which statement best explains why the sun and the …€¦ · web viewtitle which statement best...

8th Grade Science PSSA Review

1. Which statement best explains why the Sun and the Moon appear to be about the same size in the sky?

A. The Sun and the Moon have the same diameter.B. The Moon is larger in diameter and farther from Earth than the Sun.C. The Moon is smaller in diameter and is closer to Earth than the Sun.D. The Sun and the Moon are the same distance from Earth.

2. The diagram below shows four Moon phases observed during July.

On which date would the next New Moon occur?A. August 5 B. August 10 C. August 19D. August 29

3. Dust and ash entering the atmosphere as a result of volcanic eruptions can affect Earth'sA. tidal activityB. orbital shapeC. weather and climateD. rotation and revolution

4. The surface of Earth is covered by a relatively thin layer of water called theA. crust B. mantle C. hydrosphereD. atmosphere

5. Movement of Earth's crust along plate boundaries producesA. fronts B. tides C. hurricanesD. earthquakes

6. In which type of rock are fossils generally found?A. igneousB. metamorphic C. sedimentaryD. volcanic

1


7. Which title best describes the processes shown in the diagram below?

A. The Rock CycleB. The Water CycleC. Plate TectonicsD. Chemical Changes

8. The diagram below shows a penny scratching the surface of the mineral calcite.

Which physical property of the calcite is being tested?A. streak B. hardness C. melting pointD. reaction to acid

9. Which equipment will best separate a mixture of iron filings and black pepper?A. magnet B. filter paper C. triple-beam balanceD. voltmeter

2


10. The diagram below shows an incomplete circuit.

Which item would allow the bulb to light up if it were used to connect point A to point B?A. a glass rod B. a metal coin C. a plastic combD. a paper cup

11. The diagram below shows milk being poured into a measuring cup.

Which property of the milk can be directly measured using the cup?A. mass B. density C. solubilityD. volume

12. Hydrochloric acid is added to a beaker containing a piece of zinc. As a result, zinc chloride is formed and hydrogen gas is released. This is an example of

A. a chemical reaction B. a physical change C. photosynthesisD. evaporation

3


13. Which setup below would require the least force to lift a 100-gram mass a distance of 10 centimeters?

14. Which model is used by scientists to determine the properties of elements?A. a Punnett square B. the Periodic Table C. a pedigree chartD. the rock cycle

15. Which energy resource is renewable?A. fuel oil B. natural gas C. windD. coal

4


16. The drawing below shows the original size and shape of a rock sample before it is thrown into a rapidly moving stream.

Which drawing best shows the actual size and shape the rock will have after being carried several hundred miles downstream and deposited?

17. The diagram below shows stages in the development of a certain landscape.

When did erosion become the most dominant process in the development of the landscape shown in stage 4?

A. at stage 1 B. at stage 2 C. between stages 2 and 3D. between stages 3 and 4

18. The diagram below shows a cross section of rock layers in Earth's crust.

The forces shown in the diagram caused the rock layers toA. fault B. fold C. formD. expand

5


19. The graph below shows tide levels for two days at an ocean location.

Approximately how many hours are between the high tide on Tuesday and the first high tide on Wednesday?

A. 6 hours B. 9 hours C. 12 hoursD. 18 hours

6


20. The map below shows the relative size and track of a certain weather event.

Which weather event is shown on the map?A. tornado B. blizzard C. hurricaneD. thunderstorm

7


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below, which shows two insulated Styrofoam cups of water connected by an aluminum bar. The thermometers show the temperature of the water in cup A and cup B at the beginning of a heat-flow experiment.

21. Over the next 15 minutes, which changes would most likely occur?A. The temperature in cup A will decrease and the temperature in cup B will increase.B. The temperature in cup A will decrease and the temperature in cup B will decrease.C. The temperature in cup A will increase and the temperature in cup B will increase.D. The temperature in cup A will increase and the temperature in cup B will decrease.

22. Which process is most responsible for the temperature changes that will take place?A. radiation of heat from the water in the cups to the thermometersB. conduction of heat through the aluminum barC. radiation of heat from the water in the cups into the airD. conduction of heat through the air to the water in the cups

8


23. The map below shows an air mass that formed over the Gulf of Mexico at location A.

Once air mass A reaches location B, the weather conditions at location B will most likely become

A. warmer and drier B. warmer and more humid C. colder and more humidD. colder and drier

24. The diagram below shows a pencil in a glass of water.

When viewed from the side, the pencil appears to be broken. What process causes this to happen?

A. absorption B. evaporation C. reflectionD. refraction

9


25. The cross section below shows fossils and the rock layers in which they are found. Crustal movement has not displaced the rock layers.

Which fossil is considered the oldest in the cross section shown?A. armored fish B. dinosaurs C. early horsesD. trilobites

26. Several tomato plants are grown indoors next to a sunny window. The plants receive water and fertilizer and remain on the windowsill. What will most likely happen?

A. Most of the leaves on the window side will wilt and die.B. The roots of the plants will grow upward from the soil.C. Water droplets will collect on the leaves facing away from the window.D. The stem will bend toward the window.

10


27. The diagram below shows a human body system.

What are two of the functions performed by this body system?A. protects and supports the bodyB. produces and transports oxygen within the bodyC. produces and excretes waste productsD. controls and coordinates body activities

28. The main function of the human digestive system is toA. break down foods for absorption into the bloodB. exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungsC. release energy from sugars within the cellsD. carry nutrients to all parts of the body

29. Which sequence lists the levels of organization in the human body from simplest to most complex?

A. organ system – tissue – cell – organ B. tissue – cell – organ – organ systemC. organ – organ system – tissue – cellD. cell – tissue – organ – organ system

30. Which three systems of the human body function together to move and control body parts?A. nervous, skeletal, and muscularB. muscular, endocrine, and excretoryC. digestive, excretory, and reproductiveD. circulatory, endocrine, and respiratory

11


31. The labeled organs in the diagram below are part of which human body system?

A. respiratory B. endocrine C. digestiveD. circulatory

32. Evidence that living things have evolved over hundreds of millions of years can be found inA. particles in the airB. rocks containing fossilsC. tree rings from recently logged treesD. chemicals in human hair

33. Extinction of a species is most likely to occur as a result ofA. evolutionB. migrationC. selective breedingD. environmental changes

12


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below which shows a model of human inheritance.

34. The parent whose genes are aaA. must be dominantB. has a straight hairlineC. has a peaked hairlineD. may have AA offspring

35. The diagram shown is called aA. Punnett squareB. pedigree chartC. dichotomous keyD. flowchart

36. Some kinds of fish live most of their lives in salt water but lay their eggs in freshwater. Their ability to survive in different environments is an example of

A. adaptationB. developmental stagesC. a habitD. selective breeding

37. Which example would result in new cells that are most different from the parent cells?A. yeast cells splitting into new cellsB. bacteria cells dividing into new cellsC. skin cells dividing to produce more skin cellsD. sperm and egg cells uniting to produce fertilized egg cells

13


38. The table below shows the symptoms of some diseases that are caused by bacteria.

Which two diseases listed in the table affect the digestive system?A. botulism and typhoid fever B. botulism and pneumonia C. tetanus and pneumoniaD. tetanus and typhoid fever

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below, which shows a partial food web.

39. How many organisms in this food web feed on the mice?A. 5 B. 2 C. 3D. 4

14


40. Which group of organisms is missing from this food web?A. carnivores B. herbivoresC. omnivoresD. decomposers

41. Growth and repair in multi-cellular organisms are the result ofA. excretion B. cell divisionC. locomotion D. decomposition

42. The diagram below shows changes that a butterfly undergoes as it develops from an egg into an adult.

Which process is illustrated in the diagram?A. mutation B. photosynthesisC. germinationD. metamorphosis

43. Which observation of a plant supports the inference that photosynthesis can take place?A. a strong, sweet smellB. a dry, rough textureC. a green colorD. a smooth stem

15


44. Populations living in one place form aA. community B. system C. habitatD. species

45. Which situation is the best example of ecological succession?A. An organism survives a difficult winter.B. The populations in an area remain the same.C. One species replaces another species in an ecosystem.D. Each of several species uses the same amount of resources.

Base your answers to the following questions on the information and table below and on your knowledge of science.

A farmer grows and sells flowering plants. The best-selling plants are the ones with the most blossoms. The farmer reads an advertisement for a plant food saying that it will make plants grow faster and taller. The farmer predicts that taller plants will have more blossoms and performs the following experiment to test this hypothesis. Two groups of 10 plants each are grown in identical pots filled with equal amounts of identical soil. The amount of sunlight, the room temperature, and the amount of water are held constant for both groups. Group A is given plant food at regular intervals according to the instructions on the package. Group B is not given plant food. The farmer observes the plants after 15 weeks of growth. The results are recorded below.

46. State the farmer's original hypothesis. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

47. Based on the results of this experiment, is the farmer's original hypothesis correct?Circle one: Yes No Explain your answer. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

16


48. Explain why the amount of sunlight, the room temperature, and the amount of water were held constant for both groups. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the information and diagrams below.

Saltwater plants of the same species were grown in soil in separate containers with 1 liter of water. All of the plants were the same height at the beginning of the experiment. Different amounts of salt were dissolved in each container as shown in the diagrams. All other conditions were held constant. Measurements for the final height of each plant are provided.

49.Use the information from the student's experiment to construct a line graph on the grid below.a Use an X to plot the final height of each plant at the end of the experiment. [2]b Connect the Xs with a solid line. [1]

17


50. Based on your graph or the information provided, determine the expected height of this same type of plant if it were grown in 1 liter of water with 2.5 grams of salt added. [1]

_____________ cm

51. State one conclusion, based on the information provided, about the growth of this type of saltwater plant in water containing 0 to 20 grams of salt per liter. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

52. In this experiment, the student used plants of the same height and species in equal amounts of water. Identify one other condition that the student needed to keep constant. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

53. On the world map below, place an X so that its center represents the location at 40° N and 80° E. [1]

18


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below, which shows Earth at one point in its orbit around the Sun. The length of daylight experienced at different latitudes on a given date is shown on the diagram.

54. Describe how the length of daylight changes from the Equator to the North Pole on the date shown. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

55. What season is beginning in the Northern Hemisphere? [1]

_________________________________________________________________

56. Explain why the South Pole receives 24 hours of daylight on the date shown. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

19


Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below, which shows the results of an experiment comparing the cooling rates of two cans of identical size and shape that are painted different colors and filled with water at 100°C. The cans were allowed to cool for 60 minutes. The temperature of the water in each can was recorded every 5 minutes.

