what is the water cycle? - earth and environmental - earth ...€¦ · continuous movement of water...
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What is the water
cycle?
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Continuous movement of
water from the atmosphere
to the earth’s surface and
back to the atmosphere
again.
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Transpiration -
plants giving off
water vapor
Evaporation – liquid
water changing into
water vapor
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Condensation: water vapor (gas) changes into
liquid water.
Precipitation: water falls from clouds to the
ground.
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The underground water that
fills almost all the pores in
rock and sediment.
Makes up 90% of the
earth’s unfrozen freshwater
supply.
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Aquifer: a body of rock sediment in
which large amounts of water can flow
and be stored.
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Porosity: percentage of open spaces in rock.
Permeability: how easily water flows through
open spaces. (can water pass through or
not?)
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Zone of Saturation: the layer of ground where all the pores are filled with water.◦ The upper surface of the
zone of saturation is called the water table.
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Russia
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Beginning of a river
Usually found in the mountains.
Runoff from mountains flows to lowest point.
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Smaller rivers that feed into a big river.
More often found in mountains than on flat land.
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Where the river flows into a larger body of water
Ex. a lake, ocean, another river.
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Watershed – area that drains into a body of water
River Basin - A region of land that drains into a river system (contains many different watersheds).
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Separates one river basin from the next.
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Young river: v-shaped channel; steep sides
Mature river: u-shaped channel; more sloping sides; some meanders (bends)
Old river: flatter u-shaped channel; sloping sides; lots of meanders
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Sediment is deposited in a stream
when there is a decrease in the
speed of the water.
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Decreased slope (steeper--> faster)
Bed widening (more friction)
Obstruction (slows down when it goes
around rock, tree, bridge)
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Sloping fan-shaped deposit of
sediments
When a stream goes from steep drop to flat
land.
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Very slow moving water, leads to sediment
being deposited making flood plains fertile.
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Curves in a river caused by an obstruction.
Erosion occurs on the outside of a bend.
Deposition occurs on the inside of a bend.
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Crescent shaped body of water, when a
part of a meander is cut off from the river.
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Buildup of sediments at the mouth of a river.
Water slows down as it empties into another
body of water.
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Oceans and Ocean Circulation
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70%!
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96% PURE
WATER
4% dissolved elements:
Cl, Na, Mg S, Ca, K
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A measure of dissolved solids in sea water
Number of grams of dissolved salts in 1 kilogram of water
Measured in parts per thousand (ppt)
Evaporation and freezing increases salinity
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Density is the mass of a substance per unit volume (D=m/v)
Affected by two things:◦Salinity: dissolved solids make water more dense
◦Temperature: Cold water is more dense
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Factors affecting Seawater density
high salinity=increase density
Low temp = increase density
*Tempereature has a greater influence
*Occurs at low latitudes. Thermocline is absent at high latitudes.
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http://marinebio.org/oceans/temperature/
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Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, and oxygen are most abundant
CO2 dissolves most easily
Cold water holds more gases than warm water
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Divided into 3 major oceans: the Atlantic, the Pacific, and the Indian Oceans
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The term “sea” refers to smaller areas of the ocean that are partially surrounded by land.
Ex: Mediterranean and Caribbean.
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Ocean water moves in giant streams called currents that flow like rivers at the surface or far below.
There are 2 types of currents:
◦ Surface
◦ Density
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Move on the surface of the ocean
Driven by wind
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1.Warm:
Flow away from the equator toward the poles
Because areas near the equator are warm
Example: Gulf Stream
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2. Cold Flow toward the
equator away from the poles
Originate at the poles where the water is cold
Example: California current
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Red are Warm Currents and
Black are cold currents
Surface Currents
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Wind is the driving force behind the formation of surface currents.
2 sets of wind patterns involved in forming most surface currents.◦ Trade Winds – Blow toward the equator
◦ Westerlies – Blow away from the equator
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Move beneath the surface of the ocean
Caused by differences in the density of water a.k.a.Thermohaline Circulation
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Begins at the poles where cold dense water sinks.
Warmer water moves in to take its place creating a current.
This drives the “global conveyer belt”
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Process moves very slowly
One section on the “global conveyer belt”make take 1,000 years to fully cycle through the ocean!!