what tools do historians use?
DESCRIPTION
What tools do historians use?. Primary Sources Diaries Oral Accounts Photographs Maps, Art, Drawings Autobiographies Secondary Sources Textbooks Library books Biographies. Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World”. Human Origins In Africa. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
What tools do historians use?
• Primary Sources– Diaries– Oral Accounts– Photographs– Maps, Art, Drawings– Autobiographies
• Secondary Sources– Textbooks– Library books– Biographies
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – the time before humans began recording their events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind – their settlements, their objects.
-ologyArchae-
= the study of= old things
Careers In
Social Studies
Can you break the word down?
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – the time before humans began recording their events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind – their settlements, their objects.
-ology = the study ofArchae = old things
The Leakey FamilyFamous Archaeologists
Mary’s son, Richard Leakey
Mary Leakey 1913-1996 was one of the world's most famous hunters of early human fossils, credited with many discoveries that have changed the way scientists view human evolution. She is considered the preeminent contributor to the field of human origins.
Mary’s daughter Meave Leakey recently impressed the world with her 1999 discovery of a 3.5 million-year-old skull.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – the time before humans began recording their events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind – their settlements, their objects.
-ology = the study ofArchae = old things
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early human settlements.
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Please note: Archaeologists don’t study the human skeletal remains, they study the remains humans left behind – their settlements, their objects.
-ology = the study ofArchae = old things
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements.
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
4. anthropologists – scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind.
-ology = Anthro- =
the study ofman
Anthropology has many branches of study.- physical anthropology, also known as biological anthropology, studies primate behavior, human evolution, and population genetics.- cultural anthropology, also known as social anthropology, studies the social networks formed by our ancestors, their social behaviors, kinship patterns, politics, beliefs, patterns in production and consumption, and other ways they expressed their culture.- linguistic anthropology studies variation in human languages across time and geographic regions, the uses of language, and the relationship between language and culture.- forensic anthropology analyzes skeletal remains in to determine how people might have lived or died.
Careers In
Social Studies
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements.
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
4. anthropologists – scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind.
5. culture – a people’s unique way of life.
CULTURE
Forms of ExpressionArt / Music
RelationshipsFamily / social life
RitualsCustoms / Traditions / Beliefs
Forms of CommunicationLanguage / Symbols
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins In Africa
A. Understanding Important Terms in the Science of searching for Human Origins
1. prehistory – before human’s began recording past events
2. archaeologists – scientists who learn about early humans by excavating and studying the traces of early settlements.
3. artifacts – remains such as tools, jewelry, and other human-made objects.
4. anthropologists – scientists who study the cultural behaviors of humankind.
5. culture – a people’s unique way of life.
6. paleontologist – scientists who study how life developed on earth based on studies of fossils.
-ology = the study of Paleo- = old period
Careers In
Social Studies “Poop, anyone?”
It’s not always fossilized bones! Some of you may not be cut out for this vocation! Besides bones, one of the things paleontologists examine quite often is ….well, poop! That’s right, fossilized feces (coprolites) can be quite revealing about our ancestor’s diet and eating habits, what chemical elements they may have been exposed to, their health, diseases, and life spans.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter One: “The Peopling of the World” I. Human Origins in Africa (continued)
1. hominids – humans and our human-like ancestors that walked upright.
B. Discovery of early hominids
The scientific evidence!All of the oldest hominid fossils – those dating back farther than 3 million years – have been found in only one place on earth… the fossil-rich region known as the Great Rift Valley of Africa.
Here is where man began.
Check out these websites guaranteed to “wow” you!http://www.archaeologyinfo.com - Click on “Human Ancestry”
amazing graphics and interactive opportunities for ya!
http://www.becominghuman.org - the official website of archaeologist Donald Johanson and his Institute of Human Origins.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Both sites do a great job of explaining what we now know about humankind’s evolution.
How do we know all Humans originated in Africa?
10
Human Beings Almost Everywhere200,000 – 10,000 BCE
Populating the Planet
11
When did we appear?
