what is listening?
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What is listening?. “Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant prior knowledge and the context in which we are listening.”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
What is listening?
“Listening involves making sense of spoken language, normally accompanied by other sounds and visual input, with the help of our relevant prior knowledge and the context in which we are listening.”
Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, p. 180.
Issues in Listening
1. Models of Listening
2. Types of Listening
3. Processes of Listening
4. Listening Skills
5. Listening Strategies Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-187.
Theories or Models of Listening
1. Communication Theory Model
2. Information Processing Model
3. Social / Contextual Model
4. Situated Action Model
Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-182.
How do we gain insights into listening?
Settings
WHERE
Methods
HOW
Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 188-189.
Settings for Gathering Data on Listening
1. Experiments
2. Pedagogic Tasks
3. Test Performances
4. Ethnographic Research
Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 188-189.
Methods for Gathering Data on Listening
1. Observation
2. Introspection
3. Retrospection
Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 189-190.
Difficulty Factors in Listening
Input Characteristics Language Explicitness Organization Content Context Task Characteristics
Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, p. 191.
Skills Training
1. Discriminating between similar sounds.
2. Coping with and processing ‘fast speech’.
3. Processing stress and intonational differences.
4. Processing the meaning of different discourse
markers.
5. Understanding communicative functions and
the non-one-to-one equivalence between
form and function. Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 193-194.
Summary of Four Important Points
1. Types of Listening
One-Way Listening
Two-Way Listening
2. Processes Listening
Bottom-Up Processing
Top-Down Processing
3. Teaching versus Testing of Listening
4. Strategy Instruction Lynch, Tony and David Mendelsohn. 2010. Listening. In Norbert Schmitt, editor. An Introduction to Applied Linguistics, 2nd edition, Chapter 11, pp. 180-196. London: Hodder Education, pp. 181-182.