what is marketing?southwest.mpls.k12.mn.us/uploads/marketing_powerpoint.pdf · what is marketing?...

What Is Marketing?

American Marketing Assn. Definition:

“The process of planning and executing the

conception, pricing, promotion an

distribution of ideas, goods and services to

create exchanges that satisfy individual and

organizational goals.”

.

What Is Market Segmentation?

Definition: “The process of dividing a market into meaningful, similar and identifiable groups.”

3 Reasons That Segmentation Is Important:

1) Enables marketers to identify customers with similar needs, buying behavior.

2) Allows for the tailoring of the “Marketing mix” to specific segments (also cost effective).

3) Consistent with marketing concept of satisfying customer wants and needs.

Source: Marketing, 7th ed., by Lamb et al., 2004.

What Is Market Segmentation (con’t)?

Segmentation for Consumer Markets:

Geographic: by region, country, climate.

Demographic: by age, gender, income, ethnicity, family lifecycle (single, married).

Psychographic: by personality or lifestyle.

Benefit: by the benefits customers seek.

Usage-rate: by the amount of product bought or consumed.

Source: Marketing, 7th ed., by Lamb et al, 2004.


Hypothetical Example:

Product: Device for Ob/Gyn Physicians

Total Market: 39,071 ob/gyns (U.S. only)

Market Segmentation: Ob/gyns under age 55 (demographic)

Target Market: Subset of 39,071--need to quantify!

Source: AMA Ob/gyn counts from MMS, Inc. 2006 Healthcare List Catalog.


Segmentation for Business Markets:

Company Characteristics—location, type of

company, size of company, product use.

Buying Processes—purchasing criteria such as

price, quality, service.

Customer Relationship—the type/significance of the

relationship they have with their customer.



Hypothetical Example:

Product: Device for Residential Homes

Total Market: 69,000 “builder” members of Ntl. Assn. of Homebuilders

Market Segmentation: Luxury home builders (company type)

Target Market: Subset of 69,000--need to research & quantify

Source: National Association of Home Builders counts from web site (www.nahb.org), 2005.

http://www.nahb.org/

What Is A SWOT Analysis?

A “snapshot” of your company’s current internal

strengths & weaknesses (management, personnel,

financial marketing, manufacturing, R&D) AND

Your assessment of future opportunities and threats

relating to all the environments external to the firm

(technological, social, political/legal, economic,

competitive, natural).

Source: Strategic Marketing, 8th ed., Kerin & Peterson, 1998 and Strategic Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations, 5th ed., Kotler &

Andreason, 1996.

How Does A SWOT Help Me?

A strong SWOT

analysis allows you to

leverage off the internal

strengths of the

company and match

them to opportunities in

the external

environment.

SWOT Handout.

How Does My Marketing Effort Differ For Consumers vs. Businesses?

Characteristic Business Markets Consumer Markets

Demand Organizational Individual

Purchase volume Large Smaller

# of customers Fewer Many

Location of buyers Geogr. concentrated Dispersed

Distribution structure More direct More indirect

Nature of buying More professional More personal

Buying influence Multiple Single

Type of negotiations More complex Simpler

Use of reciprocity Yes No

Use of leasing Greater Lesser

Main promo. Method Personal selling Advertising

What Is The “Marketing Mix”?

Also known as the 4 “P”s, the marketing mix

consists of:

Product

Price

Promotion

Placement/Distribution


Product:

Defined as a good, a service, an idea

(“recycle”), or any combination of these.

Business products & consumer products.

Considerations—brand name, packaging,

labeling, trademark, warranties.



Price:

Revenue (price times units sold) is what pays for every activity of the company: production, finance, sales, distribution, etc.

Key: choose a price that will earn a fair profit, and that equates to the perceived value to target customers.



Pricing Objectives:

Profit Oriented

--Profit Maximization: setting prices so that total revenue is as large as possible relative to total costs.

--Satisfactory Profits: a “reasonable” level of profits (for stockholders & management).

--Target Return On Investment, ROI (also called “return on assets”): measures management’s effectiveness in generating profits with available assets. Dupont and GM use target ROI as their main pricing goal. ROI=Net profit after tax divided by total assets.