57. Calculate the rate of cooling of the water in the black can for the first 10 minutes. Use the equation below. [1]

___________________ oC/min

58. Describe the effect the color of the cans had on the cooling rate of the water during the first 10 minutes of the experiment. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

20


Base your answers to the following questions on the passage below and on your knowledge of science. Acid Rain

Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are pollutants released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. These pollutants combine with moisture in the air to form acid rain. A main source of these pollutants can be traced to power plants located in the midwestern United States. Due to weather patterns, the effects of acid rain have been most severe in the northeastern United States, including New York State. The acid rain destroys the natural balance in lakes and streams and kills many species of fish. Acidic conditions affect not only lakes and forests, but also buildings and statues composed of limestone and marble. Other materials, such as metals, ceramics, glass, paints, and leather, are affected by acid rain.

59. Which two pollutants combine with water vapor in the air to produce acid rain? [1]

______________________________________and _______________________________

60. Describe how the prevailing winds play a role in the amount of acid rain that occurs in New York State. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

61. Identify one action that could be taken to reduce the amount of acid rain. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

21


Base your answers to the following questions on the information and diagram below.

A student was given samples of four different liquids, A, B, C, and D. The student poured equal amounts of two different liquid samples into several test tubes. The results are shown in test tubes 1, 2, 3, and 4.

62. What physical property of the liquids causes them to separate into different layers when poured into the test tubes? [1]

_________________________________________________________________

63. When equal amounts of liquids A, B, C, and D were placed into test tube 5, the liquids separated into four layers. A diagram of test tube 5 appears below. On the blank lines next to each layer, list the final order of the liquids as they would appear in test tube 5. [1]

22


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a phase change represented by letter A.

64. State the term for the phase change that occurs at A. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

65. Explain why the phase change at A is a physical change. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

66. Explain why the 100 grams of ice would have a greater volume than 100 grams of water. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

23


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows two students ready to dive into a pool.

67. Explain why student B has more potential energy than student A. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

68. Student A dives from the board into the water. Explain why student A's kinetic energy decreases as the student enters the water. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

24


Base your answers to the following questions on diagram 1 and diagram 2 below and on your knowledge of science. The amount of force required to keep the same block of wood moving across the tabletop is shown in the diagrams.

69. Circle the name of the device in the diagrams used to measure force. [1]

spring scale voltmeter thermometer graduated cylinder

70. What change could be made in the setup in diagram 1 to increase the amount of force necessary to move the block of wood? [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

71. Explain why the round pencils in diagram 2 decreases the amount of force necessary to move the block of wood. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

25


Base your answers to the following questions on the woodland and pond ecosystems illustrated below. The members of these ecosystems interact with one another as well as with the nonliving environment.

72. Identify one consumer shown in this ecosystem. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

73. Identify one producer shown in this ecosystem. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

74. What is the primary source of energy for this ecosystem? [1]

_________________________________________________________________

26


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows the result of sexual reproduction.

75. Identify the two sex cells that are necessary for sexual reproduction. [1]

(1) ____________________________________________________

(2) ____________________________________________________

76. State one advantage that a species that reproduces sexually has over a species that reproduces asexually. [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

27


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram of a cell below and on your knowledge of science. Some of the cell structures are labeled.

77. Which two structures are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells? [2]

(1) ________________________________________________

(2) ________________________________________________

78. Select three of the structures labeled in the diagram key. List these structures in the table below. For each structure selected, state its function in the cell. [3]Structure Function of This Structure in the Cell

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

28


79. The diagram below shows two different-colored moths resting on a tree trunk.

How does this difference in pattern and color affect the moths' ability to survive in the environment? [1]

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

80. The information below shows what happens to incoming solar radiation.

Which pie graph best represents this information?

29


81. The diagram below shows a cell.

This cell would be found in which type of organism? A. animals B. fungi C. virusesD. plants

82. Tissue is composed of a group of A. similar cells working together B. different organs working together C. organ systems working together D. nuclei in a cell working together

83. The diagram below shows a part of a human body system.

The possible movement represented by the arrows in the diagram is coordinated by theA. circulatory system B. excretory system C. nervous system D. reproductive system

30


84. The diagram below shows a food web.

Which three organisms in the food web are competing for the same food resource?A. carrot, rabbit, and fox B. grain, bird, and owl C. fox, owl, and rabbit D. bird, mouse, and grasshopper

85. The diagram below shows the development of a certain type of insect.

This diagram shows the process ofA. metamorphosis B. fertilization C. selective breeding D. environmental change

31


86. The endocrine system produces chemicals that affect organ functions. These chemicals are called

A. nutrients B. hormones C. microbes D. wastes

87. What is the function of DNA in a cell? A. regulating the movement of nutrients B. storing and releasing chemicals C. carrying genetic material D. providing energy for activities

Base your answers to the following questions on the table below, which compares human populations and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere over time.Human Population and Carbon Dioxide Levels

YearHuman Population(billions)

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Levels in the Atmosphere(parts per million)

1960 2.50 3171970 2.75 3251980 3.00 3371990 5.00 342

88. How have the size of the human population and the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere changed from 1960 to 1990?

A. The human population has increased while the amount of CO2 has decreased. B. The human population has decreased while the amount of CO2 has increased. C. Both the human population and the amount of CO2 have increased. D. Both the human population and the amount of CO2 have decreased.

89. Which human activity might explain the change in carbon dioxide levels shown in the graph?

A. storing nuclear waste B. collecting solar energy C. using wind energy D. burning fossil fuels

90. The effects of natural selection are generally seen most quickly in which organisms? A. bacteria B. corn plants C. humans D. cats

32


91. A plant forms new tissue at the tips of its roots and stems. This new tissue growth is a direct result of

A. circulation B. coordination C. cellular respirationD. cell division

92. What do all organisms need to survive? A. energy B. blood C. carbon dioxide D. soil

93. Which substance provides humans with their main source of energy? A. food B. carbon dioxide C. water D. chlorophyll

94. The diagram below shows a model of plant reproduction.

The seeds shown on the plant are produced as a result ofA. ecological succession B. hibernation C. fertilization D. genetic engineering

33


95. When a human exercises, sweat often forms on the skin. Sweating is an example of the human body’s ability to

A. recycle nutrients B. respond to the environment C. obtain water for nourishment D. make more energy

96. Which body in our solar system is classified as a star? A. Earth B. Mars C. Venus D. Sun

97. The diagram below shows Earth, as viewed from space, as it moves around the Sun.

Approximately how long does it take Earth to move from position A to position B?A. 1 year B. 6 months C. 1 day D. 12 hours

98. The Sun appears to move across the sky during the day. The best explanation for this apparent motion is that Earth is

A. rotating on its axis B. revolving around the Sun C. much smaller than the Sun D. tilted on its axis

99. Weathering and erosion of Earth’s crust are primarily caused by A. gravity B. volcanic activity C. evaporation D. sedimentation

34


100. Which statement is true of all rocks? A. Rocks contain organic material. B. Rocks contain fossils. C. Rocks are composed of minerals. D. Rocks are formed in layers.

101. Igneous rocks are formed by A. weathering B. cementation C. volcanic activity D. sedimentation

102. The diagram below shows an experiment to test a certain property of liquids.

Which property of the liquid is being tested?A. density B. magnetic attraction C. conductivityD. freezing point

103. A wet shirt is put on a clothesline to dry on a sunny day. The shirt dries because water molecules

A. gain heat energy and condense B. gain heat energy and evaporate C. lose heat energy and condense D. lose heat energy and evaporate

104. Which energy source is renewable? A. oil B. solar C. coal D. natural gas

35


105. The diagram below shows a tall beaker with four different liquids and their densities.

If a ball that has a density of 1.73 g/cm3 is placed in the beaker, where will the ball come to rest?A. on top of liquid A B. between liquids B and C C. between liquids C and D D. on the bottom of the beaker

106. The four diagrams below model the results of mixing atoms of different substances. Each atom is represented by a different symbol. Which diagram correctly models a chemical change?

36


107. Which statement best describes the property of light waves illustrated in the diagram below?

A. Some materials absorb light waves. B. Some materials reflect light waves. C. Light waves are refracted by some materials. D. Light waves are emitted by some materials.

108. The diagrams below show a person moving a 50-kilogram object up a ramp. In which diagram is there the least amount of friction on the object?

37


109. The drawings below represent four different forms of electromagnetic energy.

Which diagram represents electromagnetic energy with the shortest wavelength? A. A B. B C. C D. D

110. Four machines that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy were tested for fuel efficiency. The results of the test are shown in the chart below.

Test of Fuel Efficiency

Machine Units of Electrical Energy Consumed

Equivalent Units ofMechanical EnergyProduced

A 120 100B 130 100C 135 100D 160 100

Which machine produced the most heat energy?A. A B. B C. C D. D

111. Which graph below shows an object slowing down?

38


112. The diagram below shows two symbols commonly found on a weather map.

The symbols and on this map representA. winds B. fronts C. latitude and longitude D. climatic conditions

113. As altitude increases, air pressure A. decreases B. increases C. remains the same

114. The table below shows the chemical symbols for some common elements.

Element SymbolHydrogen HHelium HeOxygen OSilicon SiCarbon CIron Fe

Based on the information in the table, which of the four substances below is a compound?A. COB. HeC. SiD. Fe

39


Base your answers to the following questions on the woodland and pond ecosystems illustrated below. The members of these ecosystems interact with one another as well as with the nonliving environment.

115. What is the main source of energy for these ecosystems? [1]

____________________________________________

116. Identify a consumer in these ecosystems. [1]

_____________________________________

117. Identify one organism in these ecosystems that produces chlorophyll. [1]

_____________________________________________

40


Base your answers to the following questions on the information and graph below.

A gardener performs an experiment growing three types of plants in equal amounts of soil. Three different types of plants are used. Each plant is 10 centimeters tall at the beginning of the experiment. The three plants are given 4 milliliters of water every day for 20 days. The results of the experiment are shown on the graph.

