What’s in the future of 5G millimeter wave?

January 2021 @QCOMResearch

22

New frontier of mobile broadband — mobilizing mmWave

Sub-7 GHz(e.g., 3.5 GHz)

7 GHz 24 GHz 100 GHz

Vast amount of bandwidth that is ~25x more than what’s being used for 3G/4G

Millimeter wave (mmWave)(e.g., 26 GHz, 28 GHz, 60 GHz)

Much more capacityWith dense spatial reuse

Multi-Gbps data ratesWith large bandwidths (100s of MHz)

Lower latencyBringing new opportunities

3

• Fiber-like data speeds

• Low latency for real-time interactivity

• Massive capacity for unlimited data plans

• Lower cost per bit

5G NR mmWave can support new and enhanced mobile experiences

Rich media and entertainment for outdoor — augmenting lower bands

Massive bandwidth for cloud computing

Dense indoor & outdoor connectivity for venues

Virtually lag-less experiences — e.g., multiplayer gaming

More indoor capacity as outdoor mmWave offloads outdoor lower bands

New indoor opportunities —e.g., connected enterprises

Fiber-like broadband to the home — fixed mmWave

Beyond smartphones — e.g., smart manufacturing

44

1989: CDMA

We proved the skeptics wrong

Many argued that CDMA was too complex to

deploy. Others said it just wouldn’t work.

Qualcomm’s mission statement

“Qualcomm’s objective is to apply our experience to systems problems that arise in the design, analysis, implementation and testing of digital communication processing systems and networks to bring reliable, functionally effective, user-friendly products to the marketplace.”

Dr. Irwin Mark Jacobs

Dr. Andrew J. Viterbi

July 1, 1985

Solving system-level problems is in our DNA

5

We overcame the “impossible” mobile mmWave challenge

Limited coverage and too costly

Limited to just a few hundred feet, thus requiring many

small cells

Significant coverage with co-siting

Analog beamforming w/ narrow beam to overcome path loss.

Achieving significant coverage when reusing existing sites.

Works only line-of-sight (LOS)

Blockage from hand, body, walls, foliage, rain

severely limits signal propagation

Operating in LOS and Non- LOS

Pioneered advanced beamforming, beam tracking

leveraging path diversity and reflections.

Only viable for fixed use

Only commercially proven for wireless

backhauls and satellites

Supporting robust mobility

Robustness with adaptive beam steering and switching

to overcome blockage from hand, head, body, foliage.

Immature RFIC technology

Power hungry due to wider bandwidth with

thermal challenges in small formfactor

Commercialized smartphone

Launched modem, RF, and antenna products to meet

formfactor, thermal constraints and regulatory compliance.

Modem RFTransceiver

RF Front-end

6

A system approach to innovation — from vision to commercialization

Industry-leadingR&D

Breaking technology boundary

to bring new capabilities

and efficiencies for new devices,

services, deployments

1 2 3 4 5

Prototyping whiledriving standards

Validating new designs by building

real systems — networks and

devices, driving standards with

learning

Advanced system simulations

Using real models to accurately

predict system performance

in a wide range of scenarios

Broad industry collaboration and trials

Working closely with the

ecosystem to prototype new

solutions, fully utilizing our global

experience

Cutting-edge system solutions

Delivering not just device chipsets

but system solutions, such

as small cells, device and data

management

Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.