Pricing Objectives:

Sales Oriented

--Market Share: a company’s product sales as a percentage of total sales for that industry (reported in units or dollars). But some companies like P&G switched from market share to ROI objectives when they saw that a large market share doesn’t always equate to large profits.

--Sales Maximization: Firm ignores profits, competition and the environment as long as sales are rising. Used when strapped for funds and need to generate maximum cash in short run. Examples: selling excess inventory at discount (post holiday season) or selling old model cars at year-end.



Status Quo Pricing

--Seeks to maintain existing prices or meet

competition’s prices.

--Requires minimal planning.

--Often occurs with firms competing in an

industry with an established price leader.



Other Pricing Considerations:

Elasticity of Demand

--Elastic Demand is when consumer demand is very sensitive to changes in price.

--Inelastic Demand is when an increase or decrease in price will not significantly affect demand.

--Factors affecting elasticity include: availability of substitutes, price relative to purchasing power, product durability, a product’s other uses.



Cost Determinants of Price:

Markup pricing

--Popular with wholesalers and retailers. Considers the cost of buying the product from the producer, plus amounts for profit and expenses not otherwise accounted for. The difference between the retailer’s cost and the selling price is the gross margin.

--Advantage is its simplicity. Disadvantage is that it ignores demand and may result in over- or under-pricing.



Profit Maximization Pricing

--Occurs when marginal revenue equals marginal cost.

Break-Even Pricing

--Determines what sales volume must be reached before the company breaks even (total costs=total revenue).

--Advantage: tells the firm how much it must sell to break even and how much profit can be earned if a higher sales volume is obtained.

--Limitations: some costs are hard to classify as fixed or variable & also, this method ignores demand.



Choosing a Pricing Strategy:

Price Skimming --Charging a high introductory price.

--Used when the product is perceived by the target market as having unique advantages.

--Allows management to recover its product development costs.

--But as a product moves through its lifecycle, the firm may lower its price to reach larger market segments.



Choosing a Pricing Strategy:

Penetration Pricing

--Charging a low price initially to reach the mass

market.

--Goal is to capture a large share of a large market.

Often seen when large market share is the pricing

objective. Effective in a price sensitive market.

--Disadvantage: lower profit per unit, so requires a

higher volume of sales to reach break-even.


Promotion:

Consists of 4 elements known as the

Promotional Mix:

--Advertising (print, TV, radio, internet)

--Public Relations (press releases)

--Sales Promotion (contests, rebates)

--Personal Selling (face-to-face, sales rep.)


What Is The “Promotional Mix”?

Advertising PR Sales

Promotion

Personal

Selling

Communicator

Control

Indirect,

nonpersonal

Indirect,

nonpersonal

Indirect,

Nonpersonal

Direct, face-to-

Face

Amt.feedback Little Little Little to moder. A lot

Speed of

Feedback

Delayed Delayed Varies Immediate

Message flow One-way One-way One-way Two-way

Content

control

Yes No Yes Yes

Speed Fast Usually fast Fast Slow

Message

flexibility

Same

message

No control

over message

Same

message

Tailored to

buyer

What Should My Total Promotion Budget Be?

Factors to consider:

What your objectives are in terms of sales

the first 3-5 years (i.e. sales should be

derived from response from marketing

vehicles chosen such as direct mail, personal

selling, trade shows).

What industry competitors are spending.

What Should My Total Promotion Budget Be?

Sample Marketing Budgets:

Medical Journals--$30,000 to $50,000/yr. Higher the first 3-5 yrs. & for publications with greater circulation potential (larger medical specialties).

Medical Devices—3%-6% of net sales.

Other (AMA list serve executive feedback): $30,000-$800,000 per year for products ranging from a food ingredient to a veterinary clinic to an information service/database business.

Sources: Senior Product Manager, Medical Device Company, President, Market Experts Inc.

and Business Development Manager, Dow Corning Corporation.

Costs for Promotion Vehicles

Typical Costs For Selected Vehicles:

Advertising (used to create awareness)

--Business 2.0, full-page color ad costs $63,500 (one-time insertion).

--Obstetrics & Gynecology, full-page color ad costs $6,365 (one-time insertion).

