what is an integrated mosquito management program?
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What is an Integrated Mosquito Management Program?. Janet McAllister Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Zoonotic Vector-borne and Enteric Diseases Fort Collins, CO. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
What is an Integrated Mosquito Management Program?
Janet McAllisterCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Zoonotic Vector-borne and Enteric DiseasesFort Collins, CO
"The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."
Who does mosquito control? State Boards and Commissions Local Departments of Health/Environment County Mosquito Boards (independent taxing
districts) Individual Cities/Townships Neighborhood Associations Pest Management Professionals Private Contractors
The bigger the area covered the more effective the program.
Sliding scale of programs
Spray ProgramRelies mainly
on use of chemicals.
May have limited surveillance
Control ProgramUses Integrated
Mosquito Management of which there are 8-9 components
Integrated Pest Management
Optimization of pest control in an economically and ecologically sound manner - Apple, 1979
IPM Optimization
This is accomplished by using multiple tactics in a compatible manner to maintain pest populations at an acceptable level while providing protection against hazards to humans, animals, plants and the environment – Metcalf & Luckmann, 1982
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Allows you to decide when and where to treat for the best control based on thresholds.
Thresholds can vary depending the species or the level of disease causing organisms present in a area.
Method of surveillance conducted is driven by the biology of the local species.
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Arbovirus Transmission Cycle
AquaticPupae
Adults
Larvae
EggsTerrestrial
Weather and Climate
Food, Space,
Breeding sites
Weather and
Climate
Food, Space,
Breeding sites
Predators and
Pathogens
Incidental hosts
Vertebrate Host
Vector
Virus Virus
• Birds– Sentinel Chickens– Dead birds (public reported)– Wild birds live-captured
• Mosquito pools• Horses• Humans
– Sentinel hospitals– Suspect cases
Disease Surveillance
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Mapping = Data Management Can be as low tech as
maps on the wall
Using GPS and GIS allows for data management and analysis as well as creates good records.
GPS can be used to regulate pesticide flow and to monitor insecticide applications
GIS: Capturing Data
Maps can be scaned, digitized or hand-traced with a computer mouse to collect the coordinates of features
Site coordinates can be downloaded from GPS units
Catch Basin Mapping*Catch Basin Mapping*
* Vector control response to a West Nile virus epidemic in OhioTerry Allan . Fourth National Conference on West Nile Virus in the United StatesNew Orleans, Louisiana, February 9-11, 2003
Aerial View of Suburban DensityAerial View of Suburban Density
GIS: Data Modeling A larval density map may be related to a
vegetation cover map to identify suitable breeding sites for a mosquito vector
GIS: Data Output
Graphics may be produced on the screen or on paper to make decisions about treatments and resources allocations
Wall maps and other graphics allow the viewer to visualize and understand the results of analyses or simulations of potential events
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Physical Control = Source Reduction
Any method of physically altering mosquito breeding sites to render it unsatisfactory for completion of mosquito life cycle
Physical Control ≠ permanent Control
Water Management
Impoundment management
Water Management
Storm water retention structure managementLocal/State
guidelines may or may not cover mosquito production
Sanitation
Removal of water holding containers
Sanitation
Maintenance and repair
Water Management
Filling of low-lying depressions
Water Management
Ditching
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Biological Control - Definition
The reduction of an insect pest population by natural enemies.
The process usually involves an active human role.
Natural Control – Reduction of an insect pest population by naturally occurring organisms and environmental factors without human input.
Biological Control Agents
Predators- organisms that consume insect pests
Parasites- organisms whose immature stages develop in or on an insect pest, thus killing the pest
Pathogens- disease causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi and viruses.
Augmentation
Most effective on aquatic mosquito life stages, i.e. egg, larva, pupa.Discrete water body habitats.Aquatic enemies easier to collect and
produce.Better residual effect.Better operational use - rear or collect,
and transport and distribute at reasonable cost.
Biological Control Agents
Predator Fish – any top minnow
Bacillus thuringiensis israelenisis, B.t.i.