Creation Myths
• Mesopotamia• Aborigenes • Indian• Chinese• Native American• Hebrew• Darwinian
13
What happened before humans developed?
• The Universe popped up 13 billion
years ago. (That’s where you are,
right?)
• Stars and Galaxies popped up from
about 12 billion years ago.
• Our Sun and Earth popped up
about 4.6 billion years ago.
• Life popped up on Earth about 3.8
billion years ago.
14
What happened before humans developed?
• Complicated life-forms showed up
after about 600 million years.
• Some organisms got onto the land
from about 400 million years ago.
• Dinosaurs ruled the earth until
about 67 million years ago.
• Then our hominid ancestors
showed up.
The Stone AgeStone Age split into three distinct periods:
– Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age – roughly 2 million years ago until 12,000 B.C.E.
– Mesolithic (Middle Stone) Age – about 12,000 to 8,000 B.C.E.
– Neolithic (New Stone) Age – about 8,000 to 3,000 B.C.E.
16
Today10k years ago2.5 million years ago
Ice Age; Old Stone Age; Paleolithic Age
The Paleolithic The Paleolithic Age is the era that Age is the era that covers the period covers the period from 2.5 million from 2.5 million
yrs ago to 10,000 yrs ago to 10,000 years ago.years ago.
It wasIt wasfraught fraught
with change.with change.
Theories on prehistory and Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change early man constantly change as new evidence comes to as new evidence comes to light. light. - Louis Leakey, British - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist paleoanthropologist
Theories on prehistory and Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change early man constantly change as new evidence comes to as new evidence comes to light. light. - Louis Leakey, British - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist paleoanthropologist
1. Australopithecus – “southern ape” 2. Homo Habilis –3. Homo Erectus – “upright man” 4. Homo Sapiens – “wise man”
-Neanderthal Man-Homo Sapiens Sapiens –
“wise, wise man” – US!
1. Australopithecus – “southern ape” 2. Homo Habilis –3. Homo Erectus – “upright man” 4. Homo Sapiens – “wise man”
-Neanderthal Man-Homo Sapiens Sapiens –
“wise, wise man” – US!
Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age::( Old Stone Age )( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age::( Old Stone Age )( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
““Paleolithic”Paleolithic” --> --> “Old Stone” “Old Stone” AgeAge ““Paleolithic”Paleolithic” --> --> “Old Stone” “Old Stone” AgeAge2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
hunting (hunting (menmen) & gathering () & gathering (womenwomen) ) hunting (hunting (menmen) & gathering () & gathering (womenwomen) )
NOMADICNOMADIC (moving from place to place) (moving from place to place)NOMADICNOMADIC (moving from place to place) (moving from place to place)
Made simple toolsMade simple toolsMade simple toolsMade simple tools
Travelled in small groups based on bonds of Travelled in small groups based on bonds of kinshipkinshipTravelled in small groups based on bonds of Travelled in small groups based on bonds of kinshipkinship
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
§ HominidsHominids --> any member --> any member of the family of two-legged of the family of two-legged primates that includes all primates that includes all humans. humans.
§ HominidsHominids --> any member --> any member of the family of two-legged of the family of two-legged primates that includes all primates that includes all humans. humans.
§
AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines§
AustralopithecinesAustralopithecines § An Apposable An Apposable Thumb Thumb§ An Apposable An Apposable Thumb Thumb one of the earliest human ancestors
(hominids)
Locking knee joint
FirstHominids
7m yrs ago
Din
osa
ur
s Dis
appea
r
67
m y
rs
ago
25
0k
yrs
Tod
ay
Scale of Life after the Dinosaurs
AP
Info
4 – 1.5m yrs ago
AustralopithecinesFir
stH
om
inid
s
Today
AP
Info
7m
yrs
ago Donald
Johanson
The Missing Link?
HOMO HABILISHOMO HABILIS 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago ( “Man of Skills” )( “Man of Skills” )
Found in East AfricaFound in East Africa
created stone toolscreated stone tools
HOMO HABILISHOMO HABILIS 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago ( “Man of Skills” )( “Man of Skills” )
Found in East AfricaFound in East Africa
created stone toolscreated stone tools
Why this name?“Homo-” = man“Habilis” = ability Because this is the first of our human ancestors believed to have the “ability” to make stone tools.
