what makes a tree a tree - urban forestry...forestry is common sense elevated to a science structure...
TRANSCRIPT
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Trees 101
Structure, Function, Identification, Jargon
Pam ZipseOutreach Coordinator, Rutgers Urban Forestry Program of NJAES
urbanforestry.rutgers.eduNJ Licensed Tree Expert # 426
NJ Certified Teacher of Biological Science # 863775
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Defining a Tree
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What is a Tree?
• A woody perennial plant, typically having a single stem or trunk growing to a considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from the ground.
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What is a Tree?
• A large water pump facilitating moisture exchange for energy conversion and food production.
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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
• For a tree to be healthy, it must be able to carry out photosynthesis.
• Carbon Dioxide + Water in the presence of light , yields Sugar + Oxygen
LIGHT
CO₂ + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂
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Photosynthesis
• So what does a tree need to be able to successfully carry out photosynthesis?
• Carbon Dioxide (Air)
• Water
• Light
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Photosynthesis
• Anything that inhibits a tree’s ability to carry out photosynthesis…
• Anything that prevents a tree from pumping water and cycling air…
• is going to harm the tree!
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Forestry is Common Sense Elevated to a Science
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Structure and Function…
Beginners Guide to Tree Anatomy and Physiology
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Anatomy & Physiology (Structure & Function)
• Tree Anatomy deals with the structure of trees.
– What are the parts of a tree?
• Tree Physiology deals with the functionsand activities of these parts.
– How does a tree grow?
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How does a tree grow?
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How does a tree grow?
• Trees grow from the outside out and from the top up.
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How does a tree grow?
• The cambium is the livinglayer of actively dividing cells located just inside the bark that produces a new growth ring each year.
• Phloem is formed to the outside and eventually becomes bark.
• Xylem is formed to the inside and eventually becomes wood.
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How does a tree grow?
• Phloem cells carry the sugar produced by photosynthesis from the leaves down to the rest of the tree for use (growth) and storage.
• Xylem cells carry water from the soil to the leaves for use in photosynthesis.
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How does a tree grow?
• In the spring, growth is fast and the cambium produces large cells that appear light in color.
• In the summer, growth slows down, and the cambium produces smaller cells that appear darker. Counting the rings will tell
you the age of the tree!
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Tree Terminology (Anatomy)
• Crown
• Branches
• Trunk
• Roots
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Tree Terminology
• Many crowns together make a canopy.
• Large branches give way to small twigs.
• The trunk, sometimes called the bole, should end in a flare (trunk flare/root flare), not go straight into the ground.
• The root system can potentially extend to 2-4 times the height of the tree.
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Tree Terminology
• The majority of tree roots are found in the upper 18 inches of soil.
• The root system consists of large woody roots, long ropelike lateral roots, fine absorptive roots, and a zone of root hairs.
• Roots will grow where they can find water.
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Soil
• Available pore space between soil particles is critical in root establishment and growth.
• Ideal soil is about 50% pore space, which may be filled with air or water. Compaction reduces soil pore space; below 12%, root growth is inhibited.
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Tree Terminology
• Root Collar
• Branch Collar
• Branch Bark Ridge
• Cambium
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Tree Terminology
A tree's root collar is the area where the roots join the main stem or trunk. There should be a visible flare leading from the trunk to the major roots.
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Tree Terminology
• the branch collar is the swollen area at the base of a branch where it meets the trunk.
• The branch bark ridge is the raised strip of bark at the top of a branch union, where the growth and expansion of both the trunk and the adjoining branch push the bark into a ridge.
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Tree Terminology
The branch collar and branch bark ridge help determine the proper placement of pruning cuts.
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Good Pruning
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Good Pruning
Trees don’t heal, they seal
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Tree Identification
…and related jargon
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Tree Terminology
Simple Leaf Compound Leaf
Rachis
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Tree Terminology
Leaves
Veins
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Tree Terminology
opposite alternate whorled
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Tree Terminology
• The edge of the leaf blade is called the margin.
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• Describe the margin:
serrate
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• Describe the margin:
doubly serrate
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• Describe the margin:
entire
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• Describe the leaf:
simple, lobed, palmate
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• Describe the leaf:
simple, lobed, pinnate
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• Describe the leaf:
compound, pinnate
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Tree Terminology
opposite alternate whorled
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opposite alternate whorled
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Other Important Stuff
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Understanding Trees & Forestry…
• For example, Tree Identification / Dendrology
• When and why is it important to use the botanical (Latin) names for trees?
• There can be many common names for any tree.
• Many pests are genus specific.
• Genus: maple (Acer)
• Species: red maple (Acer rubrum)
• Cultivar: October Glory red maple (Acer rubrum ‘October Glory’)
• red maple is the common name (or swamp maple…)
• Acer rubrum is the botanical name (always!)
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Understanding Trees & Forestry…
Wrong tree, Wrong place Right tree, Right place
National Arbor Day Foundation
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Understanding Trees & Forestry…
• Ecosystem Services of Trees! (www.itreetools.org)
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Inventory & Analysis…
• Species Composition
– 10/20/30 rule (5/10/15)
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Inventory & Analysis…
• Relative Age Distribution
– To enable consistent management…
www.nzffa.org.nz
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Young Trees (Planting & Establishment)…
• ABC’s Method for Young and Small Tree Pruning (Dr. Chris Luley and Andrew Pleninger)
– A - Assess the Tree
– A - Apical Dominance
– B - Bad Branches
– C - Competing Branches
– C - Clearance
– D – Dose
– E – Every pruning cut for a reason!
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Mature Trees (Maintenance & Risk Management)…
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Tree Program Management…
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Continuing Education Categories…
• Understanding Trees & Forestry
• Inventory & Analysis
• Young Trees (Planting & Establishment)
• Mature Trees (Maintenance & Risk Management)
• Tree Program Management
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What have we learned, and how can we use it…
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Thank you!
• Any questions?