Where did we leave off?• Old Regime• Estates General• National Assembly• Tennis Court Oath• Storming the Bastille• Great Fear• March on Versailles

Reign of Terror

Summer 1789 to 1792• Era of reforms in France• All three estates came

together to talk things out• August 1789: Declaration of

the Rights of Man passed– Included many Enlightenment

ideas and ideas from the Declaration of Independence like Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Religion

• In June 1791, Louis and his family tried to escape but were recaptured and brought back to Paris to be put in jail

• The National Assembly continued to pass reforms:– Made France a

constitutional monarchy similar to England’s

– The National Assembly was now the legislative assembly in France.

– The King could no longer declare war on other nations.

• 3 factions, or groups, developed in the National Assembly

Factions in the National Assembly

Radicals Moderates

Conservatives

Radicals Moderates Conservatives

Feelings about King

Opposed King and monarchy

Didn’t care either way about king

Wanted a limited

monarchyHow many changes

should be made to the government?

A lot—people should have

full power in a republic

Some—not as many as the radicals want

though

Very few

• Radicals in France tried to spread their revolutionary ideas to other countries and got France into wars with Austria and Prussia– Austria and Prussia wanted Louis back in power,

but the National Assembly said no, and declared war on them.

• France was in turmoil. Thousands of people were killed and in the process the National Assembly was renamed the National Convention.

• September 21, 1792: National Convention met, abolished the monarchy, and declared France a republic– Adult males could now vote– Louis XVI was tried and found guilty of

treason• January 21, 1793: Louis was killed by the

guillotine– Marie was killed in October 1793

Terror Grips France• Many people in France not only considered

Austria and Prussia their enemies but also did not know which French citizens they could trust

• In the middle of the chaos, Maximilien Robespierre assumed power. Robespierre killed over 40,000 people. (Anyone who questioned or threatened his power)

• 80% of the people killed were poor (supposedly those for whom the Revolution was carried out). This was called the Reign of Terror

The End of the Terror• July 1794: the National

Convention met and knew they had to get rid of Robespierre– Down with the Tyrant!

• July 28, 1794: Robespierre lost his head.

• National Convention met and created another new government (the third since 1789).– New plan gave power to the middle

class, created a two branch legislature, and an executive branch known as the Directory

– The Directory picked a guy named Napoleon to be their new general

Processing• Who was the leader in charge of

France during the Reign of Terror, and why was this period called the Reign of Terror?

• Did the Reign of Terror help lead the French people towards democracy? Why or why not?

The Rise of Napoleon

How Napoleon Restored Order

• Efficient tax collecting system• Established a national bank• Got rid of corrupt officials• Set up government-run schools• Signed an agreement with Pope Pius VII• Passed the Napoleonic Code – Supported freedom of religion and forbade

privileges based on birth (government jobs go to those best qualified)

– Influenced the laws of many other countries

Napoleonic Code (Don’t Write)

• The French longed for structure and organization

• It preserved the social aims of the Revolution.

• It protected the interests of the rising middle class.

• It promoted order over individual rights.

Napoleon Creates an Empire• Not only did Napoleon want to rule

France, but he wanted to rule the rest of Europe and the New World

France in the New World• 1789: the idea of revolution

had reached Haiti, France’s colony in the Caribbean– They wanted the same rights

as the former 3rd Estate in France, so they stopped making sugar

• Napoleon sent 29,000 troops to restore the production of sugar, but the colony (led by Toussaint L’Ouverture) and its slaves were hard to beat

• Napoleon could not win, so he ended up selling the land to the U.S. for $15 million– The money helped France’s economy

and gave Napoleon the money to try and take over Europe

Napoleon and Europe• First: took parts of Netherlands and Italy• Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden

feared Napoleon and set up a third coalition against France

• Napoleon, through several battles, conquered the largest European Empire since Rome– Had peace treaties with Russia, Austria, and

Prussia

• Napoleon was unable to beat Great Britain– Britain was known for its strong navy that beat

Napoleon and his navy at the Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon’s Empire• 1812: the only nations not under France’s

rule were Britain, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Sweden

• The large empire prompted the growth of nationalism among the conquered nations– Nationalism: the belief that one’s greatest

loyalty should be to your nation and your people rather than a king or a leader

• Although the empire was large, it only lasted for 5 years before it started to collapse.

Processing• What was the benefit(s) of Napoleon

selling off French territory in the New World?

• http://www.history.com/topics/napoleon/videos#the-french-revolution