what organic nutrientwhat organic nutrient sources can we use? · rock phospp( )hate (fertrell co.)...
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What Organic NutrientWhat Organic NutrientWhat Organic Nutrient What Organic Nutrient Sources Can We Use?Sources Can We Use?
IPNI Mission“To develop and promote scientific information about the responsibleTo develop and promote scientific information about the responsible management of plant nutrition for the benefit of the human family.”
Member Companies
Dr. Vladimir NosovSouthern & Eastern Russia
Dr. Steve PhillipsNA Southeast Region
Dr. Tom JensenNA Northern Great Plains Region
Dr. Paul Fixen
Dr. Tom BruulsemaNA Northeast Region
Dr. Scott MurrellNA Northcentral Region
Dr. Svetlana IvanovaVice President, Eastern Europe & Central Asia Group
Dr. Jiyun JinChina Program
Dr. Munir RusanMiddle East Consultant
Dr. Adrian JohnstonVice President Asia Group and Oceania
Dr. Rob MikkelsenNAWestern Region
Sr. Vice President, Americas Group & Director of Research
China Program
Dr. Shutian LiChina Northwest Region
NA Western Region
Dr. Harold ReetzExternal Support & FAR
Dr. Ping HeChina Northcentral Region
Dr. Fang Chen
Dr. Terry RobertsPresident
Dr. Cliff Snyder
Dr. Mike StewartNA Southern & Central Great Plains Region
Dr. Fang ChenChina Southeast Region
Dr. Shihua TuChina Southwest Region
Nitrogen Program
Dr. Jose EspinosaNorthern Latin
Dr. Fernando GarciaLatin America
Dr. Luis ProchnowBrazil Program
Dr. Christian WittSoutheast Asia Program
Dr. Kaushik MajumdarIndia East ZoneDr. K.N. Tiwari
India Program Dr. Raul JaramilloNorthern Latin
America Program Southern Cone Program
g
Dr. T. SatyanarayanaIndia South Zone
Dr. H.S. KhuranaIndia West Zone
America Program
Dr Rob MikkelsenDr. Rob MikkelsenWestern RegionMerced, [email protected]@ipni.net
Organic ObjectivesOrganic Objectives
In general, the objectives of organic plant nutrition areIn general, the objectives of organic plant nutrition are to:
(i) work within natural systems and cycles(i) work within natural systems and cycles,
(ii) maintain or increase long‐term soil fertility,
(iii) use renewable resources as much as possible,
(iv) produce food that is safe, wholesome and
nutritiousnutritious
Some organizations offering organic standards:organic standards:
Canadian GeneralCanadian General Standards Board
International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements
Organic Fertilizer Association of California
www.organicfertilizerassociation.org
Organic Crop Production Standards Require:Organic Crop Production Standards Require:
• Use of organic seeds, seedlings or transplants
• Practices that enhance or maintain soil fertility
• Crop rotation or use of cover crops
• Enhance or maintain farm resources
P i d di• Practices to prevent pest and disease pressures
• Harvest and packing to prevent contamination or co-mingling
• Use only approved materials• Use only approved materials
• Verify that no prohibited materials used in previous 36 months
• Accurate records to verify practicesAccurate records to verify practices
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/plants/plantstructures/section2.rhtml
You won’t know what is happening underground unless you take a look…underground unless you take a look…
Nitrogen is difficult to manage- regardless of the sourceg g g
Building OrganicMatter is the Goal…
In California,Difficult to Make Large Changes inSoil Organic MatterWithout ContinualInputs
Nitrogen is the plant nutrientNitrogen is the plant nutrient most often limiting crop growth
• Many biological and chemical processes cause first year recovery of N to be relatively lowfirst-year recovery of N to be relatively low
• Nitrogen in soluble fertilizer is fairly predictable
• Nitrogen in organic materials require mineralization beforebecoming available for plant uptake:
temperaturepHmoisturemoisturemanagement practices, etc...