7

1990+

Demonstrated Non-line of sight

(NLOS) mmWave mobility with

beam steering, first at 5G

analyst day in October 2015

Commercial 5G NR

mmWave network and

devices including data

cards and smartphones

Many years of

foundational technology

research on mmWave,

MIMO, advanced RF

Sep. 2017 1H19+

MWC 2016 MWC 2018MWC 2017

Showcased 5G NR

mmWave coverage

simulations announced

prototype mmWave UE

Sep. 2018

Demonstrated NLOS van

mobility with beam steering &

switching across access points

Announced first 3GPP-

compliant 5G NR

mmWave OTA call with a

mobile form factor device

Completed interoperability

testing with multiple

infrastructure vendors,

showcased 5G network

capacity simulations

Oct. 2017

Demonstrated world’s first 5G

mmWave connection based on

Snapdragon X50; announced

smartphone reference design

Oct. 2018

Introduced even smaller

5G NR RF module that

is 25% smaller in size

Dec. 2017

Achieved world’s first

5G NR mmWave

standards-compliant

connection with partner

Oct. 2016

Introduced world’s first

announced 5G modem, the

Qualcomm® Snapdragon™

X50, mmWave & sub-6 GHz

Many milestones to mobilize 5G NR mmWave

Mar. 2017

Led way forward on

accelerated 5G NR eMBB

workplan, to enable

mmWave launches in 2019

Sep. 2017Launched world’s first mmWave

smartphone, Asus ZenFone,

supporting 802.11ad 60 GHz

5G NR field trials with MNOs & infra vendors

MWC 2019

Announced our indoor and

outdoor mmWave e2e OTA

test networks and showcased

indoor mmWave simulations

Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.

Announced our second

generation multimode 5G

modem, Qualcomm®

Snapdragon™ X55

Feb. 2019

Jul. 2018Launched the world’s

first 5G NR RF module

for mobile devices

FSM100xx

May 2018

Introduced FSM100xx,

industry’s first 5G NR

solution for small cells

and remote radio heads

Feb. 2020

Announced our third generation 5G

modem, Qualcomm Snapdragon

X60, and continued to evolve our

mobile mmWave test network

Completed second 5G

standard — Release 16,

bringing enhanced mmWave

performance and efficiency

Jul. 2020

Continued mobile mmWave evolution

99

Hotspots

CPEs

Modules

PCs5G smartphones

Qualcomm Snapdragon is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and/or its subsidiaries.

5G mmWave commercial devicespowered by Snapdragon

9

10

Indoor /outdoorvenues

Conventions, concerts, stadiums

Indoor enterprisesOffices, auditoriums,

manufacturing

Transportationhubs

Airports, train terminals, subway stations

Expanding mmWave indoors, private networks, homes, IIoT

Leveraging existing Wi-Fi or

cellular by co-siting

Beyond smartphones, laptops,

tablets, extended reality, …

Multi-Gigabit speeds with

virtually unlimited capacity

Industrial IoT

Factories, warehouses, logistic hubs

Fixed wireless access

Urban cities, suburban towns, rural villages

1111

12

Evolving mmWave in 3GPP Rel-16+

13

Deliveringon the 5G vision

Continue expansion to new verticals, deployments, use cases, spectrum

Unified, future-proof platform

Rel-17+ long-term expansion• Lower complexity NR-Light

• Boundless extended reality (XR)

• Higher precision positioning and more…

Rel-15 eMBB focus• 5G NR foundation

• Smartphones, FWA, PC

• Expanding to venues, enterprises

Rel-16 industry expansion• eURLLC and TSN for IIoT

• NR in unlicensed (NR-U)

• Positioning

1. 3GPP start date indicates approval of study package (study item->work item->specifications), previous release continues beyond start of next release with functional freezes and ASN.1

• 5G V2X sidelink multicast

• In-band eMTC/NB-IoT

Rel-15

NR

Driving the 5G technology evolution

LTE essential part of the 5G platform

Rel-15 commercialization Commercialization of Rel-16, 17, and future releases

Rel-18+ evolution

Rel-171

Rel-161

2018 20202019 20222021 2023+

14

Expanding mmWave spectrum with the common framework

Further mmWave expansion targeting future releases

Potential 5G band for future study

Potential 5G band in study

Prioritized expansion of mmWave in Rel-172

Supported mmWave bands in Rel-15

Expansion of low/mid band spectrum1

Prioritizing the

expansion to 71 GHzCommon

framework

Common

framework

Sub-7 GHz

(e.g., 3.5 GHz)

Millimeter wave

(e.g., 28, 39 GHz)

1. Rel-15 supported 450 MHz to 6 GHz; 2 To support global unlicensed 60 GHz bands, SCS scaling from 24.25-52.6 GHz band with same characteristics (e.g., waveforms)