Early Homo Habilis tools – scrapers, bone points, etc.
1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
§ HOMO ERECTUS HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )( “Upright Human Being” )
§ HOMO ERECTUS HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )( “Upright Human Being” )
§ Larger and more varied Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology tools --> primitive technology§ Larger and more varied Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology tools --> primitive technology
§ First hominid to migrate andFirst hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. Asia.
§ First hominid to migrate andFirst hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. Asia.
§ First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ))§ First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE ))
Ø BIPEDALISMBIPEDALISMØ BIPEDALISMBIPEDALISM
25
1.8 mil. yrs ago
27k
How, when, and where did we become
human?
• One of our close ancestors, Homo erectus.
• Homo erectus was one of the hominid groups that was developing increasingly large brains in both Africa and Asia between about 500,000 and 200,000 years ago.
This is a reconstructed Homo erectus skull, found in northern China. It dates to some time after 1.6 million years ago.
250k yrs ago
Today
Big Eras3-9
10k
Brain Development
500k – 200k yrs ago
Big Era 1 Big Era 2Homo erectus
26
Homo erectus was a traveler!
Homo erectus
began migrating
to southerly parts
of Eurasia
sometime after
about 1.8 million
years ago.
200k yrs ago
Today
Big Eras3-9
10k1.8 mil. yrs ago
27k
Big Era 1 Big Era 2Homo erectus
Are we all Africans “under the Are we all Africans “under the skin”????skin”????
Are we all Africans “under the Are we all Africans “under the skin”????skin”????
200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENSHOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )( “Wise Human Being” )
HOMO SAPIENSHOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )( “Wise Human Being” )
NeanderthalsNeanderthals( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
NeanderthalsNeanderthals( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000
BCE )BCE )
Cro-MagnonsCro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000
BCE )BCE )
29
200k yrs ago
Human Origins: Homo sapiens in Africa
Homo sapiens(that’s us!) evolved from Homo erectus
• By 200,000 years ago, people whose skeletons were like those of Homo sapiens were already living in Africa.
• Between that time and about 100,000 years ago, people who were both anatomically and genetically “like us” emerged in eastern and southern Africa.
This is a reconstructed Homo sapiens skull, found in Israel. It has been dated to about 90,000 years ago.
100k yrs ago
S.W. Asia
200k yrs ago
Human Origins: Homo sapiens in Africa
Tod
ay
Big Eras3-9
10k y
ears
ag
o
Big Era 2
Big Era 1
NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS:NEANDERTHALS:
§ Neander Valley, Neander Valley, Germany (1856) Germany (1856)§ Neander Valley, Neander Valley, Germany (1856) Germany (1856)
§ First humans to buryFirst humans to bury their dead. their dead.§ First humans to buryFirst humans to bury their dead. their dead.
§ Made clothes fromMade clothes from animal skins. animal skins.§ Made clothes fromMade clothes from animal skins. animal skins.
§ Lived in caves andLived in caves and tents. tents.§ Lived in caves andLived in caves and tents. tents.
Evidence leads historians to believe Neaderthals tried to control and explain the world
NEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALSNEANDERTHALS
Early Hut/TentEarly Hut/TentEarly Hut/TentEarly Hut/Tent
CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs:CRO-MAGNONs:§ Homo sapiens sapiensHomo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )( “Wise, wise human” )§ Homo sapiens sapiensHomo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )( “Wise, wise human” )
§ By 30,000 BCE theyBy 30,000 BCE they replaced replaced Neanderthals.Neanderthals.
WHY???WHY??? WHY???WHY???
Homo Sapien
Cro-Magnon man
identical to modern humans
superior hunters
advanced skills in spoken language & art!