Sources: Rate information extracted from 2006 Web Site Media Kits for Business 2.0 and Obstetrics & Gynecology Journal.


Direct Mail (to consumers)

--Cost averages .55 cents/piece or more

(Ann Zeller, V.P., Direct Mktg. Assn.).

Includes printing, copywriting, list rental &

postage.

--Response rates average 1%-1.5% (of total

number of pieces mailed).


Direct Mail (lead generation for B to B)

--Response rate for customer data form

mailing to develop opt-in list (8-10%). This

rate reflects the use of an incentive

(additional cost).

Source: D.B., Owner, Simply Direct (a B to B marketing consulting firm).


E-Mail Campaigns

--Cost averages 9 cents per contact (Zeller,

DMA), but you must first build a list (“spam”

issue).


Trade Shows/Exhibits (lead generation for B to B sales)

--Space rental average is $14.12/square foot; but can be as high as $42.85 (according to Tradeshow Week’s 1998 survey).

--Average cost for 10 x 10 ft. booth is $1,500-$2,700.

--Add another $2,600 for exhibit transportation, drayage, electricity, booth table and booth lighting.

--Travel, food & hotel expenses for company Sales Reps not included above.

--Cost to mail (prior to exhibit) to prospects, registered attendees not included. This is strongly recommended in order to attract traffic to your booth.

--Cost for brochure or catalog to hand out at book not included. Depends on quantity, use of color, type of printing.

Source: M.Ferelli., V.P. Marketing & Sales, Two Hands (a jewelry company), 2004.


Personal Selling

--Average total compensation is $110,206

($70,553 base salary plus $39,653 in

bonus/commission), with Top Sales Executives

earning $145,978. Excludes healthcare &

benefits costs.

Source: “The 2005 Compensation Survey”, Sales & Marketing Management, May 2005,

p. 25.


Web Site (awareness & lead generation)

--Cost of Dreamweaver is $199

(Amazon.com); add cost of web site

developer’s time.

--Hiring an outside firm much more costly

and total cost, plus monthly costs vary based

on site’s complexity and functionality.


Google AdWords

--AdWords ads are displayed along with search results on Google, as well as on search and content sites (AOL, Earthlink & others).

--Cost per click pricing which you set (1 cent to $100 per click).

--Click through rate not guaranteed (for an expert’s tips, see Nielsen’s “Designing Web Ads Using Click-Through Data”.

Source: Google web site, 2006.


Google AdSense

--AdSense is a quick way for website publishers to display relevant Google ads on their site’s content pages and earn money.

--It also allows web site publishers to provide Google search to their site users and earn money by displaying Google ads on the search results page.

--Advertisers pay when users click on ads (CPC), or when their ad is shown on your site (impressions). You earn a portion of the amount paid for either activity on your site.

Source: Google web site, 2006.

Placement (Distribution):

For consumer products and B to B products, there are 2 possibilities:

--Direct (product sold by producer to consumer). Includes direct sales via the Internet.

--Indirect (product sold by producer to intermediary, who then sells to consumer).


What Type of Market Research Should I Conduct?

Survey Research (quantitative):

Use a non probability quota sample (quicker and cheaper).

Quota samples are selected so that demographic characteristics of interest are typically represented in the sample in the same proportions as they are in the population.

Refer to supplemental handout regarding market research.

Source: Contemporary Market Research, 3rd ed., McDaniel & Gates, 1996.


One-on-One Interviews (qualitative):

Allows for probing in specific areas due to

2-way communication.

Source: Contemporary Market Research, 3rd ed., McDaniel & Gates, 1996.


Who To Target For Research:

Potential customers (target market)--consumers or businesses.

Potential buyers (often different than customers or “users”).

Potential channel members.

Information Needed:

Proof of viability of idea/market.

Feedback on 4 Ps, including media consumption (i.e. what consumer/trade journals are read, internet sites visited, list serve affiliations).

Association memberships and trade show attendance.

Buying process, duration, and decision makers.

Marketing 101 For Business Plans

Questions?

what is marketing?southwest.mpls.k12.mn.us/uploads/marketing_powerpoint.pdf · what is marketing?...

Documents