Bacillus sphericusCopopods
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Chemical Control
Strategies for the chemical
control for mosquitoes
are almost 1800
opposite from those in agriculture.
Chemical Control Considerations
Treating “air” space with little deposit of material and rapid breakdown.Applications require some wind to be
presentVery small droplets are needed
Chemical Control Considerations
Applications are higher than 75 ft (helicopter) or 150 ft (fixed wing)
Aerial applicators must have special equipment and file congested area flight plans
Mosquitocides Available for MADs in the US Adulticides:
Organophosphates Naled Malathion
Pyrethroids Permethrin Pyrethrum d-phenothrin (Sumethrin) Resmethrin
Larvacides: Biologicals
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (B.t.i.)
Bacillus sphaericus Insect Growth Regulators
methoprene Oils Monomolecular films Organophosphate
Temophos
Other products available but not in common use
OrganophosphatesChlorpyrifos (Aerial and ground ULV)
PyrethroidsDeltamethrin (indoor - general pest label)Bifentrhrin (outdoor - general pest label)Lambda cyhalothrin (bednets, indoor and
outdoor- general pest label)
Areawide Mosquito Adulticides
Chemical Class Year usesMalathion OP 1950 Crops, livestock, home,
ornamental, forest, public health
Naled OP 1960 Crops, livestock, ornamental, greenhouses, forest, public health
Chlorpyriphos OP 1966 Crops, home, stored products, public health
Resmethrin PY 1968 House, ornamental, livestock premisis, public health
Sumethrin PY 1971 House, greenhouses, livestock premisis, ornamentals, public health
Permethrin PY 1974 Crops, livestock, public health, ornamentals, greenhouses
Pyrethrins PY* Ca 6 A.D. Crops, livestock, home, public health, ornamentals, pets, food handling establishments
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Resistance Issues
What is it? When will it arrive? Once it’s here that’s it for that chemical/class. How do I know I have it? What do I do? What roles do outside forces play in selection
for resistance? Where do I go for help?
Traditional Definition
“Insecticide resistance” describes the ability of strains of insects to survive “normally” lethal doses of insecticide, the ability having resulted from selection of tolerant individuals in populations exposed to the toxicant for several generations.
The time to act is before resistance reaches this level.
Improved Definition
Insecticide Resistance is a genetic change in response to selection by toxicants that may impair control in the field. (Sawicki, 1987)
Spray a population
Survivor with “something special”
Offspring of the survivor
Spray again - more survivors
More resistance in population
More resistance in population
Cross-resistance results from a common detoxification system or from target-site insensitivity.
Multiple-resistance extends to a variety of classes of insecticides with differing modes of action and different detoxification pathways.
single class of insecticidelong-residual actionslow-release formulationapply to all life states, all
generationstreat all habitat where pest occurs
How to develop Insecticide Resistance in Vectors
Cross-Resistance Relationships
Carbamates
Organophosphates
Pyrethroids
DDTIGRs
KDR
Ache
Esterases
Oxidases
Mosquito age has no effect on oxidase levels
05
1015
2025
3035
Absorbance 620 nm
Perc
enta
ge o
f Pop
ulat
ion
17 Day Adults3 Day Adults
Resistance threshold
Mosquito age has an effect on esterase levels
05
101520253035404550
Absorbance 620 nm
Perc
enta
ge o
f Pop
ulat
ion
17 Day Adults3 Day Adults
Resistance threshold
Chief Advantage of Bottle Bioassay
DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE CRITICAL TOXICOLOGICAL PARAMETER:
The length of time required for an insecticide to traverse intervening tissues to reach and interact with it’s target in the presence or absence of any resistance mechanism(s).
Materials for Bottle Bioassay.
Add acetone and insecticide to bottle.
Shake and rollShake and roll in all directionsin all directions
Coat bottle with insecticide.
Roll bottles.Roll bottles.
Evaporate acetone.Evaporate acetone.
Adding Mosquitoes to Treated Bottles.
Reading Data.