They hunted mainly with spears, (bow and arrows came much later). Cro Magnon made tools from blades of Flint stone, used for preparing animal skins. They made innovations to pierced shells, tooth and bone pendants used for body ornamentation. Their art included figurines of Venus, small statuettes of bone, and they made outline cave wall drawings of woolly mammoths and other animals. Used mammoth fur and bones to construct dwellings and may have hunted the mammoth into extinction.
Australopithecine
Africanus
“Lucy”
Australopithecine
Afarensis
Homo
Habilis
Homo
Erectus
Homo
Sapiens
CHAPTER 1: Early Human Origins to The Neotlithic Revolution to the Birth of Civilization
Millionsof years
ago
3 2 1 BC 0 AD
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
MAP OF ICE AGES
37
Homo sapiens traveled
even further than Homo
erectus. From their African
homeland, Homo sapiens
groups migrated to……Where?
See the Map!
39
Migrations of Homo sapiens
Possible coastal routes of human migration
Possible landward routes of human migration
Migrations in Oceania
Human Origins200,000-250,000
years ago
Southwest Asia100,000 years ago
Europe40,000 years ago
Siberia40,000 years ago
Australiaas many as 60,000
years ago
North America12,000-30,000
years ago
Oceania1600 B.C.E.-500 C.E.
Chile12,000-13 ,000
years ago
How did geography shape the migration?
How did the Austronesian migration differ from other early patterns of human
movement?
Map Activity
45
• By the time humans appeared, our
closest living relatives were
probably the hominids known as
“Neandertals” (or, “Neanderthals”).
• When Homo sapiens groups arrived
in western Asia and Europe,
Neandertals were already there. By
100,000 years ago Neandertals
were living from Spain to Inner
Eurasia.
• They had a long record of living
successfully in both warm and cold
environments. But they
disappeared from the record about
28,000 years ago.
Were other
surviving hominids
changing in the
same way as Homo
sapiens?
46
Approximate geographical range of Neandertals, 100,000-28,000 years ago
Approximate geographical range of Homo sapiens by 28,000 years ago
Did Homo sapiens meet Neandertals?
47
• Members of the two species may have met in Southeast Asia.
• The last physical traces of Homo erectus, dating to about 28,000 years ago, were discovered in Java. By that time Homo sapiens was already living in that region.
Range of last surviving Homo erectus
Did Homo
Sapiens
meet Homo
Erectus?
48
Homo sapiens and other species
• We’re not sure what might
have happened if Homo
sapiens met Neandertals or
Homo erectus, but we do
know that these two hominid
species died out.
• And so did many other large
animals, called megafauna,
which once roamed the
earth.
• What might these
extinctions tell us about our
own species?
49
Would they have:
• Learned from each other?
• Fought?
• Traded?
• Eaten each other?
• Mated?
What do you think might
have happened when Homo
sapiens met Neandertals or
Homo erectus?
50
• Humans appeared, and they
started TALKING!
• Therefore, they could share new
ideas and build up a store of
ideas – what we call “culture.”
• They learned to live in many
different environments.
• And they migrated to all the
world’s major landmasses and
many of its islands, big and
small.
Before you answer that
question, let’s review …
51
40k y
rs a
go
Eu
rop
e &
Sib
eri
a
60k y
rs a
go
Au
str
alia
100k y
rs a
go
S.W
. A
sia
40k y
rs a
go
Eu
rop
e &
Sib
eri
a
60k y
rs a
go
Au
str
alia
100k y
rs a
go
S.W
. A
sia
13k y
rs a
go
Am
eri
cas
200k y
rs a
go
Hu
man
Ori
gin
s
That’s amazing!
Why were modern
humans able to move into
so many different
environments? After all, no other
large animals had
spread so widely!
So what was so
special about us?
Tod
ay
Big Eras3-9
10k y
ears
ag
o
Big Era 2
Big Era 1
52
Language!
• Homo sapiens had language
– so they could exchange complex ideas with
each other.
– and they could store and add to the ideas of
previous generations.
• Because they swapped ideas, they kept finding
– new ways of doing things.
– new ways of living.
Language SharedIdeas
New Ideas
Learning
53
Language made collective learning possible.