118. Which plant was the tallest at the end of the 20-day period? [1]

___________________________________________

119. Other than at the beginning of the experiment, on what day were plant 2 and plant 3 the same height? [1]

_______________________________________

120. Which plant grew at the slowest rate from day 0 to day 5? [1]

_____________________________________

41


121. During which time interval did plant 1 become taller than plant 3? Circle the correct answer. [1]

A. days 0–5 B. days 5–10 C. days 10–15 D. days 15–20

122. The gardener repeated the experiment using identical conditions. Plant 1 grew the fastest. Suggest one change to the experimental design that would help the gardener decide which plant really grows fastest. [1]

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

123. The two human body systems shown below interact to perform several functions for the whole organism. Describe how gas exchange occurs when the circulatory and respiratory systems work together. [2]

_______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

42


124. The Punnett square below shows an RR pea plant crossed with an Rr pea plant.

What percentage of the offspring will have a full, round pod shape? [1]

_____________________________ %

125. Complete the Punnett square provided below to show the crossing of two Rr parents. [2]

126. If 100 offspring were produced from the crossing shown in the Punnett square below, approximately how many would have a wrinkled pod shape? [1]

__________________________________

43


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below which shows the process of sexual reproduction.

127. Identify the sex cell shown at A. [1]

__________________________________

128. Identify the sex cell shown at B. [1]

__________________________________

129. Identify the reproductive process that is occurring at C. [1]

___________________________________

130. Identify the process that is occurring between E and F. [1]

__________________________________

44


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below. The diagram shows the position of Earth and four positions of the Moon during one orbit of Earth.

131. On the diagram, draw an X to show where the Sun would need to be located to create the Moon phases shown. [1]

132. Which letter in the diagram shows the position of the Moon when an observer on Earth sees a full Moon? [1]

____________________________________

133. What motion is represented by the arrows in the diagram? [1]

____________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the information below.

Models are often used to explain natural phenomena. Develop a model to show the relationship between heat energy and the motion and position of particles in a sample of matter. Use a group of 20 students in an empty room to represent the particles in a sample of matter.

134. How should the students be placed in the room to represent the arrangement of particles in a solid? [1]

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

45


135. What instruction should be given to the 20 student “particles” to show the addition of heat to the “solid sample of matter”? (Note: The solid is simply being heated; it should not melt.) [1]

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

136. What instruction should be given to the 20 student “particles” to represent a liquid? [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the information and illustration below.

Manatees are mammals that live in the warm, clear water environment of Florida’s shallow rivers. They are large, peaceful, gentle, curious creatures and slow-moving swimmers. They spend many hours each day feeding on water plants. Manatees must surface to breathe every 15 minutes. The manatee’s environment is changing because of hotels and homes being built along Florida’s rivers, and the change is affecting them in a negative way. Noise and activity from people and boats scare them. Manatees can be seriously injured by powerboat propellers because the manatees cannot tell the direction from which the boats are coming. The water plants the manatees use for food are being destroyed. As a result of these and other changes in their surroundings, manatees are on the endangered species list and may one day be gone from Florida’s rivers.

137. List two environmental conditions that might lead to the disappearance of manatees from Florida’s rivers. [2]

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

138. Why is the manatee classified as an herbivore? [1]

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

46


139. Identify one external feature of the manatee that allows it to live in water. [1]

_________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the experiment described below.

Heat was applied at a constant rate to a solid substance under controlled conditions. The temperature of the substance was recorded every 3 minutes. These data are recorded in the table below.

Time (min) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27Temperature (ºC) 12º 14º 16º 16º 16º 20º 24º 28º 32º 36º

140. Use the grid above to construct a line graph from the data in the table. Follow the steps below.

a Use Xs to plot the data for time and temperature. [1]b Draw a solid line that connects the Xs.[1]

47


141. Provide an appropriate title for the graph. [1]

Title: _________________________________________________________________

142. According to your graph, what would the temperature of the substance be at 23 minutes? [1]

___________ °C

143. What is the independent (manipulated) variable in this experiment? [1]

_________________________________________________

144. If heat was added at a constant rate to the solid substance, why did the temperature remain at 16°C for approximately 6 minutes? [1]

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

48


145. A student wants to design a controlled experiment to solve the following problem:When placed in a freezer, will hot water or cold water reach 0°C faster?

The student plans to place two containers with equal masses of water (one hot and one cold) in the same freezer in the classroom.

a List three conditions the student should keep constant for the hot-water and cold-water setups when planning this experiment.

b For each condition you name, give a scientific reason why the condition needs to be the same for both the hot-water and cold-water setups.

a Condition to be held constant b Reason (1) (1) (2) (2) (3) (3)

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagrams of a food chain and energy pyramid below and on your knowledge of science. Food chains and energy pyramids are used to help us understand the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

49


Highlight the correct answer.

146. If the plants die during a summer drought, the cricket population would most likely

decrease increase remain the same

147. If the number of frogs increases, the snake population would most likely


148. If another predator that preyed on snakes was introduced into the ecosystem, the hawk population would most likely


149. State one similarity between what food chains and energy pyramids represent regarding energy flow. _____________________________________________________________________________

150. State one difference between what food chains and energy pyramids represent regarding energy flow. [1] _____________________________________________________________________________

151. The usage of electricity in the United States has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. Most of this electricity is currently produced by burning fossil fuels.

a State one reason for this increased usage of electricity. [1] _____________________________________________________________________________

b Describe a strategy to reduce the amount of fossil fuels people use in the United States. [1] _____________________________________________________________________________

The graph below shows the water levels that result from tidal action over a 24-hour period.

50


152. What was the approximate height of the water on the tide marker at 6 p.m.? A. 4.3 ft B. 5.4 ft C. 8.5 ft D. 11.2 ft

153. Approximately how long does it take to cycle from one new Moon to the next new Moon? A. a day B. a week C. a month D. a year

154. If shell fragments are found in a rock sample, it is most likely that the rock formed A. on a mountain slope B. on a glacier C. from magma D. in shallow water

155. The thin layer of water that covers most of Earth’s surface is called the A. atmosphere B. hemisphere C. lithosphere D. hydrosphere

156. Which term refers to the atmospheric conditions that prevail from season to season and year to year at a certain location?

A. weather B. climate C. equilibrium D. ecosystem

The diagram below shows three stages in the formation of a beach.

157. Which process is mostly responsible for the breaking down of the rock cliff into sand-sized sediment?

A. weathering B. faulting C. foldingD. precipitation

51


The diagram below shows a boy observing a fish located at position B below the surface of the water.The boy sees the fish at position A.

158. The apparent position of the fish is different from the actual position of the fish. What has happened to the light passing through the water to cause this difference?

A. reflection B. absorption C. compressionD. refraction

The map below shows the probable location of some of the continents at one time in the past.

52


159. What feature of the continents best suggests that they were once joined?A. Some continents fit together like puzzle parts.B. Some continents are the same size.C. All continents have mountain ranges.D. All continents contain the same crustal composition.

The diagram below shows two dogs pulling on a rope with constant but unequal forces.

160. In which compass direction will both dogs most likely move?A. east B. west C. northD. south

Base your answers to the following questions on the map below and on your knowledge of science. The map shows the origin of a maritime tropical air mass. The arrow shows the general track of this air mass. New York State is labeled NY.

161. Which temperature and moisture conditions are associated with this air mass?A. cold and dry B. warm and humid C. cold and humid D. warm and dry

53


162. Which factor has the greatest influence on the direction of the air-mass track?A. upper air currents B. ocean currents C. sea breezes D. mountain barriers

163. A common characteristic of sound waves is that they A. are created by vibrations B. travel in straight lines toward the source C. travel fastest through empty space D. move at the speed of light

164. Energy from the Sun reaches Earth mainly by the process of A. conduction B. convection C. reflection D. radiation

165. Magnets A and B are of equal magnetic strength. In which position will magnets A and B have the greatest attractive force toward each other?

The illustration below shows a student approaching the door to a building.

54


166. Which two simple machines are being used to enable the student to reach the door?A. inclined plane and pulley B. lever and wheel-and-axle C. pulley and lever D. wheel-and-axle and inclined plane

167. Which graph correctly shows the effect of heat energy on the motion of molecules of matter?

168. The tiny particles that make up all matter are called A. genes B. atoms C. minerals D. cells

The diagram below shows a spring scale being used to weigh a 100-gram mass.

55


169. Which diagram best represents the correct reading for the same spring scale being used to weigh a 200-gram mass?

The diagram below shows the relative wavelengths for several types of electromagnetic energy.

170. Which type of electromagnetic energy has a shorter wavelength than ultraviolet waves?A. visible light B. microwaves C. x raysD. infrared light

171. Plastic is used to cover the copper wires in the power cords of appliances because plastic differs from copper in

A. density B. hardness C. phase at room temperature D. electrical conductivity

172. Which energy source is considered a nonrenewable resource? A. solar B. wind C. moving water D. fossil fuel

56


173. A television set changes electrical energy to sound and light energy. In this process, some energy isA. created B. destroyed C. changed to matter D. changed to heat

174. To provide energy for the work that cells do, all cells needA. chloroplasts B. nutrients C. atmospheric nitrogen D. carbon dioxide

175. Cells are to tissues as tissues are to A. microbes B. organs C. systems D. bacteria

176. Which group is made up of organisms that are all members of the same kingdom? A. cat, frog, and mushroom B. mold, bacteria, and apple tree C. grass, worm, and shark D. fern, rose bush, and corn plant

177. When a person breathes, the lungs absorb oxygen, which is used by cells to carry out the process of A. respiration B. secretion C. photosynthesis D. excretion

178. Running is an activity that causes the cells in the muscular system to use oxygen at a faster rate. Which system responds by delivering more oxygen to these cells?

A. digestive B. nervous C. circulatory D. endocrine

179. The cross section below shows sedimentary rock layers containing fossils.

57


Assuming that these rock layers have not been overturned, which fossil is in the layer that was formed most recently?

180. The diagram below shows how a frog develops. A fertilized egg hatches into a tadpole with gills. The tadpole develops legs and lungs and becomes an adult frog.

What is the term for this series of changes during the life cycle of the frog?A. fertilization B. reproduction C. mutationD. metamorphosis

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram represents a pond community containing a variety of plants and animals.

181. Why are the fish able to survive in the pond? A. The fish use carbon dioxide produced by the plants. B. The fish use oxygen produced by the plants. C. The plants use oxygen produced by the fish. D. The plants use chlorophyll produced by the fish.

58


182. The main source of energy for this pond community is the A. plants B. Sun C. pond water D. animals

183. A new variety of tomato is better tasting and can be stored longer than other tomato varieties. This new tomato is produced by placing additional gene segments into the cells of the tomato plant. This process is known as

A. genetic engineering B. selective breeding C. natural selection D. sexual reproduction

184. Which human body systems are directly involved in reflex actions, such as knee jerk, blinking, and jumping when startled?

A. circulatory and respiratory B. digestive and excretory C. nervous and muscular D. reproductive and skeletal

185. In a one-celled organism, cell division is responsible for A. growth and maintenance B. sexual reproduction C. asexual reproduction D. production of sex cells

186. In which human body system are hormones produced? A. respiratory B. endocrine C. nervous D. digestive

Base your answers to the following questions on the food web below and your knowledge of science.

