what you (probably) don’t know about sofia · sofia spans the wavelength gap between jwst and...
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What you (probably) don’t know about SOFIA
23 March 2017
HaroldWYorkeDirector,SOFIAScienceMissionOpera:ons
Setting the Stage • SOFIAisnotaspacemission
– Hardwarerepairs&updatesareinprincipalpossibleonarela:velyshort:mescale
– Newinstrumentscanbeaddedtoaddresscurrentrelevantscienceques:ons
– SeveralimprovementstoSOFIAopera:onssinceprimemissionstart2014haveincreasedefficiency
– SOFIAyesterday<SOFIAtoday<SOFIAtomorrow• OnegoalofthisworkshopistoincreaseawarenessofNASA’supcomingROSES(step1)callforthenextSOFIAinstrument(s)
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SOFIA Operational Capacity Ramping Up!
• ProgramflightplansapproachingfullopslevelsinCycle4&5(darkbars)
• Programdemonstra:ngincreaseinannualscienceflightexecu:onandannualResearchHours(lightbars)
• PlannedCycle5ResearchHoures:mateisreduceddueto:
- LowHAWC+hold:me(~5.5hrs)whichaffects~25%ofCycle5
- NewupGREATcommissioningrequirements
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SOFIA’s Longevity?
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• SOFIA'sprimemissionisdefinedasfiveyearsfromtheendofthefiscalyearduringwhichSOFIAenteredPhaseE(i.e.2014)– TheprimemissionphaseendsSeptember30,2019
• Longtermplansforsustainmentoftheobservatoryshallpreservethecapabilityfor20yearsofopera:ons– i.e.throughMay2034– Con:nua:onofmissiondependsonoutcomeoftriennialSeniorReviews(requiredofallNASAmissions)
• SOFIAiscurrently40+yearsold– SOFIAprojecthascannibalizedseveral747-SPsforspareparts(e.g.12jetenginesonhand)
Cycle 5: SOFIA is operating at 100%
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• 21outof21plannedSOFIAflightscompletedinCycle5– Onecon:ngencyflightexercisedaherfaultysmokedetectorcausedflightcancella:on
• Highnumberofcon:ngencyflightsincludedinCycle5plan:20– Usedifscienceflighthastobecancelled– Strategicallyplacedincalendartoop:mizeu:lity
• Sparepartsonhandshouldfurtherreducedown:mes– AsparejetengineforSOFIAwillbekeptinNewZealand
Cycle 6: Further Optimizations Considered
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• Mul:pledeploymentstoNewZealandwithsingleinstrumentduringperiodApril-September– NewZealandoffersgreaterflexibilityforflightplans(fewerrestrictedzones;mostlyoverwater)
– NewZealandwinterofferslowwatervapor(<10μm)– NewZealandoffersaccesstoGalac:cCenterandMagellanicClouds
• Increasedflightcadence:con:nuous7flights/week• Quickerinstrumentswaps:36hours,insteadof3days• Miscellaneousop:miza:onsofavailable:meinairtoincrease:meonsciencetargets
SOFIA is important for FIR Science
JWST will offer unprecedented resolution and sensitivity from long-wavelength (orange-red) visible light to the mid-infrared (0.6 to 28 µm). ALMA offers ~0.01 arcsecond resolution in its highest frequency bands. Band 10 (planned) will extend to 950 GHz (≈ 320 µm). SOFIA is the only observatory that currently operates in 28-320 µm wavelength range. There is great science potential for observing in ALMA-JWST gap.
HW Yorke, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena using HWYplt V2.5 package
Wavelength [ µm ]
Angu
lar R
esolu
tion
[ a
rcse
c ]
Frequency [ THz ]
1 10 100 1000
0.1110100
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
JWST
SOFIA
ALMA
16 km10 km
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SOFIAspanstheWavelengthGapbetweenJWSTandALMA
Where is SOFIA’s “Sweet Spot”? • SOFIAistheonlyobservatoryin28µm–320µmrange• Withitswarmop:cs(~220K)SOFIAsensi:vityislimited
– 220Kblackbodyemissivitypeaksat~18μm– Op:cs,supportstructure,atmospherecontributetobackground
• Chopbetweentarget&emptysky• Subtracttwolargenumbersforsignal• Numbersta:s:cslimittheore:calsensi:vity
• Alterna:vely,reducebackgroundradia:onFνΔνbyreducingbandwidthΔν=>highresolu:onspectroscopy– e.g.GREAT(heterodyne),EXES,HIRMES– Detailedstudiesofemissionandabsorp:onlines– Emissionlinemaps
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• GREAT(GermanREceiverforAstronomyatTerahertzFrequencies)– PIclassinstrument(RolfGüsten)– Highresolu:onspectra(uptoR=108)– Severalfrequencywindowsinthe1.5‒5THzrange(60µm–200µm)
– Diffrac:onlimited(14”at158μm)– MappingspeedofC+line50xfasterthanHerschel-HIFIduetomul:-pixelarrayandimprovednoisetemperatureofreceiver
– Thefuture:LFA-HFA(withdualcryocoolersystem),4GREAT,Mband,tbdaddi:onalbands
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• EXES(Echelon-Cross-EchelleSpectrograph)– PIclassinstrument(Ma}Richter)– Operatesinthe4.5‒28.3μmwavelengthregion– High(R≈50,000‒100,000),medium(R≈5000‒20,000)andlow(R≈1000‒3000)spectralresolu:on
– Notdiffrac:onlimited;reducedthroughputtospectrometerbecauseofsmallslitwidthwrtbeam
– JWST-MIRI:diffrac:on-limited,5‒28.5μm,1.photometricimaging,2.coronagraphy,3.single-sourcelow-spectralresolvingpower(R~100)spectroscopy,and4.medium-resolvingpower(R~1500to3500)integralfieldspectroscopy
– EXES’futureniche:highresolu:onmid-IRspectroscopy,brightsources
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• FORCAST(FaintObjectinfraRedCAmerafortheSOFIATelescope)– Dual-channelmid-infraredcamerawith256x256pixeldetectors
– Lowresolu:onspectraR=200throughgrisms– Wavelengthrange:5µm–40µm– Diffrac:onlimitedonlyatlongestwavelengths– FORCAST’sFuture:JWST-MIRIcovers5µm–28.5µm
• HAWC+covers40μm–300μmwithoutspectroscopy• FIFI-LScovers50μm–200μmwithspectroscopy• HIRMESwillcover25μm–122μmwithspectroscopy
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• FIFI-LS(FarInfraredField-ImagingLineSpectrometer)– Dualintegralfield(5x5)spectrometers
• shortwavelengthspectrometer(bluechannel)operatesatwavelengthsbetween50μmand125μm
• longwavelengthspectrometer(redchannel)coverstherangefrom105μmupto200μm
– EachchannelhasR~1000–2000– Pixelsizelimited(12”forredchannel;6”forblue)– UnlikeHerschel-PACS,FIFI-LShastwogra:ngsandcanobservetwowavelengthrangessimultaneouslyandindependentlyofeachother
– FIFI-LS’Future:FIFI-LSprovidesauniquecapabilityinSOFIA’swavelengthsweetspot;improvementsviaMKIDs?