BACTERIA cocci
have many different shapes
bacillus
SSS
filamentousspirilla
A
B t iBacteria occupy< 5 % of
Visualizing soil habitatsoil surfaces
Visualizing soil habitat
FUNGIhave many different life forms– Yeasts – Mycelia– Fruiting bodiesg– Spores
A major challenge for using organic N sources is knowing:j g g g g
Amount of N appliedAmount of N appliedand
Rate of N releaseRate of N release
Failure to synchronize N mineralization with crop uptake can result in:
• plant nutrient deficiencies (release too slow)• excessive N supply, leaching (not properly timed)
A nutrient source with a low C:N ratio may supply NA nutrient source with a low C:N ratio may supply N more rapidly than the plant’s demand - potential loss
A nutrient source with a high C:N ratio may supply NA nutrient source with a high C:N ratio may supply N too slow to meet the plant’s demand - potential deficiency
Commercial Organic N Fertilizers
A variety of excellent N sources can be used-(depending on the purpose and the price)( g )
High-N Plant Products:alfalfa meal (4% N), cottonseed meal (6% N), corn gluten (9% N), soybean meal (7% N)
Animal Byproducts:blood meal (12% N) guano (8 to 12% N)blood meal (12% N), guano (8 to 12% N)feather meal (14 to 16% N), fish meal/emulsion (2 to 14% N)
Seaweed Products:Seaweed Products:kelp products (1% N)... more common as K source (2% K)
Mined Products:sodium nitrate (16% N) mined from deposits in Chile and Peru(limited use for organic production)
N mineralization of four common organic N fertilizersSeveral commercial organic N fertilizers can provide rapid nutrition
(higher temperatures speed microbial mineralization)
Hartz & Johnstone, 2006
Composts and Manuresid ll t f Nprovide an excellent source of N
• Watch nutrient balance (usually more P than needed)• Raw manure may have restrictions on use• Some composts may be slow to release nutrients
Caution: Not all manure is the same…
For example:For example:107 dairy manure samples were incubated for 8 weeks:
• average of 13% N mineralization, but• 20% had N immobilization• 20% had N immobilization• 80% had from zero to 55% mineralization
Very hard to predictN mineralization ratesN mineralization rates
Van Kessel. 2002. Biol Fert Soils 36:118-123
Is P Fertility Inherently Differenti O i A i lt ?in Organic Agriculture?
•Organically grown crops still need P
• Soil properties which are affected by management/ cropping systems can alter P availability and cycling
Phosphorus Sources for Organic Agriculture
• Inorganic P SourcesB M l– Bone Meal
– Rock Phosphate
• Organic‐based P sourcesg– Green Manures ‐ ?
– Manures
C– Composts
Bone Meal:Bone Meal:
Dinosaur bones
Bones are very slow to dissolve inmany environments… may not meetl t t i t i t iplant nutrient requirements in a
reasonable period
Bone Meal
P i i l iPrimary mineral isHydroxyapatite
grinding bones increases reactive surface area
reacting bones with acid makesreacting bones with acid makes“single super phosphate”
Early P fertilizers were made from adding acid to animal bonesa y e t e s e e ade o add g ac d to a a bo es
Acidity required to dissolve the bone material - soil acidity or mineral acids
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungiy g
• Symbiotic association between fungus and root• Symbiotic association between fungus and root– Root provides food (carbon source)– Fungus increases root exploration and nutrient uptake… esp. when plants are stressed for P
• Organic Agriculture tends to increase VAMSometimes increase P uptake/crop growth and– Sometimes increase P uptake/crop growth …and sometimes not
Even with VAM, all crops still respond to P additions when soilreserves are low
Credit: Randy Molina, Oregon State University, Corvallis
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal FungiArbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
…allows P to be extractedto a lower concentration, but provides no additional
P to the rootzone
Rock Phosphate
First U.S. phosphate depositsdiscovered and developed in South Carolina (1867)
Rock P is reacted withsulfuric acid or phosphoricacid to make the P soluble
Rock Phosphate as a P Source• Rock phosphate (RP) is a slowly soluble P source from• Rock phosphate (RP) is a slowly soluble P source from mined phosphate (calcium phosphates).
• Solubility is highly dependant on several factorsy g y pSoil type
Low pH (most important factor)
Low CaLow Ca
Low P‐fixing Capacity
Organic C (high CEC)
RPRP sourceTotal P can range from 6 to 16%,
(2% citric acid extraction is good predictor of availability)
Sedimentary RP Reactive/soft (North Carolina, Gafsa)
Fine particle size increases reactivity (surface area)
Wh t h t k P?What happens to rock P?
Ca10(PO4)6F2 + 12H2O 10Ca2+ + 6H2PO4‐ + 2F‐ +12OH‐
(Phosphate rock) (Dissociation products)
Reaction requires acidity to take placeReaction requires acidity to take place
Approved Rock P SourcesApproved Rock P SourcesPhosphate Rock (OMRI)
HumaPhos (Midwestern Bio-Ag)Ida-Gro pelletized Phosphate (Soda Springs)Ida Gro powderedIda-Gro powderedMontana Gray Rock (Montana Gray Rock)Montana Natural Rock Phosphate (Pacific Calcium)Phosphate Rock (North Country Organics)Phosphate Rock (North Country Organics)Phyta-Grow Granular Rock P (Calif Organic Fert)Rock Phosphate (E.E.G.A.L. Farm Service)Rock Phosphate (Fertrell Co.)p ( )Tennessee Brown Rock (Calcium Silicate Corp.)
Green Manures as a P Source?Green Manures as a P Source?
Green Manures – legume crops grown and
tilled in to soil (not harvested).
S i t t il P th t iSome species can extract soil P that is
unavailable to other crops
(e.g., white lupin, faba bean, nitro alfalfa).
Decomposition releases P
Some green manures may decrease P uptake
of succeeding crop (e g white lupin)of succeeding crop (e.g., white lupin).