59


187. What is the role of the foxes in this food web? A. carnivore B. decomposer C. herbivore D. producer

188. Which organisms in this food web are omnivores? A. birds B. carrots C. grasshoppers D. rabbits

189. Which statement would be true if the owl population disappeared? A. The mouse population would increase. B. The carrot population would increase. C. The fox population would decrease. D. The rabbit population would decrease.

190. A new yeast cell is sometimes produced from a single parent by a process called budding. The process of budding is best described as

A. sexual reproduction, with genetically identical offspring B. sexual reproduction, with genetically different offspring C. asexual reproduction, with genetically identical offspring D. asexual reproduction, with genetically different offspring

191. When do organs begin to develop in humans? A. in the sperm cell before fertilization B. before fertilization and after birth C. in the egg cell after fertilization D. after fertilization and before birth

192. Which illustration is an example of a multicellular organism?

A. hydra B. euglena C. parameciumD. ameba

60


193. The vast variety of different traits found in humans results from A. intensive training and education B. sexual reproduction and mutations C. exercise and conditioning D. birth defects and recessive genes

194. Which body system is responsible for the elimination of liquid and gaseous wastes?A. nervous B. skeletal C. excretory D. digestive

195. Which factor has the least effect on a person’s metabolism? A. exerciseB. intelligence C. hormones D. diet

196. Which of the four terms below includes the other three terms? A. community B. ecosystem C. population D. individual

61


Base your answers to the following questions on the cross section below and on your knowledge of science. The cross section shows the heat flow and movement of some material within Earth, causing sections of Earth’s crust (plates) to move.

197. How does the temperature of Earth’s crust compare to the temperature of Earth’s interior? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

198. Name two geologic features or events that might result from the movement of crustal plates. [2]

(1) ______________________________________________________________________

(2) ______________________________________________________________________

199. How does the thickness of Earth’s oceanic crust compare to the thickness of the continental crust? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

62


Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below and on the data table. The graph shows the amounts of three solid solutes that will dissolve in 100 grams of water at various temperatures.

200. Using the graphed data, describe the relationship between the temperature of the water and the amount of solute that will dissolve. [1]

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________ The data table shows the solubility of a fourth solid solute, KBr, in 100 grams of water at various temperatures.Solubility of KBr

Temperature of Water (ºC)

Grams of KBr SoluteThat Will Dissolve in

100 Grams of Water0 5320 6540 7660 88

63


80 95100 104

201. Using the data in the table, construct a line graph on the grid below to illustrate the solubility of KBr.Follow the directions below.

a Use an X to plot the location of each point on the data table. [1]

b Connect the Xs with a line. [1]

c Label this line KBr. [1]

Base your answers to the following questions on the map below and on your knowledge of science. The map shows earthquake activity in and around the United States. Earthquake activity is indicated by dots.

64


202. State one reason that there are more earthquakes in the western section of the area shown on the map. [1]

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

203. According to the map, what is the latitude and longitude of the location at letter X? [Your answer must include a value, unit, and direction for each.] [2]

Latitude: _____________

Longitude: _____________

204. List two actions that residents of the west coast might include in an earthquake emergency preparedness plan. [2]

(1) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(2) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

65


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below. The diagram shows Earth’s revolution around the Sun as viewed from space. Positions A, B, C, and D represent the beginning of each season on Earth.

205. State one reason that Earth has seasons. [1]

______________________________________________________________________________

206. If Earth were at position D, how much time would it take to return to position D? [1]

________________________________________________

207. Which season begins in the Northern Hemisphere when Earth is at position A? [1]

The diagram below uses letters A, B, C, and D to represent processes occurring in a water cycle.

66


208. In the chart below, identify the process that is occurring at each letter in the diagram. Select the process from the list below. [2] Processes condensation

evaporationprecipitationrunoff

Letter Process That Is OccuringA B C D

209. A student is given a mixture of salt, sand, and iron filings. Explain two laboratory methods that the student could use to physically separate some of these substances. [2]

(1) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(2) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

210. In the diagram below, the letters A, B, and C represent three identical satellites and their relative distances from Earth as seen from space.

a. Which satellite would experience the strongest pull of Earth’s gravity? [1] ___________________

b. State a scientific principle that explains your answer in part a. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

67


__________________________________________________________________________

c. Predict what might happen to satellite B if the forces acting on it become unbalanced. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

The Punnet square below represents the result of the cross between two tall pea plants. All of the resulting offspring were tall.

211. Identify two offspring from the Punnet square that could produce short pea plants if they were crossed.Explain your answer. [2]

Offspring: __________x__________

Explanation: __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

212. The table below provides some information about common plant cell structures and their functions. In the table, there are three blank spaces. Fill in the three blank spaces by writing the name of the plant cell structure that performs the function described. [3]Plant Cell Structures and Their Functions

Plant Cell Structure FunctionCell membrane Allows substances to enter and leave the cell Directs the cell's activities including reproduction Captures energy from sunlight to make food Protects and supports the cells

Cytoplasm Allows the movement of materials around the celland supports other cell structures

Vacuole Stores food, water, and waste

68


Base your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of science.

213. A company built a paper plant on 90 acres of land in a local community. The company employs 800 people and uses local timber to make the paper.

a Describe a situation that might harm the environment as the company operates its paper plant. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

b Describe a way that the company might prevent this damage to the environment in the future. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

214. What is the term given to the substances produced by the paper industry that are harmful to organisms? [1]

___________________________________________

215. In 1990, there was just one farmhouse on a square kilometer of land. The land was sold to a developer who planned to build a total of 20 houses. While some of the houses were being built, a scientist collected the data in the table below.

Year Number of Rabbitsper km2

Number of Housesper km2

1990 75 11991 72 21992 64 31993 60 51994 56 81995 51 101996 46 131997 35 141998 29 161999 21 16

a The last four houses were built in the year 2000. Based on the data in the table, predict what happened to the number of rabbits in the year 2000. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

bExplain how you arrived at this prediction. [1]

69


__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a model of sexual reproduction. The lines in each cell represent genetic material (chromosomes).

216. Which letter in the diagram represents a female sex cell? [1] ______________________

217. Which process is occurring at C? [1] _________________________________________________

218. What evidence in the diagram shows that sexual reproduction occurred? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the chart below and on your knowledge of science. Each food in the chart is a particularly good source of the nutrient listed.

Nutrient Food Sourceprotein fishcarbohydrate orange juicefat olive oil

219. Which nutrient listed in the chart is primarily responsible for growth and repair in the human body? [1]

___________________________________________

220. Which food source listed in the chart would provide a quick source of energy for the cells of the body? [1]

70


__________________________________________________________________________ 221. The diagram below shows the rock cycle in Earth’s crust. Use this rock cycle diagram to fill in the rock types and method of formation that have been left blank in the chart below. [3]

Rock Type Method of Formation melting and solidification depostion, compaction, and cementationMetamorphic

222. The items listed below were found in a science classroom. • a heart made of plastic with many of its parts labeled • clay formed to look like Earth and other planets • a giant plastic plant cell with removable cell parts

These items are all examples ofA. models B. experiments C. variables D. controls

223. Which of the organisms shown below consists of only one cell?

71


A. pine tree B. ameba C. mushroomD. earthworm

224. What is the main function of the circulatory system?A. secrete enzymes B. digest proteins C. produce hormones D. transport materials

225. Infectious diseases are caused byA. allergies B. vitamin deficiencies C. chemical spills D. microorganisms

226. If a species is no longer able to reproduce, it willA. adapt to its environment B. become immune to disease C. become extinct D. increase its population

The diagram below represents a magnified view of an air sac in the human lung. The white arrows indicate blood flow.

227. Which two systems are interacting in this diagram?A. skeletal and muscularB. nervous and endocrine

72


C. reproductive and digestiveD. respiratory and circulatory

The diagram below represents a bean seed that has been cut in half to show its various structures.

228. Which letter represents the stored food that the new plant will use for early development?A. A B. B C. CD. D

Base your answers to the following questions on the drawings of bird feet and the dichotomous key below.

73


229. Bird B is correctly identified as A. a cormorant B. a duck C. an eagle D. a jacana

230. What is a common feature of both the eagle and the kingfisher? A. claws large B. claws curved C. three toes webbed together D. four toes webbed together

231. Which graph best represents the relationship between the amount of pollutants in the air and the quality of the air?

74


The eyes of the owl and the rabbit shown in the diagram below give each animal a different advantage. The front-facing owl eyes allow the bird to accurately judge distance when swooping in on prey. The side-facing rabbit eyes allow the animal to detect the motion of possible predators.

232. The specialized eye types of these animals are examples ofA. disruptions of the natural balanceB. the interdependence of living thingsC. adaptations for survival under certain conditionsD. involuntary responses to stimuli

233. Which disease is a result of abnormal cell division? A. AIDS B. cancer C. chicken pox

75


D. common cold

234. A change in the environment that causes a response is known as a A. stimulus B. habit C. reflex D. source

235. The energy obtained from food is measured in units called A. watts B. Calories C. degrees D. pounds

236. As the population of small fish in a lake decreases, the population of large fish that depend on the small fish for food will

A. reproduce faster B. begin to produce their own food C. decrease in number D. increase in number

The diagram below shows a student making a wet-mount slide.

237. Why should the student make sure the edge of the coverslip touches the drop of water before setting the coverslip onto the slide?

A. to increase evaporationB. to reduce air bubblesC. to clean the slideD. to prevent the coverslip from breaking

238. Beaver dams can cause floods. This statement shows how

A. animal growth is affected by environmental conditions B. animal behavior may affect the environment C. an animal’s health depends on its environment D. an animal’s development depends on its environment

76


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below. The diagram shows the offspring of a white mouse and a gray mouse. All of the offspring are gray.

239. Which is a correct gene combination for the parents shown in the diagram? A. GG × GG B. gg × gg C. gg × GGD. Gg × Gg

240. If two gray (Gg) mice mated, what percent of their offspring would have pure white fur?A. 25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100%

The diagrams below show the plant communities present in the same area at different times over a 200-year period following a forest fire.

241. What is the correct sequence of these plant communities following the forest fire? A. B → A → D → C B. B → C → D → A C. B → D → C → A D. B → A → C → D

77


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram below shows some relationships within a natural community.

242. Which statement best explains the relationships shown? A. Water changes over time to a nonrenewable resource. B. Living things exchange materials with their environment. C. Minerals recycle the dead materials in the environment. D. Living things produce other living things.

