT ACM Student Chapter) Introduction to TEX amp LATEX LATEX Intro Summer 98 81 81