• The stores of
knowledge and skills
humans built up are
called “culture.”
• No other animal can
store and accumulate
knowledge and skills in
this way.
• We call this ability
“collective learning.”
It is what
human history
is about!
It is what
makes us
special!
54
Storing up and building on new skills and new knowledge is what set our species on the path of continuing cultural changes that led to the world we now live in.
Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico, 200 BCEGreat Zimbabwe, Southern Africa, 1300-1500 CE
Towers, Kuwait City, Today
55
At first, changes in technology were very slow.
After about 100,000 years ago, the pace of change began to increase.
Evidence appears from about that time of humans living in east, central, and southern Africa. They were:
How did collective learning change human culture?
For example, Blombos Cave
• Making more advanced and varied tools.
• Experimenting with body decoration and abstract
symbols.
What conditions drove human migration during the Paleolithic Age and how did
Paleolithic people adapt their technology and cultures to new regions?
How did hunting/gathering societies shape other aspects of Paleolithic
society?
“The ways we were.”
S.P.I.C.E.
§ Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves.§ Humans during this period found shelter in Humans during this period found shelter in caves.caves.§ Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind. § Cave paintings left behind. Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??Purpose??Purpose??Purpose??
64
Remains discovered at Blombos Cave are one example of the more complex culture some humans were developing as many as 90,000 years ago.
View looking out of Blombos Cave to the Indian Ocean
Bone points from the cave
Ochre piece with scrapemarks. A person may havescraped the ochre to get powder to use to makebody paint.
The people who lived in this
seaside camp:
• Made sharp stone spear
points using methods that
appeared in Eurasia only
50,000 or more years later.
• Made objects from bone, the
earliest use of this material
known.
• Scored bits of bone and
ochre with marks that may
have had symbolic meaning.
65
From about 40,000 years ago, archaeological evidence shows faster and faster cultural change and increasing complexity.
Humans began to:
• Create both naturalistic
and abstract art.
• Make more specialized
tools.
• Weave and knot fiber.
• Decorate clothing.
• Make jewelry.
• Build semi-permanent
structures.
The engraved horse panel in the Cave of Chauvet-Pont-D’Arc in southern France. The image is about 31,000 years old.
Venus of the Kostenki I site in Russia dated to about 23,000 years ago. This stone female head is wearing headgear of woven basketry.
Acceleration!
70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
67
Today10k years ago2.5 million years ago
Ice Age; Old Stone Age; Paleolithic Age
The Paleolithic The Paleolithic Age is the era that Age is the era that covers the period covers the period from 2.5 million from 2.5 million
yrs ago to 10,000 yrs ago to 10,000 years ago.years ago.
It wasIt wasfraught fraught
with change.with change.
68
200k yrs ago
Human Origins
Today10k years ago
Paleolithic Age
Homo erectus doing lunch
Life Life 200,000 years 200,000 years
ago looked ago looked something like something like
this.this.
69
10k years ago200k yrs ago
Human Origins
Today
Paleolithic Age
Homo sapiens at home
10,000 years ago at 10,000 years ago at the close of Paleolithic the close of Paleolithic Age, life looked more Age, life looked more
like this:like this:
70
Homo erectus – 200,000 years ago
Homo sapiens – 10,000 years ago
Notice any Notice any changes?changes?
Would you say Would you say there were:there were:
(c) Lots of changes?(c) Lots of changes?
(b) Some changes?(b) Some changes?
(a) No changes?(a) No changes?
71
1,000 years ago Today10,000 years ago
Neolithic Age; New Stone Age
Changes that occurred by the end of the Paleolithic AgeChanges that occurred by the end of the Paleolithic Age
1.1. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens appear. appear.2.2. Language develops.Language develops.3.3. Habitats expand.Habitats expand.4.4. Technology multiplies.Technology multiplies.5.5. Wall painting and Wall painting and
sculpture are created.sculpture are created.6.6. Hunting/GatheringHunting/Gathering7.7. NomadicNomadic
End of Paleolithic Age
(Beginning of Neolithic Age)