7.125 GHz 24.25 GHz 52.6 GHz 71 GHz 114.25 GHz410 MHz

1515

Distributing antennas to improve robustness and coverage

Beam overlap with improved angular diversity

Flexible spatial reuse from single mmWave cell

Range extension and coverage around blockages

5G NR mmWave gNodeB and remote radio heads (RRHs)

Wireless fronthaul (e.g., 95 GHz)

Fiber fronthaul

RRH

RRHgNodeB

mmWave gNodeB

Rel-16 IAB improves coverage and capacity, further enhancements in Rel-17+

gNodeB IAB node

IAB node

mmWave integrated access and backhaul (IAB)

Extending coverage with simple repeaters, smart repeaters in Rel-17+

Simple Repeater

Smart Repeater

gNodeB

mmWave link

mmWave repeaters

Adaptive multi-beam operation and TDD awareness

16

Disaggregated architecture for integrated access & backhaul

5G core network

IAB Donorproviding device interface to core network and wireless backhauling for downstream IAB nodes

Central UnitControl Plane

Other functions

Central UnitUser Plane

Distributed Units

5G mmWave devices

IAB Node

5G mmWave devices

5G mmWave devices

Wireless access

IAB donor components

IAB node components

DU DU

CU-CP

CU-UP

OF

MT

DU

Mobile Terminal acts as a device for its

parent node

Distributed Unitacts as a gNodeB for its child nodes with L2 functionalities

(i.e., MAC scheduler)

1717

5G NR mmWave IAB1 for cost-efficient dense deployments

Traditional fiber backhaulcan be expensive formmWave cell sites

Improves coverage and capacity, while limiting backhaul cost

1 Integrated Access and Backhaul

• mmWave access inherently requires small cell deployment

• Running fiber to each cell site may not be feasible and can be cost prohibitive

• mmWave backhaul can have longer range compared to access

• mmWave access and backhaul can flexibly share common resources

Sub-6 GHz gNodeB

Fiber

backhaul

Multi-hop capability Redundant links

mmWave access

mmWave backhaul

For SA and NSA 5G NR modes

For mobile and fixed

wireless access

18

Supporting a flexible network deployment strategyIAB can enable rapid and cost-efficient 5G NR mmWave network buildout

Starting to connect new 5G NR mmWave base stations using limited/existing fiber links

Fiber

backhaul

Early 5G NR mmWavedeployments based on Rel-15

Incrementally deploying additional base stations with IAB still using limited/existing fiber links

Fiber

backhaul

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

IAB

Widening 5G NR mmWavecoverage using IAB

Deploying new fiber links for selected IAB nodes as capacity demands increase

Fiber

backhaul

Supporting rapid traffic growth with additional fibers

19

Evolving IAB for broader, more efficient deploymentRel-17+ brings better capabilities, more flexible deployments, and new use cases

Smarter network planningML-based network management, zero-network planning, increased IAB deployment tolerances

Enhanced QoSOptimizations for latency-critical traffic on backhaul and scheduling/signaling improvements for multi-hop

LTE

Expanded backhaulWireless backhauling LTE and non-3GPP traffic over 5G NR mmWave IAB supporting QoS

Enhanced multiplexingSimultaneous access and backhaul with spatial multiplexing or full duplex

Network power savingIAB can be powered down during low traffic and supporting dynamic broadcast config

Enhanced distributed IABDistributed unit (DU) context can be shared between centralized units (CU), cross-CU configurations

Topological redundancyExtension to support more than two parent IAB nodes to achieve better reliability and capacity

Expanded spectrumUnlicensed (e.g., 37, 60 GHz) or higher mmWave bands (e.g., 71-114.25 GHz)

Mobile relay and sidelinkCoverage extension and offload with moving base stations for portable deployment for e.g., disaster areas

20

Spring 2020

Total number

of devices:

Total number

of IAB nodes:

Total simulation

area: ~1 km2

28

300

Deploying IAB to expand mmWave coverage End-to-end system simulations using 5G NR mmWave at 28 GHz

