What is Ocean Thermal Energy What is Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionConversion

The oceans cover a little more than 70 percent of the The oceans cover a little more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface. This makes them the world's largest Earth's surface. This makes them the world's largest solar energy collector and energy storage system. solar energy collector and energy storage system.

On an average day, 60 million square kilometers (23 On an average day, 60 million square kilometers (23 million square miles) of tropical seas absorb an amount million square miles) of tropical seas absorb an amount of solar radiation equal in heat content to about 250 of solar radiation equal in heat content to about 250 billion barrels of oil. billion barrels of oil.

If less than one-tenth of one percent of this stored solar If less than one-tenth of one percent of this stored solar energy could be converted into electric power, it would energy could be converted into electric power, it would supply more than 20 times the total amount of electricity supply more than 20 times the total amount of electricity consumed in the United States on any given day. consumed in the United States on any given day.

There are three ways the OTEC There are three ways the OTEC method can produce electricity.method can produce electricity.

Closed-Cycle: Closed-Cycle:

This system relies on low-boiling point fluids This system relies on low-boiling point fluids such as ammonia. The warm ocean water such as ammonia. The warm ocean water is used to heat up and boil the ammonia, is used to heat up and boil the ammonia, which will turn a turbine. The turbine then which will turn a turbine. The turbine then produces electricity. produces electricity.

Open-Cycle:Open-Cycle:

This system relies on a low-pressure This system relies on a low-pressure environment to actually boil the ocean water and environment to actually boil the ocean water and create steam. When warm ocean water moves create steam. When warm ocean water moves into a low-pressure environment it will boil. The into a low-pressure environment it will boil. The steam is almost pure water as the salts and steam is almost pure water as the salts and other impurities are left behind. The steam then other impurities are left behind. The steam then recirculates to deeper and colder areas of the recirculates to deeper and colder areas of the ocean and condenses back to water. Just like ocean and condenses back to water. Just like the ammonia gas, the steam will turn a turbine.the ammonia gas, the steam will turn a turbine.

Hybrid System:Hybrid System:

This system simply combines both Closed This system simply combines both Closed and Open Cycle systems.and Open Cycle systems.

Ocean Thermal Energy Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionConversion

The ocean thermal energy can be The ocean thermal energy can be harnessed by means of a thermodynamic harnessed by means of a thermodynamic cycle, which uses the temperature cycle, which uses the temperature gradient between the cold deep waters gradient between the cold deep waters and the warm surface waters. It is and the warm surface waters. It is estimated that, the amount of solar energy estimated that, the amount of solar energy absorbed annually by the oceans is absorbed annually by the oceans is equivalent to 4000 times the world energy equivalent to 4000 times the world energy demand in the same perioddemand in the same period

The main problem with this renewable The main problem with this renewable energy is the necessity of a temperature energy is the necessity of a temperature gradient higher or equal to 20ºC, between gradient higher or equal to 20ºC, between the hot and cold reservoir. The higher the the hot and cold reservoir. The higher the temperature difference, the better temperature difference, the better efficiency it will have.efficiency it will have.

This requirement is only fulfilled in tropical This requirement is only fulfilled in tropical and equatorial zones during the whole and equatorial zones during the whole year.year.

The OTEC systems efficiency is not quite The OTEC systems efficiency is not quite high because of the little temperature high because of the little temperature difference used in the thermodynamic difference used in the thermodynamic cycles. Although the ideal energy cycles. Although the ideal energy conversion using 26 ºC and 4 ºC warm conversion using 26 ºC and 4 ºC warm and cold seawaters is 8%, due to several and cold seawaters is 8%, due to several losses final 3-4% efficiency is getlosses final 3-4% efficiency is get

AdvantagesAdvantages

Damaging environmental effects are Damaging environmental effects are minimized if the cold water is discharged minimized if the cold water is discharged to the ocean at enough depth.to the ocean at enough depth.

Highly available energy resources.Highly available energy resources.

DisadvantagesDisadvantages

The small land based OTEC plants need kilometres of piping to The small land based OTEC plants need kilometres of piping to move a high volume of cold water fro deep ocean. Its cost could be move a high volume of cold water fro deep ocean. Its cost could be up to the 75 % of the total power plant costs. Therefore, researches up to the 75 % of the total power plant costs. Therefore, researches show that power plants with a rated power lower than 50 MW can show that power plants with a rated power lower than 50 MW can not compete with other energy sources.not compete with other energy sources.

As an example, a 50 MW power plant would require a 3 km long As an example, a 50 MW power plant would require a 3 km long pipe with a 8 m diameter to pump 150 m3/s of cold water • The pipe with a 8 m diameter to pump 150 m3/s of cold water • The suitable locations to harness this kind of energy are reduced to suitable locations to harness this kind of energy are reduced to equatorial and tropical zones.equatorial and tropical zones.

Low thermal efficiency due to the low temperature difference Low thermal efficiency due to the low temperature difference between the cold and hot reservoir (around 22 ºC).between the cold and hot reservoir (around 22 ºC).

Although floating OTEC plants could apparently be as olution, Although floating OTEC plants could apparently be as olution, maintenance and repair costs would also be high.maintenance and repair costs would also be high.

Floating plants and piping of land based plants must withstand high Floating plants and piping of land based plants must withstand high stresses during storms.stresses during storms.

Comparative table of different sea Comparative table of different sea energy resourcesenergy resources