243. Which process produces oxygen that is released into the atmosphere? A. respiration B. locomotion C. excretion D. photosynthesis

The weather map below shows the locations of a warm and a cold front over part of North America.

78


244. The numbered lines on the weather map connect locations with the same A. wind direction B. wind speed C. air temperature D. air pressure

245. Which graph best represents the relative distance between the particles of most substances in their solid, liquid, and gas states?

79


246. Which scientific model could be used to predict the properties of an element? A. closed loop system B. Punnett squareC. Periodic Table D. water cycle chart

Base your answers to the following questions on the chart below, which shows various data collected and predicted for Albany, New York, on March 9, 2001.

247. The chart shows information about Moon phases, times of sunrise and sunset, and A. climate patterns B. local weather conditions

80


C. seasonal changes D. global warming

248. Which diagram correctly shows the position of the Moon with respect to Earth on March 9, 2001?

249. Which instrument dial shows a correct air pressure reading for Albany, New York, for this date and time?

81


The diagram below shows a ball held in place by two blocks. The diameter (width) of the ball is shown between the two blocks.

250. What is the diameter of the ball?A. 6.0 cmB. 8.0 cmC. 14.0 cmD. 17.0 cm

The diagram below shows Earth as viewed from space.

251. Which season is occurring in the Northern Hemisphere? A. summer B. autumnC. winter D. spring

252. A chemical property of a mineral is evident if the mineral A. breaks easily when struck with a hammer B. bubbles when acid is placed on it C. is easily scratched by a fingernail D. reflects light from its surface

82


The bold line on the map below shows the San Andreas Fault.

253. The San Andreas Fault is the result ofA. overpopulationB. a large glacierC. weathering and erosionD. crustal plate movement

254. Four identical sand castles are shown below. Which sand castle will most likely be eroded fastest by the wind?

83


The diagram below shows a boulder rolling down a hill into a valley and then up the opposite hill.

255. At which position does the boulder have the greatest kinetic energy? A. A B. B C. C D. D

Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below, which shows the solubility (amount that will dissolve in 100 grams of water) of three substances at various water temperatures.

256. Which statement is a correct interpretation of the data in the graph? A. As water temperature increases, solubility decreases. B. As water temperature increases, solubility increases. C. As water temperature increases, solubility increases and then decreases. D. As water temperature increases, solubility decreases and then increases.

84


257. As the water temperature is increased from 30°C to 70°C, how many more grams of substance A will dissolve in 100 grams of water?

A. 20 g B. 40 g C. 50 g D. 90 g

258. City administrators can encourage energy conservation by A. lowering parking fees B. building larger parking lots C. decreasing the cost of gasoline D. lowering the cost of bus and subway fares

259. The diagram below shows a light ray.

In this diagram, the light ray is being A. transmitted B. absorbed C. reflected D. refracted

The picture below shows a ringing bell inside a vacuum jar.

85


260. As air is pumped from the vacuum jar, the sound level of the ringing bell will decrease until it can no longer be heard. This happens because air must be present in the jar in order for

A. sound to be transferred B. electricity to flow through the wires C. the rubber to seal the jar D. the bell clanger to vibrate

261. Which two factors determine the gravitational attraction between two objects? A. time and temperature B. shape and orbital speed C. color and hardness D. mass and distance apart

The diagram below shows a pinwheel rotating above a lit candle. The arrows indicate the direction of air flow.

262. Which energy transformation is best shown in this diagram? A. heat to mechanical B. mechanical to light C. sound to heat D. heat to sound

The diagram below shows four objects and their orbits around the Sun, as seen from space.

86


263. Which statement is true about all of the objects shown in the diagram? A. They produce their own light. B. They belong to our solar system. C. They are composed mostly of gases. D. They are the same distance from the Sun.

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagrams below and your knowledge of science. The diagrams show liquid water changing to water vapor in four different situations.

264. Which observation would be evidence that the water is undergoing a phase change? A. Waves form on the top of the pond. B. Water soaks into the wet sand. C. The water splashes out of the swimming pool. D. The water level in the glass of water decreases.

87


265. How is heat energy transferred within the liquid water in the pond? A. compound formation B. convection currents C. chemical reactionsD. nuclear reactions

The drawing below shows a person about to lift a book using a ruler and pencil.

267. This drawing illustrates an example of which simple machine? A. gear B. pulley C. balanceD. lever

Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below. The graph shows the results of an experiment that tested the effect of time on the growth of a plant. A student measured the height of several plants for ten weeks and determined the average height. The results are shown in the graph below.

88


268. Identify one variable that should be held constant during this experiment. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

269. According to the graph, what will the average height of the plants be at week 11 if growth continues at the same rate as in weeks 8 through 10? [1]

_____________ cm

Base your answers to the following questions on the partial food web below and on your knowledge of science.

89


270. How are the feeding relationships of the mice different from the feeding relationships of the other organisms in this food web? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

271. Explain this statement: The energy for all the organisms in this food web can be traced back to the Sun. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

272. Give an example of a carnivore, a producer, and an herbivore shown in this food web. [3]

Carnivore: ________________________________

Producer: ________________________________

Herbivore: ________________________________

The diagrams below show the life cycles of a grasshopper and a butterfly.

90


273. Describe one difference in the pattern of development of the grasshopper and the pattern of development of the butterfly shown in the diagrams. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the laboratory procedure described below and on your knowledge of science.

274. Explain why the baby rat was identical to its mother. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

275. A different female laboratory rat gave birth to several babies after being fertilized with sperm. Explain why these babies will not be genetically identical to the mother. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

91


__________________________________________________________________________

The diagram below shows several organs in the human digestive system.

276. Explain two ways that food is changed as it passes through the digestive system. [2]

(1) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

(2) __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________ ]The diagram below shows a bean plant.

92


277. Complete the chart below by identifying the three structures labeled A, B, and C. Identify one function of each structure. [3]

Letter Plant Structure Function of StructureA B C

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a cell with some basic cell structures labeled.

278. Identify two structures labeled in the diagram, other than the large vacuole, that indicate this cell is a plant cell. [1]

93


(1) ______________________________________

(2) ______________________________________

279. Which hereditary material in the nucleus of the cell is responsible for passing traits on to the next generation? [1]

_______________________________________________


Maintaining a constant body temperature, no matter what the temperature of its surroundings, is a condition that needs to be balanced in many organisms. This ability is important to the organism’s survival. These organisms have many different body structures and behaviors that help maintain a constant body temperature.

280. Humans sweat when they are in the hot sun. How does sweating help humans to maintain a constant body temperature? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

281. Foxes living in different parts of the world have different-sized ears. The arctic fox, which lives in cold climates, has small ears. The desert fox, which lives in hot climates, has large ears. How does ear size help each of these foxes to maintain a constant body temperature? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________


A student determined that shaking a container of sand caused the temperature of the sand to rise. The student then performed a new experiment to see if shaking a container of pebbles would cause the temperature of the pebbles to rise.

282. Explain why the shaking caused the temperature of the sand to rise. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

94


283. Write a hypothesis for the new experiment. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

284. Identify the dependent (responding) variable in the new experiment. [1]

_________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the partial map of the State of Wyoming below. The locations of Casper and Rawlins, Wyoming, are shown.

285. Explain why sunrise in Casper, Wyoming, occurs 4 minutes earlier than sunrise in Rawlins, Wyoming. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

286. On the map above, place an X to represent the location of Medicine Bow, Wyoming, (42° N, 106° W). [1]

287. The diagram below shows three bar magnets. The south and north poles have been labeled S and N on magnet A. The lines between each magnet show how iron filings line up when sprinkled around the magnets.

95


a On the magnets shown, place an S in each circle that is a south pole and an N in each circle that is a north pole. [1]

b State the scientific reasoning you used to label the poles. [1]__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the map below, which shows the depth of water, in meters, for a portion of the Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity of Galveston, Texas.

288. An isoline connects points of equal value. On the map, draw the complete 15-meter isoline to show the depth of the Gulf of Mexico shown on the map. Your 15-meter isoline should extend from point A to point B. These points are circled on the map. [1]

289. Explain why the gulf sides of Galveston Island and Bolivar Peninsula have smoother coastlines than their inland coastlines. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

96


__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the illustration below and on your knowledge of science. The illustration shows a number of activities happening on a sunny day.

290. What is the original source of energy for all these activities? [1]

____________________________________________

291. Identify one activity in the diagram that requires the use of fossil fuels. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

292. Identify one renewable resource shown in the diagram. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

97


293. An energy transformation occurs when one form of energy is changed to another. Fill in the spaces below to describe an energy transformation that occurs as the children play baseball. [1]

________________________________ is changed to ________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on information below and on your knowledge of science.

Equal-sized pieces of aluminum were placed in test tubes containing equal volumes of acid, at different temperatures. The temperature of the acid in test tube A is 5°C. The temperature of the acid in test tube B is 20°C.

294. What observation would indicate that a chemical reaction is taking place in the test tubes? [1] __________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

295. What effect does the temperature of the acid have on the rate at which the reaction progresses? [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

296. Identify two actions the student could take to increase the reaction rate in the test tubes. [2]

(1) ________________________________________________________________________

(2) ________________________________________________________________________

98



A student adds a mixture of oil, sand, and salt to a beaker of water and stirs. The student stops stirring and observes that the salt is no longer visible, the oil floats to the top, and the sand sinks to the bottom of the beaker.

297. Explain why the oil floats after the stirring stops. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

298. Explain why the salt is no longer visible after the stirring stops. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

299. Identify one way to remove the sand from the mixture in the beaker. [1]

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

A plant cell and an animal cell are shown below.

300. Which conclusion can be made from these diagrams? A. Plant and animal cells interact to make new organisms. B. Plant and animal cells are similar in the way they grow and divide. C. Animal cells require oxygen to release the energy stored in food while plant cells do not. D. Nerve cells are present in plant and animal cells.

301. Organisms are classified as insects based on their A. method of reproduction B. internal and external structures

99


C. natural habitat D. form of communication

302. Nutrients from digested food enter the blood stream through the process of A. absorption B. elimination C. respiration D. secretion

303. The kidneys, which remove dissolved wastes from the blood, are organs of the A. endocrine system B. excretory system C. skeletal system D. nervous system

304. Which two systems of a rabbit's body must be working together for the rabbit to run away from a fox?

A. digestive and endocrine B. reproductive and nervous C. muscular and skeletal D. excretory and respiratory

305. In which process is oxygen used to release the energy stored in food? A. photosynthesis B. respiration C. digestion D. reproduction

306. Chromosome is to nucleus as DNA is to A. cytoplasm B. gene C. cell membrane D. chloroplast

307. In sexual reproduction, what fraction of genes does each parent contribute to the offspring?A. 1/4B. 1/3C. 1/2D. 3/4

308. The fur of a snowshoe rabbit changes to white during the winter. This change is an example of

A. adaptation B. competition C. metamorphosis D. metabolism

100


309. The male sex cell is the A. egg B. ovary C. sperm D. testes

The diagram below gives information about carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.