Link to full demonstration video

Frankfurt, Germany

Total number

of gNodeBs: 7

Network throughput improvement

Average downlink signal improvement

Map Legend

#mmWave devices

gNodeB site

IAB site

No IAB With IAB

mmWave coverage simulation results

2121

Further enhancing mmWave beam management in Rel-16+

1 Including proactive beam set switching, SCell beam failure recovery, and UL beam failure recovery; 2 Via device-based beam management that also helps to adhere to MPE - Maximum Permissible Exposure; for example,

when a finger is on top of a patch antenna, the MPE is significantly lower than otherwise (+34dBm vs. +8dBm)

• Supporting multi-beam repetitions

• More robust beam failure recovery

schemes1 for both UL and DL

Improved reliability

• Multiple antenna panels support to

improve throughput and diversity

• UL/DL beam selection decoupled for

optimal performance in both directions2

Higher performance Better mobility / coverage

• More efficient beam management

to support higher intra- and L1/L2

inter-cell mobility (e.g., expanded

beam selection)

22

Total number

of devices:

Total number

of gNodeBs:

Total simulation

area: ~1 km2

113

300

Spring 2020

Showcasing network benefits of Multi-TRPEnd-to-end system simulations using 5G NR mmWave at 28 GHz

Link to full demonstration video

Frankfurt, Germany

Network throughput improvement Average device downlink signal improvement

Map Legend

#Multi-TRP devices

gNodeB site

23

Further improving power efficiencies for

5G NR mmWaveFocusing on connected modepower saving — 3GPP Rel-16+

Device assistedpower savingsDevice provides additional information

(e.g., battery level & temperature) for

network to select carrier or power mode1

Sub-6 GHz

mmWave

Multi-panel beam management Antenna information is provided by

the device to enable more power-

efficient beam sweeping/switching

1 For example, using lower rank/CA during power-saving mode; 2 Wakeup Receiver; 3 Connected discontinued receive;

4 Power saving ranges from 10% to 80% over baseline C-DRX depending on the Ton and Tcycle configurations;

Integrated WUR2 with beam

management in C-DRX3

Beamformed wakeup signal

improves beam pairing success

and extends sleep4

Efficient carrier

aggregation operationReduce number of blind decoding

to optimize power consumption

Enhanced low-power

modesImprove device power consumption

in idle and inactive modes

More efficient control

channelReduce processing overhead with

control channel (PDCCH) skipping

24

Spring 2020

Total number

of devices:

Total number

of gNodeBs:

Total simulation

area: ~1 km2

96

1500

Simulating device power saving featuresWith R15 C-DRX baseline, R16 Wakeup Signal and Enhanced CA

Link to full demonstration video

Frankfurt, Germany

Wakeup Signal

Enhanced CA

25

HD video surveillanceImmersive trainingIndustrial handhelds

5G Smart

Manufacturing

~4.8TIn global economic

value by 2035

5G mmWave brings benefits to a broad set of industrial use cases

Precise indoor locationing Guided execution

Automation & motion control Mobile robots (e.g., AGV) Mobile workstations

Inherently ultra-low latency

Fiber-like data speeds

Massive capacity

Indoor / outdoor isolation

Simple deployment

* The 5G Economy in a Post-COVID-19 Era – an independent study from IHS Markit,

commissioned by Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

26

Enhanced mobile broadband

Massive IoT

Ultra-reliable low-latency

Automated guided vehicle (AGV)

Wireless edge analytics

Computer visionSensors

Head mounted display

Industrial robot

Handheld terminal

27

5G CoMPachieves ultra-reliabilitySpatial diversity for eURLLC

1to reach 99.9999% reliability

2

TRP 3

gNB

distributed

units

gNB centralized

unit and CoMP server

• Other diversity methods such as frequency and time diversity are not sufficient for URLLC

• CoMP is facilitated by denser deployment of small cells with high bandwidth backhaul

• For sub-7 GHz and mmWave, licensed and unlicensed spectrum in Rel-16

• Expanding to higher mmWave bands (e.g., 60 GHz in Rel-17+)

Coordinated Multi Point (CoMP) creates spatial diversity with redundant communication paths

