what purpose do they serve? political parties in america
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What purpose do they serve?What purpose do they serve?
Political Parties in AmericaPolitical Parties in America
What is a Political Party?What is a Political Party?
A group that seeks to elect candidates to public office by supplying them with a label (party identification) by which they are known to the electorate
Group who seek to control government by winning elections
Act as a “mini-corporation”
State Parties different from National
Idaho Republican Party may have different platform than the National Republican Party
Platform: How a party stands on issues
A group that seeks to elect candidates to public office by supplying them with a label (party identification) by which they are known to the electorate
Group who seek to control government by winning elections
Act as a “mini-corporation”
State Parties different from National
Idaho Republican Party may have different platform than the National Republican Party
Platform: How a party stands on issues
Political PartyAn organization that seeks political power by electing people to office so
that its positions and philosophy become public policy
Political PartyAn organization that seeks political power by electing people to office so
that its positions and philosophy become public policy
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Party SystemsParty Systems
Multiparty
Coalition government is necessary
Minor parties have an incentive to persevere
Proportional representation
Governments tend toward instability
Two party
• Winner-takes-all system
• “Wasted vote” syndrome discourages minor parties
• Government tends toward stability
• Policy change is incremental
Why a Two-Party System?Why a Two-Party System?The Historical Basis. The nation started out with
two-parties: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
The Force of Tradition. America has a two-party system because it always has had one. Minor parties, lacking wide political support, have never made a successful showing, so people are reluctant to support them.
The Electoral System. Certain features of government, such as single-member districts, are designed to favor two major parties.
Ideological Consensus. Most Americans have a general agreement on fundamental matters.
The Historical Basis. The nation started out with two-parties: the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
The Force of Tradition. America has a two-party system because it always has had one. Minor parties, lacking wide political support, have never made a successful showing, so people are reluctant to support them.
The Electoral System. Certain features of government, such as single-member districts, are designed to favor two major parties.
Ideological Consensus. Most Americans have a general agreement on fundamental matters.
Political Party MembershipPolitical Party MembershipThe two dominant parties are divided into state, local,
and national partiesVoters may become members of a party when they
register to voteSome states require party registration at the time of
voter registration (ex: Alabama does not)Party membership involves no duties or obligations
beyond votingWhat are some reasons for becoming an active member
of a political party?If you have to declare party membership, do you know
which party you would declare?What are your reasons for choosing the party you
chose?
The two dominant parties are divided into state, local, and national parties
Voters may become members of a party when they register to voteSome states require party registration at the time of
voter registration (ex: Alabama does not)Party membership involves no duties or obligations
beyond votingWhat are some reasons for becoming an active member
of a political party?If you have to declare party membership, do you know
which party you would declare?What are your reasons for choosing the party you
chose?
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What Do Parties Do?What Do Parties Do?
Unify the Electorate
Help Organize Government
Translate Preferences into Policy
Provide Loyal Opposition
Organize the Competition
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Nominate CandidatesNominate Candidates
Caucus: A meeting of local party members to
choose party officials or candidates for public
office and to decide the platform
Hillary Rodham Clinton; contender for
the Democratic presidential
nomination in 2008
Recruit & select who they want to represent them
Recruit & select who they want to represent them
“Bonding Agent”“Bonding Agent”
Ensures good performance of its candidatesIf a government official does a bad job
it is a reflection of the political party.
Ensures good performance of its candidatesIf a government official does a bad job
it is a reflection of the political party.
GoverningGoverning
Officials are usually chosen on the basis of party membership.
Officials are usually chosen on the basis of party membership.
Acting as a “Watchdog”Acting as a “Watchdog”
Usually an action of the party not in power.
Criticizes policies and behaviors of the party in power.
Republicans criticizing Obama’s Health Care Plan
Usually an action of the party not in power.
Criticizes policies and behaviors of the party in power.
Republicans criticizing Obama’s Health Care Plan
PatronagePatronage
Political parties dispense patronage
It is the granting of political favors or political positions in return for financial compensation/ campaign donations, etc
Political parties dispense patronage
It is the granting of political favors or political positions in return for financial compensation/ campaign donations, etc
Offer New & Fresh IdeasOffer New & Fresh Ideas
Parties encourage compromise and adopt moderate policies with mass appeal
Parties encourage compromise and adopt moderate policies with mass appeal
Informing and Activating Supporters
Informing and Activating Supporters
Try to sway people to change opinionsEducate/Inspire voters on issuesBring important issues to the attention
of the publicPublish the party’s position on these
issuesHelp form public opinion
Try to sway people to change opinionsEducate/Inspire voters on issuesBring important issues to the attention
of the publicPublish the party’s position on these
issuesHelp form public opinion
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The 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 Elections: Into the New Century
The 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 Elections: Into the New Century
2000: 50-50 partisan tie in the Senate, slim Republican majority in House and contested presidential vote count
2002: President’s party gained seats in the House and Senate 2004: Bush reelected and his party picked up seats in Senate and
House 2006: Democrats win majority in both House and Senate 2008: Democrats increase majority in House and Senate, and win the
presidency
2000: 50-50 partisan tie in the Senate, slim Republican majority in House and contested presidential vote count
2002: President’s party gained seats in the House and Senate 2004: Bush reelected and his party picked up seats in Senate and
House 2006: Democrats win majority in both House and Senate 2008: Democrats increase majority in House and Senate, and win the
presidency
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Parties as InstitutionsParties as Institutions
National party leadership
Party platforms
Parties at the state and local levels
National party leadership
Party platforms
Parties at the state and local levels
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Important Differences in What Democratic and Republican Parties Stand For, 1984-2004
Important Differences in What Democratic and Republican Parties Stand For, 1984-2004
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Parties In GovernmentParties In Government
In the executive branch
In the legislative branch
In the judicial branch
At the state and local levels
In the executive branch
In the legislative branch
In the judicial branch
At the state and local levels
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Parties in the ElectorateParties in the Electorate
Party Registration
The act of declaring party affiliation;
required by some states when
registering to vote
Party Activists
Party Regulars
Candidate Activists
Issue Activists
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Party IdentificationParty Identification
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Party IdentificationParty Identification
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,Publishing as Longman
Party IdentificationParty Identification