Green manures may increase P availability,
but are not a P source
Manures and Composts as P SSources• Majority of P in manures and composts is inorganic Pj y p g
Source % Organic P % Inorganic PSource % Organic P % Inorganic P
Feedlot manure 25 75
Composted manure 16 84
Dairy 25 75a y 5 5
Poultry litter 10 90
Swine 9 91
Source: Eghball et al., 2002. J. Soil Water Conserv. 57:470-473.
Potassium
Many excellent sources of K for organic production
Kelp-based products are available as specialty K products
Kelp Meal( 0 0 2)(~0-0-2)
• Algit Norwegian Kelp Meal (Ohrstrom (P.B.) & Sons, Inc.) A• Fertrell's North Atlantic Kelp Meal (Fertrell Company) AFertrell s North Atlantic Kelp Meal (Fertrell Company) A• Ground Seaweeds (ABK‐GASPÉSIE, INC.) A• GroundsKeeper's Pride Kelp Meal 1‐0.15‐1.5 (Int Comp. A• Kelp Meal Fertilizer (Acadian Seaplant) A• Kelp Meal Fertilizer (Acadian Seaplant) A• Kelpropac (Productos del Pacifico, S.A. de C.V.) A• Thorvin™ Kelp for Plants (Thorvin, Inc.) ATh i ™ K l f Pl (Th i I ) A• Thorvin™ Kelp for Plants (Thorvin, Inc.) A
• Tidal Organics Kelp Meal (Tidal Organics, Inc.) A• Wegener's Oceanic Kelp Meal 1‐0.15‐1.5 (Rambridge Wholesale S l ) ASupply) A
Common Organic Potash Fertilizers
• Muriate of potash (KCl)
(0 0 60)(0-0-60)
“allowed only if derived from a mined ysource and applied in a manner that minimizes chloride accumulationin the soil…”(USDA, Canada)
Generally NOT recommended
Common Organic Potash Fertilizers
• Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4)
(0-0-50 + 18S)
Solar evaporation (allowed)
(0 0 50 + 18S)
Solar evaporation (allowed)
Reaction of KCl withsulfate source (not allowed)( )
Potassium sulfate production from theproduction from theGreat Salt Lake
P t i S lf tPotassium Sulfate(~0-0-50)
• Ag Granular SOP Organic (Great Salt Lake Minerals) A• Champion Sulfate of Potash Granulated (SQM NA Corp.) A• Choice Granular SOP Organic (Great Salt Lake Minerals) A• Choice Granular SOP Organic (Great Salt Lake Minerals) A• Mid Granular SOP Organic (Great Salt Lake Minerals) A• Mini Granular SOP Organic (Great Salt Lake Minerals) AN t l S l h t f P t h (N th C t O i ) A• Natural Sulphate of Potash (North Country Organics) A
• Quick Solution (Pacific Coast Resources Corp.) A• Soluble Fines SOP Organic (Great Salt Lake Minerals) A• Standard SOP Organic (Great Salt Lake Minerals) A• Standard Sulfate of Potash (SQM North America Corp.) A• Ultra Fines™ Sulfate of Potash (Diamond K Gypsum) A• Water Soluble Sulphate of Potash (SQM NA Corp.) A
Common Organic Potash Fertilizers
Potassium magnesium sulfate (K-Mag, Sul-Po-Mag, MagmaK)
(K2SO4 – 2MgSO4)
( h )
Langbeinite is mined directly in New Mexico
(0-0-22 with 22% S + 11% Mg)
Langbeinite is mined directly in New Mexico
Allowed as organic source of K
Langbeinite( 0 0 22)(~0-0-22)
• K‐Mag® Natural Granular (Mosaic USA, LLC) Ag ( , )
• K‐Mag® Natural Standard (Mosaic USA, LLC) A
• MagmaK (Intrepid) A
• KMS (Diamond K Gypsum) A
Greensand (glauconite)
Developed as potential K sourceDeveloped as potential K source
• low K (5 to 7% K2O)• low solubilitylow solubility • bulky and expensive to transport• poor source of plant-available K
Greensand (Glauconite)(~0-0-5)
• Greensand (North Country Organics) A• Jersey Greensand (The Fertrell® Company) A
Ash( 0 2 5)(~0-2-5)
Only wood ash allowedOnly wood ash allowed…manure, coal, biosolid ashnot allowed
Highly variable:contains whatever wasin the wood when burnedin the wood when burnedand was not volatilized
pH ranges from 9 to 13Lime equivalent of 8 to 90% depending on many factors
Manure and Compost KManure and Compost K
Highly variable K content depending on the feedstockg y p gmanure characteristics, and manure handling
G ll l blGenerally very solubleand readily available
Animal K is largelyexcreted in the urine…
so manure handlingmakes a large difference
SummarySummary
Many excellent sources of nutrients for organicMany excellent sources of nutrients for organic production… some materials not beneficial
Additional management is required to maintain adequate supplies of nutrients in rootzone
Use organic sources that are suited foryour particular needs and learn how theyyour particular needs and learn how they behave