310. What is the name of the process represented in this diagram that produces the oxygen? A. photosynthesis B. metamorphosis C. respiration D. fertilization

The drawing below shows a woodpecker using its long, sharp beak to obtain insects.

311. What factor might contribute to the extinction of this species of woodpecker? A. a new source of food B. an overabundance of trees

101


C. the use of pesticides in the forest D. an increase in the population of insects

312. Which condition is the result of abnormal cell division? A. cancer B. pregnancy C. infection D. extinction

313. Which process gives rise to a variety of traits within a species? A. sexual reproduction B. dynamic equilibrium C. cellular respiration D. internal regulation

314. In multicellular organisms, cell division is required for growth and A. circulation B. locomotion C. repairD. respiration

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below, which shows many organisms in a food web.

315. One type of organism in this web that represents a producer is A. rabbits B. grasses C. trout

102


D. snakes

316. Which organisms obtain energy for growth and development directly from the Sun? A. caterpillars B. hawks C. frogs D. bean plants

317. According to this food web, which organisms are herbivores? A. caterpillars B. foxes C. hawks D. snakes

318. Which organism correctly completes the food web at A? A. horses B. mice C. bacteria D. trees

319. Which process is illustrated in the diagram below?

A. natural selection B. mutation C. metamorphosis D. photosynthesis

320. Fats are important nutrients because they A. provide genetic information B. contain stored energy C. are used in photosynthesis D. maintain bone density

321. Which factor contributes to global warming? A. increased use of solar-powered cars B. increased burning of fossil fuels C. better long-term weather forecasts D. changing distance between Earth and the Sun

The diagram below shows a portion of the solar system as seen from space.

103


322. For which object is the lighted surface shown incorrectly? A. Moon B. Mercury C. Venus D. Earth

The diagram below shows a rock sample and an identification key.

323. This rock sample would best be classified as A. volcanic B. sedimentary C. metamorphic D. igneous

324. Oceans, glaciers, lakes, and rivers are part of Earth’s A. atmosphere B. hemisphere C. hydrosphere D. lithosphere

104


The diagram below shows the water cycle.

325. Which letter represents the process of evaporation?A. AB. BC. CD. D

326. Convection currents in Earth’s mantle are believed to be responsible for A. ocean currents B. crustal plate movements C. climatic changes D. uneven surface heating

327. Water vapor changes to liquid water during which process? A. dissolving B. melting C. evaporation D. condensation

328. Skiers often wear sunglasses while they are skiing because snow A. radiates light B. absorbs light C. conducts light D. reflects light

105


A student drew the pictures below to show how the Moon looked from Earth over a two-week period.

329. The differences shown in the student’s drawings are mostly due to the changing A. distance between Earth and the Moon B. speed of the Moon in its orbit C. position of the Moon in its orbit D. position of the observer on Earth

330. In which diagram are the layers of Earth correctly labeled?

106


The map below indicates the possible location of some of Earth’s continents in the past.

331. Which evidence best supports the idea that the landmasses on Earth were once in these positions?

A. North America and India have matching mountain chains. B. Madagascar and India have similar shapes. C. Matching rock layers can be found in Africa and South America. D. Bedrock in Australia and Greenland have glacier scratches.

107


The chart below compares three types of rocks. The first column gives the rock classification.

332. Which heading best describes the information provided in the second column?

A. Minerals in Rocks B. Method of Rock Formation C. The Value of Rocks D. The Time Rocks Take to Form

333. Earth’s weather is primarily caused by the A. drifting of Earth’s crustal plates B. gravitational attraction of the Moon C. uneven heating of Earth’s surface D. changing distance between Earth and the Sun

The graph below shows the solubility of two different chemical compounds.

334. Compared to copper sulfate, approximately how many more grams of potassium bromide would dissolve at 90°C?

A. 20 B. 40 C. 60 D. 80

Rock Classification ??? Igneous melting and solidification of magma Sedimentary mechanical, chamical, or organic processes Metamorphic heat and/or pressure

108


The diagram below shows a stationary cart on a frictionless surface. Two unequal opposing forces are about to be applied to the cart.

335. If the unequal opposing forces are applied to the cart at the same time, what will occur?A. The cart will move to the left. B. The cart will move to the right. C. The cart will alternate between moving left and right. D. The cart will remain stationary.

Some common substances and their chemical formulas are listed in the chart below. Substance Formula Carbonic acid H2CO3

Oxygen O2

Hydrochloric acid HCl Carbon dioxide CO2

Water H2O Helium He

336. Which of these substances are elements? A. hydrochloric acid and carbonic acid B. carbon dioxide and water C. oxygen and helium D. water and oxygen

The diagram below shows Earth as seen from space. Letters A through D are locations on Earth’s surface.

337. When Earth is in this position, which location would experience the greatest number of daylight hours?

A. A B. B C. C

109


D. D 338. A substance has a freezing point of –38°C and a boiling point of 356°C. At what temperature would this substance be in its liquid state?

A. –100°CB. –50°C C. 80°CD. 375°C

The diagram below shows the steps necessary to produce the energy needed to run a hair dryer.

339. As it moves from location A to location D in the diagram, the energy stored in the coal A. is converted to solar energy B. reduces the friction in the hair dryer C. is recycled D. is transformed

110


The map below shows some geologic features located near the west coast of the United States.

340. The arrows on either side of the fault represent A. volcanic eruptions B. rock formations C. the relative movement of air masses D. the relative movement of tectonic plates

The illustration below shows an example of energy changing forms.

341. Which changes in energy form are illustrated in the diagram? A. electrical → sound → light and mechanical B. sound → mechanical → light and electrical C. mechanical → light → sound and electrical D. light → electrical → mechanical and sound

111


The diagram below shows some ways in which groundwater can be affected by humans.

342. Which statement is best supported by the diagram? A. Chemicals applied by farmers lower the level of pollution in drinking water. B. Drinking water can become polluted from unsuspected sources. C. Human activities do not affect groundwater. D. Toxic waste is safe if buried below the level of the basements of nearby homes.

The cartoon below shows a humorous view of a law of motion.

343. Which statement best summarizes the scientific concept shown in the cartoon? A. A falling body accelerates at a constant speed. B. The motion of an object is constantly changing due to magnetic forces. C. The force of friction causes an object in motion to move faster. D. A body in motion will remain in motion unless influenced by an outside force.

112


The pie chart below compares the amounts of energy from different sources used in the United States each year.

344. Which two energy sources together provide more than 50% of the energy needs of the United States?

A. nuclear and natural gas B. hydropower and oil C. oil and coal D. natural gas and coal

345. A student goes skateboarding a few times a week. The student notices that she can go faster while skating on some level surfaces than on others. She hypothesizes that speed has something to do with the surface she is skating on. The student wants to design an experiment to test this hypothesis.

a. Identify the independent (manipulated) variable in the experiment.

______________________________________________________________________________

b. Identify the dependent (responding) variable in the experiment.

______________________________________________________________________________

c. Identify two factors that will need to be held constant in the experiment.

(1)_____________________________________________________________________

(2) _____________________________________________________________________

113


346. The diagrams in the first column of the chart below show various forms of reproduction. In the second column, circle the form of reproduction (asexual or sexual) shown by each of the diagrams.

114


Base your answers to the following questions on the Punnett square below, which shows a cross between two tall pea plants (Tt × TT).

347. What percentage of the offspring will grow tall? _____________________________

348. According to the Punnett square, what is the probability of an offspring inheriting two tall genes? (Express your answer as a fraction or percentage.) _____________________________

349. Explain why both parent plants are tall, even though their genes for height are not exactly the same.

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

115


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagrams below, which show a system in a human and a system in a plant.

350. Select one structure labeled in the human system above and explain how it contributes to the way the human system functions.

Human Structure: _______________________________________________________________

Explanation: _________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

351. Select one structure labeled in the plant system above and explain how it contributes to the way the organism functions.

Plant Structure: __________________________________________________________

Explanation: _____________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

116


The diagram below illustrates a geranium leaf that has been partially covered with black paper for three days.

352. When the black paper is removed, the area that was covered by the paper has turned white. The white section of the leaf tests negative for the presence of sugar and the green section tests positive for the presence of sugar. Explain why the white and green sections of the leaf have different sugar test results.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

117


353. The illustration below shows a solid metal ball and a ring before and after heat is applied to the metal ball. Before heat is applied, the metal ball passes easily through the ring. After heat is applied, the metal ball does not pass through the ring.

a. What evidence shows that a physical change took place in the metal ball?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain why heating the metal ball caused this physical change.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c. Explain why this is not evidence of a chemical change.

______________________________________________________________________________

118


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below. The diagram shows the relative strengths of the gravitational force for planets of different masses. The size of each planet represents the planet's relative mass. The arrow length indicates the relative amount of gravitational pull that each planet would exert on an astronaut in space.

354. What is the relationship between the mass of the planets and the relative strength of their gravitational pull?______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

355. Which three planets shown have less gravitational pull than Earth?

(1) ________________________________

(2) ________________________________

(3) ________________________________

119


356. The drawings on the top row of the chart below represent water in its three phases (solid, liquid, and gas) in open containers. Complete this chart by filling in the answers that correspond to the drawing at the top of each column and the question in each row. Make sure you fill in an answer in every empty box.

120


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram and information below.

A student made a rocket balloon using an inflated balloon, a straw, a long piece of string, two poles, and some tape. It looked similar to the diagram below.

357. On the diagram above draw and label arrows to show the motion of the air and the motion of the balloon that would occur when the student releases the inflated balloon.

358. Why is marking the starting position important if the student wants to calculate the average speed of the balloon?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

359. How would taping a coin (adding mass) to the balloon affect the overall motion of the balloon?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

360. If the string were extremely long, what would eventually happen to the motion of the balloon? Explain why.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

121


Base your answers to the following questions on the graph below, which shows average yearly temperatures for Earth from 1900 to 1990.