TRP TRP

1. Enhanced ultra-reliable low latency communication; 2. A performance requirements for communication service availability in 3GPP TS 22.104;

3. Transmission/Reception Point

28

Further enhancing CoMP capabilitiesUtilizing multiple transmission / reception points (Multi-TRP)

1 Hybrid ARQ acknowledgement; 2 Single frequency network

Robustness improvementsBeam sweeping for downlink/uplink control (e.g.,

HARQ ACK1) and uplink data channels

Inter-cell multi-TRPAllowing TRPs from different cells/base stations to

work together in multi-TRP operations

Release 17+

Channel feedback enhancementsQuicker beam selection with fast feedback and simultaneous uplinks to multiple TRPs

Power savingsOverhead reduction with optimized low-power mode (e.g., WUS) procedures for multi-TRP scenarios

Enhanced mmWave operationsMore efficient per-TRP beam failure recovery,

beamformed SFN2, joint beam selection across TRPs

Unlicensed spectrum enhancementsGroup-based LBT procedure leveraging high-quality backhaul, other channel access enhancements

29

Further enhancing 5G mmWave design for industrial IoT

Reliability enhancementsMulti-beam operation

More candidate beams (e.g., beam sweeping for DL control, UL

control and data), device-based fast beam update

Latency enhancementsBeam failure recovery

Quicker beam failure detection and recovery procedure activation

based on device feedback

Beam management

Overhead reduction with pre-determined beam switching

(predictable device movements in IIoT environment)

Enhanced device feedbackRefined HARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request) feedback and

enhanced CSF (channel state feedback)Release 17+ Enhancements

Improving reliability, capability, and performance

30

Scaling down 5G mmWave for new IoT applications

5G NR-Light

mmWaveLower complexity & power

Rel-17+

5G mmWaveHighest performance

Rel-15+

High-end

wearables

Surveillance

cameras

Industrial

sensors

Lower-tier

mobile devices

Lower device complexity

Power savings

Increased network efficiency

Coverage optimization

Reduced bandwidths

(e.g., 50/100 MHz)

Fewer antennas

Half duplex

Relaxed device processing

capability and timeControl overhead reduction

Enhanced power saving modes

Limited mobility and handovers

Repetition and bundling

Lower order modulation

Sidelink or relays

Reduced signaling overhead

Asymmetric traffic optimization

Better resource management

Service coexistence

31

• For both indoor & outdoor positioning

• Complementing existing positioning technologies, such as GNSS1, beacons, sensors, Wi-Fi/Bluetooth

• Targeting accuracy and latency that meet diverse service requirements2

• Supported in sub-7 GHz and mmWave

Supporting a wide range of new vertical use cases

Supply chain visibility

Connected enterprises Drone tracking Smart retail

Public safety

Connected healthcareSmart manufacturingIndoor navigation

5G NR Positioning

3232

Device-based positioning (e.g., multi-RTT, AoA) improves accuracy, reliability, latency, flexibility, scalability, and tight integration with location applications

Evolving 5G NR positioning to fully meet 5G requirements

Release 17Enhancing capability and performance for a wide range of use cases

Release 16Meeting initial accuracy requirements of 3m (indoor) to 10m (outdoors) for 80% of time

Time difference of arrival (TDOA)

Roundtrip time (RTT)

Angel of arrival / departure (AoA/AoD)

Single-cell positioning

Radius based on RTT

Position along circumference based on UL AoA

Centimeter level accuracyMeeting absolute accuracy requirements of down to 0.3m

Lower latency positioningReducing positioning latency to as low as 10 ms (e.g., on-demand PRS, L1/L2 signaling)

Higher capacityScaling to millions of simultaneous devices for e.g., IoT, automotive

New evaluation scenariosSupporting new channel models for industrial IoT environment

33

Evolving 5G positioning for better accuracy and efficiencyEnhancements candidates for Release 17 and beyond

1 Positioning Reference Signals; 2 Apply to UL/DL and RTT based positioning techniques; 3 For techniques based on range measurements — different bands have different reflection/propagation characteristics but same

speed-of-light OTA; 4 Round Trip Time; 5 Time Difference of Arrival

Multi-carrier positioningAggregating contiguous carriers to increase effective PRS bandwidth for better accuracy