RotateRotatebottlebottle
Wiebull Distribution with frailty model and interval sensing components
20052006
Change in area 205 from 2005 to 2006
Pyrethroid resistance bioassay.Pyrethroid resistance bioassay.
Susceptiblepopulation
Test population
Bottle treated with:
pyrethroid only
Oxidase resistance bioassay.Oxidase resistance bioassay.
Bottle treated with:Bottle treated with:pyrethroid + piperonyl pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB)butoxide (PB)
AA
Oxidase resistance bioassay.Oxidase resistance bioassay.
Bottle treated with:Bottle treated with:pyrethroid + piperonyl pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB)butoxide (PB)
B
Oxidase resistance bioassay.Oxidase resistance bioassay.
Bottle treated with:Bottle treated with:pyrethroid + piperonyl pyrethroid + piperonyl butoxide (PB)butoxide (PB)
C
Steps to field test mosquitoes
Field Study Site in Harris County
Snapshot ResistanceSnapshot Resistance ManagementManagement
Initial SnapshotNew Snapshot
Initial SnapshotNew Snapshot
Initial SnapshotNew Snapshot
Initial Snapshot
New Snapshot
Initial Snapshot
New Snapshot
Lessons we are learning about a complex issue.
Resistance is widespread. Resistance is focal and unique. How much testing will depend on the resolution you
need, your resources and what you find. We are beginning to understand management
strategies as they apply to US control methods. Comparative testing scheme is showing that bottle
bioassays (cheapest, easiest method) are useful and compare to field tests (most expensive method).
You ignore resistance at the peril of your pocketbook.
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Legal Actions
Local, State and Federal Laws to address breeding of mosquitoes
Usually under Department of Health Sanitary Codes
Address fines and other civil actions against property owners breeding mosquitoes
Public Education and Community Outreach
Resistance MonitoringPhysical Control Biological
ControlChemical Control
DiseaseSurveillance Mapping
Mosquito Sampling and Surveillance
Legal Actions
Mosquitoes Only Fly As Far As Necessary For A Blood Meal
AestheticsProperty Values
DiseaseEconomics
WHY IS PUBLIC EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY OUTREACH NECESSARY?
East Baton Rouge Parish Mosquito Abatement and Rodent Control
WHEN DO YOU USE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND OUTREACH?
TO AID IN VOTER EDUCATION TO ESTABLISH A CONTROL PROGRAM
WHEN DO YOU USE PUBLIC EDUCATION AND OUTREACH?
EMPTY
DRAINFILL TREAT
TO ENCOURAGE THE CITIZENS TO DO THEIR PART IN CONTROL AND PERSONAL PROTECTION
East Baton Rouge Parish Mosquito Abatement and Rodent Control
Integrated Mosquito Management is made up of 9 components. Individual programs may employ varying degrees of these components but to be more than a spray program all 9 are present.
Successful mosquito control depends on good lines of communication and working partnerships with the public and many Local, State and Federal agencies.
(ie, Public Works, Health, Wildlife and Fisheries, Agriculture, Environmental Departments etc.)
In Summary
Food for Thought
Louisiana Mosquito Abatement Plan http://www.lsuagcenter.com/
mosquito/pdf/template.pdf Texas Dept. of Health, Vector and
Rodent Control Study Guide http://www.texasmosquito.org/
Florida Mosquito Control: The state of the mission as defined by mosquito controllers, regulators and environmental managers.
http://www.floridamosquito.org American Mosquito Control
Association http://mosquito.org/
Centers for Disease Control http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/
westnile/resources/wnv-guidelines-aug-2003.pdf
Jack BaldwinBonnie BroussardMary GrodnerKurt GuidryRaquel GleiserJack LeonardJanet McAllisterRay ParsonsMike PerichMatt Yates
Slides/Photos brought to you by:Harris County Health DepartmentLouisiana Department of Health and HospitalsLSU Ag CenterLouisiana Mosquito Control AssociationTexas Mosquito Control AssociationCenters for Disease Control and PreventionNew Orleans Mosquito and Termite Control BoardCollier and Indian River County Mosquito Control Districts