361. Describe what happened to the average yearly temperature on Earth from 1970 to 1990. Give one possible reason why this change occurred.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

362. What was the lowest average yearly temperature in the period of time shown?_________oF

363. In which 10-year time interval did the average yearly temperature show both an increase and a decrease?Circle the correct answer. 1915–1925 1925–1935 1945–1955 1975–1985

122


Base your answers to the following questions on the information and on the diagram below.

A student set up the experiment below to learn about plant growth. The student added a different amount of water to four identical containers, each containing four seeds in 100 cubic centimeters of soil. All of the containers were placed in the same sunny location.

364. State a hypothesis being tested in this experiment.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

a. Identify one variable that is being held constant in this experiment.

______________________________________________________________________________

b. Explain why this variable needs to be held constant.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

123


Base your answers to the following questions on the information and chart below.

The chart below shows temperature readings recorded every minute while a substance was being heated at a constant rate. The material was a solid before heating and a hot liquid after 7 minutes of heating. Time (min) Temp (ºC)0 221 352 533 534 535 536 587 65

365. Construct a line graph on the grid provided by following the steps below:

a. Use an X to plot the temperature at each time shown on the chart.

b. Connect the Xs with a solid line.

366. Based on the data, at what temperature did a phase change take place?Circle the correct answer: 35°C 53°C 58°C 65°C

367. Was energy absorbed or released by the material during the phase change from a solid to a liquid?Circle the correct answer: absorbed released

368. What would be an appropriate title for this graph? _________________________________

124



Maintaining a constant body temperature, no matter what the temperature of its surroundings, is a condition that needs to be balanced in many organisms. This ability is important to the organism’s survival. These organisms have many different body structures and behaviors that help maintain a constant body temperature.

369. Whales have a thick layer of blubber (fat) under their skin. How does this blubber help the whales to maintain a constant body temperature?__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

370. Young frogs do not resemble adult frogs. Which term is given to this pattern of development in frogs?

A. asexual reproduction B. cloning C. metamorphosis D. biological adaptation

The streaks in the time-lapse photograph below show the apparent motion of the stars around the North Star during one hour.

371. This apparent motion of the stars can best be explained by Earth’s A. rotation on its axis B. tilted axis C. revolution around the North Star D. changing distance from the North Star

125


372. In addition to oxygen, which gases make up the largest percentage of Earth’s atmosphere?A. hydrogen, helium, and water vapor B. hydrogen, methane, and ozone C. carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen D. carbon dioxide, methane, and helium

The diagram below shows a method for determining a physical property of a mineral. The results are shown for two minerals, galena and calcite.

373. Which property of the galena and calcite is indicated by the color of the powder each leaves on the ceramic tile?

A. streak B. hardness C. reaction to an acid D. reaction to a solvent

374. The wheels and gears of a machine are greased in order to decrease A. potential energy B. efficiency C. output D. friction

375. Weather forecasts are more accurate today than in the past due to A. global warming B. air-quality control C. plate tectonicsD. use of images from space

126


The diagram below shows tilted rock layers. The dashed lines represent missing parts of the rock layers.

376. Which process is most likely responsible for the removal of the missing parts of the rock layers?

A. erosionB. deposition C. earthquakesD. faulting

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below, which shows a model of Earth’s interior.

377. What information did scientists study in order to develop this model? A. recordings of earthquake waves B. locations of recent volcanic activity C. core samples from seafloor drillingsD. fossils found in rocks

378. Many scientists believe that crustal plate movement occurs because of convection cells contained in Earth’s

A. crust B. mantle C. outer core D. inner core

127


379. Rocks are classified as igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary according to A. their color B. their shape C. how they formed D. the minerals they contain

380. Sand and iron particles that are similar in size and color are mixed together in a beaker. What would be the best method of separating the particles?

A. Use tweezers to separate them. B. Use a magnet to separate them. C. Add water to the mixture. D. Pour the mixture into a filter.

381. Which action forms a different chemical substance? A. crushing a rock B. burning a piece of wood C. mixing salt and pepper D. melting an ice cube

The diagram below shows the geometric structure of a molecule of water (H2O).

382. What do the symbols and represent in the model? A. genetic material B. chemical bonds C. cellsD. atoms

128


Base your answers to the following questions on the weather map below, which shows a typical low-pressure system located over part of North America in May. The numbers on the map indicate the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.

383. The fronts shown on the weather map are best described as A. boundaries between different air masses B. boundaries between different wind belts C. areas experiencing clear skies with light winds D. areas experiencing extremely warm air temperatures

384. The symbol (- - - - - - ->) shown on the map best represents A. the probable direction of storm movement for the next 12 hours B. ocean currents moving the storm system toward the east C. convection currents associated with the storm system D. the beginning location of the storm system

129


The data table below shows the mass of an 800-gram block of ice as it melts to a 600-gram block of ice. Data TableTime (minutes)

Mass of Block of Ice(grams)

015304560

800750700650600

385. If the current rate of melting continues, how many more minutes will be required for the 600-gram block of ice to reach a mass of 400 grams?

A. 15 B. 30 C. 45 D. 60

The diagrams below show a natural process that weathers rock.

386. Which statement best explains why this process results in weathering? A. Frozen water acts as a solute. B. Water expands when it freezes. C. The mass of water increases when it freezes. D. Frozen water dissolves most types of rocks.

130


387. Which graph shows that more grams of a substance can be dissolved in water as the water temperature increases?

Letters A, B, C, and D represent locations on a bar magnet.

388. Which location has the greatest magnetic force?A. A B. B C. C D. D

131


The diagram below represents several forms of electromagnetic energy.

389. Which feature best distinguishes one form of electromagnetic energy from another?A. color B. wavelength C. surface temperature D. distance traveled

390. Which instrument could be used to determine the volume of an irregularly shaped solid?

132


The drawings below show four animals.

391. What do all four animals have in common? A. They reproduce asexually. B. They are composed of cells. C. They have similar means of locomotion. D. They have the same internal structures.

392. In humans, a fertilized egg contains 46 chromosomes. Which bar graph best represents the number of chromosomes contained in the sperm and egg before they united to make the fertilized egg?

133


The diagram below shows a microscopic view of a one-celled organism. Four cell structures are labeled.

393. Which statement about the labeled structures is correct? A. They normally can be seen without magnification. B. They can survive outside the cell. C. They help carry on life activities within the cell. D. They cause disease within the cell.

394. In the past, Native American Indians buried dead fish along with corn seeds. This technique was used because the decomposing dead fish would

A. provide nutrients for the growing corn plant B. eliminate the need for weeding around the corn plant C. release oxygen for use by the corn plant D. supply all the water needed by the corn plant

395. Although change in multicellular species usually takes thousands of years, some species of bacteria undergo major changes in just a few years. One reason for this difference is that these bacteria

A. are microscopic B. do not contain DNA C. reproduce very quickly D. cause infectious diseases

134


The diagram below shows a simple microscope. Four parts of the microscope are labeled A, B, C, and D

396. Which part of the microscope is used to bring the image of the object on the slide into focus?

A. A B. B C. C D. D

397. Competition is most likely to occur between which two organisms? A. deer and butterflies B. owls and bacteria C. goldfish and rabbits D. grass and strawberry plants

398. Many cells have a nucleus that contains chromosomes. These chromosomes carry genes that are composed of

A. hormones B. DNA molecules C. minerals and water D. undigested food molecules

135


The diagram below shows a human arm bending at the elbow.

399. Which two body systems most directly cause the arm to bend? A. skeletal and muscular B. reproductive and endocrine C. respiratory and excretory D. nervous and digestive

The illustration below traces the development of the corgi dog over several generations as a result of human activity.

400. This is an example of the human activity calledA. mutation B. genetic engineering C. selective breeding D. natural selection

136


The graph below shows the number of known species in the five kingdoms of living things.

401. Based on the graph, which kingdom contains approximately twice as many known species as the Protista Kingdom?

A. Animalia B. PlantaeC. FungiD. Monera

The diagram below shows three generations of cell division.

402. How many cells should exist in the fourth generation? A. 10 B. 8 C. 6 D. 4

137


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a model of human inheritance.

403. What is this model used to determine? A. the possibility of having twins B. the probability of a trait being passed on C. the rate of mutation D. the production of sex cells

404. What is the genetic makeup of the parents? A. AA and aa B. Aa and Aa C. AA and AA D. aa and aa

Note that this question has only three choices.405. Some microorganisms cause human disease. Other microorganisms are used in making cheese, yogurt, and bread. Based on this information, the relationship between humans and microorganisms can be

A. beneficial, only B. harmful, only C. beneficial or harmful

138


The diagram below shows the head structure of four different birds.

406. The birds’ beaks show how the birds A. compete for the same food in their community B. require different amounts of food for survival C. store food for the winter months D. are adapted to get food from different sources

407. What is the result of cellular respiration? A. Energy for cell processes is released. B. Oxygen is released for photosynthesis. C. Cells undergo decomposition. D. Nutrients are excreted to prevent the buildup of body fat.

408. How do decomposers obtain their food?A. hunting and killing prey for food B. changing carbon dioxide and water into food C. absorbing food from dead organisms D. producing food from oxygen and sunlight

409. Living things are classified as producers or consumers according to A. their speed of movement B. the size of their communities C. how they obtain food D. how they reproduce

139


The diagrams below show changes in a natural community over a period of 200 years.

410. Which process is illustrated in the diagrams? A. ozone depletion B. global warmingC. recycling resourcesD. ecological succession

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows four stages in the development of a human after fertilization.

411. Between stages A and D, which process must occur? A. mutation B. sexual reproductionC. cell division D. extinction

412. Which sequence of development is correct? A. fertilized egg → tissues → organ systems → organs B. fertilized egg → organ systems → organs → tissues C. fertilized egg → organs → tissues → organ systemsD. fertilized egg → tissues → organs → organ systems

140


A student wanted to study the amount of mold growing on pizza at different temperatures. In the experiment, the student set up four identical pans of pizza. Each pan contained the same amount of pizza. The temperatures and light conditions are shown in the data table below.Data Table

Variables Pan 1 Pan 2 Pan 3 Pan 4

Temperature -10ºC 0ºC 15ºC 30ºC

Light conditions kept in darkness kept in bright light kept in darkness kept in bright light

413. One error made in setting up the experiment was that the four pans of pizzaA. were at different temperatures B. were different sizes C. had different ingredients D. received different amounts of light

141


Base your answers to the following questions on the table below and on your knowledge of science. The table shows the location of Hurricane Betsy at 1:00 a.m. on several dates in 1965.

