What is Matter Matter is anything that takes up

space (Volume) and has Mass Matter has Properties Hardness, color, texture, shape,

melting or boiling points, Chemical activities (flammability or reacting with other chemicals

More to follow on Properties

What is Matter made of?

ElementsCompoundsMixtures

What is Matter made of? Elements-Building blocks of

nature. They cannot be broken down

Elements are found on Periodic Table Atomic-most elements can exist as

individual atoms(smallest particle of any element). Examples: Fe, Au, Ag, Al

Molecular-some elements are Diatomic when found in molecular form in nature. H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

Also Triatomic, Tetratomic, Octatomic

What is Matter made of? Compounds-Two or more

elements chemically bonded together Smallest particle is a Molecule These can be broken down into

smaller compounds or elemental parts

Examples: H2O(water), Fe2O3(rust) 2 H2O(l) 2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 Fe2O3(s) 4 FeO(s) + O2(g) 2 FeO(s) 2 Fe(s) + O2(g) 2NaCl(s) 2 Na(s) + Cl2(g) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

What is Matter made of? Mixtures-These are made of two

or more chemicals that are not chemically bonded together. Examples: Sand, Salt/Pepper, Milk, Blood, Muddy water Homogeneous – similar

throughout(cola) Heterogeneous – differences occur

(concrete) Mixtures can usually be separated

easily by physical means such as filtration, distillation or chromatography

Filtration:

Separates tiny solid substances that are only suspended in liquids and solutions. Not for dissolved chemicals

Coffee filtersSome water filtersPool filters – sand or

Diatomaceous Earth

Distillation: SeparatesHomogeneousmixtures using the differences inboiling points.BPH20 = 100˚C

BPNaCl = 808˚C

Water vapor rises first and condenses in the tube.

Chromatography:Separates colored substances on the basis of differences in solubility in a solvent. Higher solubility travels farther.

Classification Flowchart

Physical Properties

Volume, mass, size, color, shape, smell, hardness, density, texture, melting & boiling points, viscosity, temperature…

Physical Changes Change that alters appearance or

form of material but does not change to different kind of material

Changes of State are ALWAYS Physical Changes

Examples: tearing paper, breaking pencil, crushing a rock, ice melting, gasoline vaporizing

Chemical Properties What are the chemical activities of

the material Does it react with Oxygen Does it react with Water Does it react with Chlorine Does it react with Fluorine Does it react with …

Chemical Changes A chemical reaction occurs that

produce NEW substances Old chemicals bonds must be

broken and new ones formed Example: burning fuel, digesting

food, Photosynthesis, rusting iron, plant decay, baking bread

2 Kinds of Chemical Reactions

Exothermic Releases heat into surroundings Might feel warm or hot to the touch Reactants have higher energy in their bonds Examples:

Mixing acid with bases Burning of a fuel Digestion

2 Kinds of Chemical Reactions

Endothermic Absorbs heat from the surroundings Could feel cool to the touch Products have more energy than reactants Examples:

Cooking an egg Dissolving Baking Soda Photosynthesis Cooking coffee beans

Measuring Matter Volume -- How much space

material takes up: V=LxWxH V=Pr2h V=4/3Pr3

Mass -- gram, Kilogram not affected by gravity

Weight -- Pounds, Ounces The effect that gravity has on a mass

Density = Mass/Volume

Density Mass/Volume Affects the buoyancy

of material. Does it float?

Is NOT affected by size of sample

Is affected by change in temperature

Temperature

In scientific measurements, the Celsius and Kelvin scales are most often used.

The Celsius scale is based on the properties of water.□ 0C is the freezing

point of water.□ 100C is the

boiling point of water.

Temperature

The Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.

There are no negative Kelvin temperatures.

K = C + 273

• The Fahrenheit scale is not used in scientific measurements.

• F = 9/5(C) + 32• C = 5/9(F − 32)

Accuracy versus Precision Accuracy refers to the

proximity of a measurement to the true value of a quantity.

Precision refers to the proximity of several measurements to each other.