PRS 1 PRS 2 PRS 3

Effective PRS1

Inter-band measurements2

Comparing measurements from different bands (e.g., sub-7 vs. mmWave) to eliminate errors from NLOS paths3

Reflector (e.g., tinted glass, concrete)

Blo

cka

ge

Lower band PRS (e.g., sub-6 GHz)

Higher band PRS (e.g., mmWave)

Reference node synchronizationImproving calibration of the positioning reference nodes to minimize relative location / synchronization errors

Node A

Node B

Node CRTT4 measurement derives inter-node distance

RTT + TDOA5

measurement derives synchronization error

Positioning in low-power statesMeasuring & reporting position in inactive / idle modes to reduce power consumption and latency

Device in inactive / idle mode

Sidelink positioningUtilizing sidelink (i.e., PC5) for more flexible positioning, for e.g., automotive / V2X use cases

On-demand PRSReducing broadcast overhead & positioning acquisition latency and optimizing for different requirements, e.g., accuracy/latency

Request for PRS

Low-latency signalingLayer 1 / 2 based signaling for PRS transmission and management report

34

5G NR sidelink extends coverage & targets new use casesBuilding on LTE and C-V2X direct communication for sub-7 GHz and mmWave

High performance offloadProviding high data rate, low latency links to devices in proximity, for use cases such as gaming, mission-critical

Wearable connectivityCreating a personal area network to connect the smartphone directly to wearables such as watches, XR, and more

Range extensionExtending coverage via direct communication, e.g., for massive IoT devices (e.g., meters) with multi-hop mesh relays

Public safetyEnhancing existing LTE based system to enable services over 5G NR, including one-to-many device broadcast

35

Breaking the technology

boundary with 5G mobile

mmWave evolution

Advanced 5G mmWave OTA test network

▪ 3GPP-compliant 5G mmWave network operating

at 28 GHz capable of 800 MHz bandwidth

▪ Robustness with crowd blocking and high-speed

mobility (i.e., device travelling on a drone)

▪ Boundless virtual reality (VR) experiences using

5G, edge cloud and on-device processing

5G mobile mmWave technology evolution

▪ System simulations of new features in Rel-16+

▪ Integrated access and backhaul

▪ Multiple transmission and reception point

▪ Advanced device power saving features

Mobile test device on a drone

February 2020

36

5G NR enhancements for mmWave

Integrated access and backhaul (IAB)Enabling flexible deployment of small cells reusing

spectrum and equipment for access and backhaul

Enhanced beam managementImproving latency, robustness and performance with full

beam refinement and multi-antenna-panel beam support

Power saving featuresMaximizing device sleep duration to improve power

consumption as well as allowing faster link feedback

Dual connectivity optimizationReducing device initial access latency and improving

coverage when connected to multiple nodes

Completed Release 16 Projects

PositioningMeeting initial accuracy requirements of 3m (indoor)

to 10m (outdoors) for 80% of time

Expanded spectrum supportSupporting licensed and unlicensed spectrum in

frequencies ranging from 52.6 GHz to 71 GHz

Optimized coverage & beam managementReducing overhead, enhancing performance (e.g., beam

selection), improving coverage

New use cases beyond eMBBExpanding mmWave support for sidelink, URLLC,

and industrial IoT use cases (e.g., NR-Light)

Improved IAB for distributed deploymentIntroducing full duplex operations and mobile relays for

improved capability, coverage, and QoS

Release 17+ Projects

Enhanced positioningEnhancing capability for a wide range of use cases

— cm-level accuracy, lower latency, higher capacity

37

Continued evolution

Rel-15

eMBB focus

Rel-18, 19. 20 and beyond

Continued 5G proliferation

Rel-16 and 17

Expanding to new industries

Intelligently connectingour world in the 5G era

Strong 5G momentum

sets the stage for the

global expansion

Historically 10 years between generations

A unified connectivity fabric this decade

Next technology leap for new capabilities

and efficiencies

38

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