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• FLITECAM(FirstLightInfraredTEstCAMera)– 1.0–5.5μmphotometer&mediumresolu:onspectrometer
– Setoffiltersforimaging• OnefilterwheelforJ,H,K,LandM• Secondfilterwheelholdsaselec:onofnarrow-bandimagingfiltersincludingPa-α,Pa-αcon:nuum,3.07μmH2Oice,3.3μmPAH,L-narrowandM-narrow
• Addi:onalsor:ngfiltersforgrismwavebandselec:on– Threegrismsprovidemediumresolu:on(R≈1500)spectraoveren:rewavelengthrange
– Future:FLITECAMwillnotbeofferedinCycle6CfP
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• HIPO(HighSpeedImagingPhotometerforOcculta:ons)– FiltersetincludestheJohnson(UBVRI)andSloan(u’g’r’I’z’)filtersaswellasafilterformethaneat890nm
– AlthoughnotofferedinCycle5CallforProposals,HIPOwillbeusedintheFLIPOconfigura:onfortheTritonocculta:oneventinOctober2017
– ManyofHIPO’scapabili:esarecoveredbythe(visiblelight)focalplaneimager,FPI+
– Future:HIPOwillnotbeofferedinCycle6CfP;HIPOusefultoSOFIAfordiagnos:cs(Shack-Hartmann)
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• FPI+(FocalPlaneImager-plus)– StandardtrackingcamerafortheSOFIAtelescopewith1024x1024pixelsciencegradeCCDsensor
– Itisafastframe-rateimagingphotometerinthe360-1100nmwavelengthrange
– Alwaysavailablesimultaneouslywithotherinstruments– FiveSloanDigitalSkySurveyfiltersu',g',r',i',z'andaScho}RG1000NIRcutonfilterareavailable
– Future:Manypoten:alenhancementstoop:mizeitsuseasocculta:onscienceinstrument
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• HAWC+(High-resolu:onAirborneWidebandCamera-plus)– Diffrac:on-limitedimagingofpolarizedandunpolarizedlightinfivebroadbands40μm–300μm
– WillbeofferedinCycle6CfPwithcaveats– HAWC+’sFuture:Uniquecapabili:es:Far-IRimagingandpolariza:on
FutureFIRInstrumenta-onYorke:SOFIA23March2017
How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• HIRMES(HighResolu:onMid-InfrarEdSpectrometer)– Wavelengthrange:25µm–122µm– Diffrac:onlimited(ornearlyso)overen:rerange– Varietyofobservingmodes
• SpectroscopyR=600(low)19,000(mid)100,000(high)• Imagingspectroscopymode:R~2000forafewselectedemissionlines
– [email protected]• >90%quantumefficiencyoverreasonablybroadbands
– Future:Firstlightin2019
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How do SOFIA’s Instruments Measure up to the Sweet Spot?
• NextGen(orGen4)– Wavelengthrangeandallothercapabili:es:tbd– Mass,power,datarate:see“Inves:gatorsHandbook”– Size/shape:hastogetthroughthedoorandmaketheturnatthespiralstaircase
– NASAisplanningaROSEScallin2017
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Orion observed with FIFI-LS and HAWC+
FIFI-LS(158μm)
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HAWC+(BandsA[53μm],C[89μm],andE[214μm])
HAWC+ Science Highlight
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Ask not what SOFIA can do for you, but what you can do for SOFIA
• Itis:meforeverySOFIAaficionadotoexercisehis/herdutytovote.
• FortheupcomingSeniorReviewofSOFIA,threemetricswillbeimportant:publishedpapers,proposalsforobserving:me,qualityofproposalsfortheGen4instrumentcall
• Ifcon:nuingSOFIAbeyond2019isimportanttoyou,weareaskingyoutovotewithyourfeet,namelybywri:ngSOFIApapers,proposingtoCycle6,proposinganewinstrumentorsignificantimprovementtoanexis:ngone.
• Lotsofpapersneedtobepublishedasap,certainlybeforeDecember2017:“Voteearlyandvoteohen”
FutureFIRInstrumenta-onYorke:SOFIA23March2017
Thank You
FutureFIRInstrumenta-onYorke:SOFIA23March2017
h}p://www.sofia.usra.edu