WHAT IS SCIENCE?Science is the process of gaining

KNOWLEDGE and INVESTIGATING by making OBSERVATIONS, posing

QUESTIONS, and testing through EXPERIMENTATION

•The car won’t start!

•Why won’t it start?

•Maybe because the tank is empty

•If I fill the tank, then the car

should start.

•Test your hypothesis: fill the tank

It works? Your hypothesis was correct.

What if it doesn’t work?

The Scientific Method

It still won’t start - Test a NEW hypothesis:

•New hypothesis: The battery is dead.

Test: Change the battery

•New hypothesis: The starter is broken.

Test: Change the starter.

The Scientific Method

1. PROBLEM – question to be studied

Observation – Using senses to gather information

Making INFERENCES – Using reasoning to come to a conclusion based on observations

Examples…

Statement Observation Inference

Object A is round and orange.

Object A is used in basketball.

Object C is round and black and white.

Object C is larger than Object B.

Object B is smooth.

Object B is used in table-tennis.

Each object is used in a different sport.

Observation vs. Inference

X

X

X

X

X

X X

X

2. HYPOTHESIS – educated guess to answer the problem

*** MUST be TESTABLE***

3. PREDICTION – what you expect to happen if the hypothesis is true

4. EXPERIMENT – test of the hypothesis

A. Control – standard used for comparisonB. Variables

1. Manipulated/Independent – factor that experimenter changes

2. Dependent/Responding – result of the change (depends on variable

above)3. Controlled –

factors kept constant

***Ask yourself “Does this variable depend on the other?” REMEMBER: MIX and DRY

C. Data Collection1. QUANTITATIVE – numerical data, quantity2. QUALITATIVE – descriptive data

5. CONCLUSION – summary of the results of the experiment ***Evaluates the hypothesis***

6. THEORY – a tested hypothesis over time that becomes an accepted scientific principle

*Always subject to revision or replacement!

Designing an Experiment

State the Problem

Form a Hypothesis

Set Up a Controlled Experiment

Record Results – Data Table

Analyze Results - Graph

Draw a Conclusion

WHAT IS “BIOLOGY”?

“study of life”

Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Pasteur’s Experiment – finally accepted that spontaneous

generation DOES NOT occur!!!

Examples of the application of biological knowledge

Prevention and cure of illnessProduction of medicineAgricultureSustained management of wildlife or

fisheriesPlanned population growth

EXAMPLE:

Ulcers and Bacteria Knowledge: Infections by bacteria can lead to ulcers. Prediction: Removal of these bacteria will cure the

ulcer. Action (treatment) to cure ulcers: Antibiotics

Most ulcers are caused by bacteria, not stress.

Carbon dioxide and Heat

Knowledge: Gases like CO2 hold heat effectively.Prediction: With higher CO2 levels the atmosphere gets warmer.Action to reduce global warming: Reduction in CO2 production.

Burning of fossil fuels is likely causing global warming.

EXAMPLE:

What does it mean to say something is ALIVE?

Characteristics of Living Things

• Made of cells• Reproduce• Based on a universal genetic code• Grow and develop• Obtain and use materials and energy• Respond to their environment• Maintain a stable internal environment• Taken as a group, living things change over time

Made of CellsLiving things are…

Living things have…

The ability to reproduce

Based on a Universal Genetic

Code: DNA

Living things are…

Grow and Develop

Living things …

Obtain and Use Energy - METABOLISM

Living things …

Respond to the

Environment –Stimulus

Living things…

Maintain a stable internal

environmentHOMEOSTASIS

Living things …

Evolutionary Adaptation: Species change over time

Living things undergo…

Examples

B. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.

E. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.F. Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.

H. Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.

C. Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.

A. Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.

G. Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.

D. Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

Characteristic

1. Living things are made up of units called cells.

2. Living things reproduce.

7. Living things are based on a universal genetic code.

3. Living things obtain and use materials and energy.

6. Living things respond to their environment.

4. Living things maintain a stable internal environment.

5. Taken as a group, living things change over time.

8. Living things grow and develop.

How are living thingsORGANIZED and STUDIED?

Organism

Groups ofCells

Cells

Molecules

Individual livingthing

Tissues, organs,and organ systems

Smallest functionalunit of life

Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemical

compounds

Bison

Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain

Nerve cell

Water

DNA

Levels of Organization

Cellular OrganizationCELL

TISSUE

ORGAN

SYSTEM

ORGANISM

Categorize the following:

Circulatory systemHeart

HumanMuscle cell

Cardiac muscle

CELL – MUSCLE CELLTISSUE – CARDIAC MUSCLE

ORGAN – HEARTSYSTEM – CIRCULATORY

SYSTEMORGANISM - HUMAN

MICROSCOPESLIGHT Microscopes• Use beams of light• Magnify up to 1500X

ELECTRON Microscopes• Use beams of electrons to

magnify thousands of times• Living things cannot be viewed

MICROSCOPE VIEWS

LIGHT Microscopes use a series of glass lenses to bend light waves and create a magnified image

Scanning Electron Microscopes create the magnified images by using electrons instead of

light waves

•3-D•External Images•Black and white

                      

 

                                

                    

Can you guess what it is? Pick one!

The vane of a bird's feather consists of a series of barbs that connect together by

hooked barbules.Like a zipper, each barb is connected to the adjacent one, creating a solid vane.

                       

                                

                    Can you guess what it is? Pick one!

The tapeworm clings to its hosts intestine by the hooks and suckers on its head.

The tapeworm has no mouth;nutrients are absorbed throughout the

tapeworm’s body wall.