Location of Hurricane Betsy August 29 - September 10, 1965Source: Adapted from The Weather Underground, Inc., “Weather Underground: 1965 Hurricane Archive,” http:\\wunderground.com/Hurricane/at 196503.asp (9/27/02)

414. The locations for August 29 through September 5 have been plotted on the hurricane tracking chart. Plot the five remaining locations of Hurricane Betsy shown on the data table by following the directions below. a. Place an X for each remaining location of Hurricane Betsy from September 6 through September 10.b. Label each X with the appropriate date.c. Connect the Xs using straight lines to show the continuing path of Hurricane Betsy.

415. A student made this entry in her laboratory notebook:

5/5/2005

DateLocation at 1:00 a.m.

Latitude Longitude

August 29 17º C 63º W

30 22º N 65º W

31 23º N 66º W

September 1 22º N 67º W

2 23º N 69º W

3 25º N 72º W

4 27º N 75º W

5 29º N 75º W

6 28º N 76º W

7 26º N 77º W

8 25º N 80º W

9 26º N 85º W

10 30º N 91º W

142


We are doing an experiment to determine if the size of soil particles affects the amount of water that flows through soil. We poured 100 milliliters (mL) of water through four different types of soil. The equipment is shown below.

We got the following results: With gray soil, the average particle size was 2.0 millimeters (mm) and 80 mL of water flowed through. We then used tan soil. Its average particle size was 0.5 mm and 40 mL of water flowed through. With brown soil, 60 mL of water flowed through. Brown soil has an average particle size of 1.5 mm. In our last trial we used black soil. It has an average particle size of 1.0 mm and 50 mL of water flowed through.

a. Using the data table below, organize the results to show the average particle size and the amount of water that flowed through for each type of soil. Be sure to include column headings, data, and units in the table.

Data Table

Solid Color

gray

brown

black

tan

b. What is the dependent (responding) variable in this experiment?

_______________________________________

143


c. What conclusion can be drawn from the data that the students collected?_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the contour map below and on your knowledge of science. The map shows a portion of an island. The elevations shown on the island are in meters (m).

416. What is the elevation of point X? ___________ m

417. Explain how the contour lines shown on the map can be used to determine which area of the island has the steepest slope.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

418. On the map above, shade in the entire area of the island that would be under water if the ocean level rose 40 meters.

Base your answers to the following questions on the information below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a person observing a thunderstorm located several kilometers away. The person hears the thunder several seconds after seeing the lightning.

144


419. Explain how sound travels through the air to the observer.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows the Sun, Earth, and the Moon as seen from a point in space far

145


above Earth’s North Pole. The shaded areas represent darkness. Point X represents a location on Earth’s surface.

420. From Earth, an observer can view the phases of the Moon over time.

a. Circle the phase of the Moon that an observer at X would see when the Sun, Earth, and the Moon are in the positions shown in the diagram above. Assume there is no eclipse at that time.

b. Approximately how long would it be until the Moon is in this phase again?______________

421. Identify one force that keeps Earth in orbit around the Sun.__________________________

422. How long does it take for Earth to make one revolution around the Sun?_______________

Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows a set of materials that a science teacher used to demonstrate motion.

146


The rubber band has been stretched with a string that has been tied to the nail. A weight is resting on the platform. The platform is resting on several round pencils on a tabletop.

423. On the diagram above, draw an arrow to represent the direction the wooden platform will move when the lit match burns through the string and the weight is propelled from the platform.

424. The table below lists four changes to the materials in the diagram. Will the changes cause the distance the wooden platform moves to decrease, increase, or remain the same? For each change in the left column, circle your answer in the right column.

Change to Materials Effect this Change Will Have on theDistance the Wooden Platform Moves

Shorten the string to stretch the rubber band.decreaseincreaseremain the same

Use a wooden platform that has a greater mass.

decreaseincreaseremain the same

Remove the pencils from under the wooden platform.


Use scissors to cut the string instead of burning it with a match.


147


Base your answers to the following questions on the information and cross section below and on your knowledge of science. Icebergs Floating pieces of glacial ice are called icebergs. Huge pieces of glacial ice near a coast may break off and fall into the ocean, as shown in the cross section below. Only about one-tenth of the total iceberg is visible above the surface of the water.

425. Explain why an iceberg floats in the ocean.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

426. Describe one change in the environment that would occur if all the glaciers on Earth melted.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

148


The diagram below shows an activity performed by a student in a classroom.

427. Complete the chart below by identifying one phase change that is occurring at each location. Location Phase Change Occurring

Pan A

Pan B

149


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram shows the Sun and a green plant.

428. Identify one labeled part of the plant that carries on photosynthesis.___________________

429. In addition to sunlight and chlorophyll, what are the two materials that a plant needs to carry on photosynthesis?

(1) ______________________________________

(2) ______________________________________

430. Identify one product that results from the process of photosynthesis.___________________

150


Base your answers to the following questions on the food chain below and on your knowledge of science.

grain → grasshoppers → frogs → snakes → owls → bacteria

431. What represents the flow of energy in this food chain?

______________________________________________________________________________

432. Which organism in this food chain is responsible for recycling nutrients?

_______________________________________

433. State one similarity in the way that snakes and frogs get their energy.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

151


Base your answers to the following questions on the reading passage and diagram below and on your knowledge of science.

Preserved in Amber Sap is a substance secreted by some trees. Many years ago, plants and small animals were caught in the sap on the trees. Sap hardens and turns into a clear substance called amber. The plants or animals are preserved as fossils in the amber. Part of a plant preserved in amber is shown below.

434. Explain why fossils are important to scientists.______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

435. Explain why plant fossils found in amber, such as the one shown, are not usually found in volcanic rocks. ______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

152


Base your answers to the following questions on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science. The diagram represents an ecosystem.

436. Circle the symbol below that shows a community in this model. [1]

437. What is the source of energy for this ecosystem? __________________________________

438. Describe how removing the grass would affect the other living things in this ecosystem.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

153


The diagram below shows a one-celled organism reproducing.

439. This is an example of asexual reproduction. What information in the diagram supports this statement?______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Four different living organisms are shown below.

440. Which statement is true for all of the organisms shown?A. They carry out photosynthesis.B. They are multicellular.C. They contain at least one cell.D. They are consumers.

441. Running to escape danger is an action that requires the nervous system to coordinate the interaction of which two body systems?

A. digestive and endocrineB. muscular and skeletal

154


C. reproductive and excretoryD. circulatory and digestive

The diagrams below show two organisms.

442. How are these two organisms classified?A. same kingdom, different speciesB. same kingdom, same speciesC. different kingdoms, same speciesD. different kingdoms, different species

443. Which system produces most of the hormones in the human body?A. circulatory B. digestive C. endocrineD. respiratory

444. Each body cell of a goldfish contains 94 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are contained in a goldfish sex cell?

A. 23 B. 47C. 94D. 188

155


The diagram below shows a green plant.

445. What is the main function of the plant structure labeled A?A. reproductionB. release of mineralsC. absorption of waterD. support

446. Which unit is used to express the amount of energy in food?A. CalorieB. degree CelsiusC. milliliterD. gram

The drawing below represents a pair of chromosomes.

447. The area labeled "bands" shows the location of

156


A. egg cellsB. sperm cellsC. reproductive hormonesD. specific genes

448. Many cars today are designed to get better gas mileage than those made in the past. This change resulted from a need to

A. recycle materialsB. improve safetyC. produce chemicalsD. conserve resources

449. A scientist crosses two different varieties of corn to produce a single varietythat has traits from both parents. This technique is an example of

A. competitionB. natural selectionC. selective breedingD. ecological succession

450. What is the nutrient source for some fungi?A. sunlight B. oxygen C. carbon dioxideD. dead organisms

451. Which event is the best example of competition between species in a pond environment?A. dragonflies landing on lily padsB. frogs and toads eating fliesC. lizards and snakes lying in the sunD. hawks eating mice

The diagram below shows a cross section of a bean seed.

452. The function of part X in the bean seed is toA. provide protection for the embryoB. provide nutrients for the embryoC. prevent mutations in the plantD. fight off infections in the plant

453. Grasses, shrubs, and trees are called producers because they makeA. water

157


B. carbon dioxide C. mineralsD. food

454. A broken bone heals through the process ofA. adaptation B. mutation C. cell divisionD. chemical digestion

455. Which substance do all living things require to survive?A. blood B. water C. carbon dioxideD. organic soil

456. What advantage does a species that reproduces sexually have over a speciesthat reproduces asexually?

A. There is greater variation among the offspring.B. The offspring are identical to the parents.C. Only one parent is necessary for reproduction.D. No sex cells are needed for reproduction.

457. What are produced in both the male and female reproductive systems in humans?A. sperm B. nutrientsC. fertilized eggsD. sex cells

458. Which life process is shown by the equation below?

A. circulation B. reproduction C. locomotionD. respiration

158


459. Which diagram below represents one type of human tissue? (The diagrams are not drawn to scale.)

460. Which process is shown in the diagram below?

A. evolution B. migration C. photosynthesis

159


D. metamorphosis

The diagram below shows a food web for a community.

461. Which organisms in the diagram are carnivores?A. rabbits and birds B. carrots and grasses C. grasshoppers and miceD. foxes and owls

160


The diagram below shows a material being cycled between the living and nonliving environments.

462. Which material is being cycled?A. carbon dioxide B. nitrogen C. oxygenD. water

463. Which information would probably be most helpful to someone trying to identify a mineral sample?

A. location and mass of the sampleB. shape and texture of the sampleC. hardness and streak of the sampleD. color and size of the sample

464. In which type of rock is the fossil imprint of a fern leaf most likely to be found?A. igneous B. metamorphic C. sedimentaryD. volcanic

465. Studies of earthquake waves have helped scientists determine theA. structure of Earth's interiorB. depth of the oceansC. cause of dinosaur extinctionD. age of Earth

161


466. An object accelerates at 3 meters per second2 when a 10-newton (N) force is applied to it.Which force would cause this object to accelerate at 6 meters per second2?

A. 5 N B. 10 N C. 20 ND. 30 N

467. Which statement would most likely be included in a news report about an approaching hurricane?Open the windows to equalize air pressure.Install snow tires and check the antifreeze in the car radiator.Evacuate low-lying areas near the coast.Expect wind speed to decrease for the next several hours.

468. The surface of Earth is covered mostly byA. solid rock B. molten rock C. iceD. water

469. Part of the east coast of South America and the west coast of Africa have matching fossils within the same series of rock layers. This provides evidence that these two continents were once

A. separated by a much larger oceanB. joined together as one landmassC. located near the North PoleD. in a different hemisphere

162


The diagram below shows a rock suspended above an overflow container filled with water up to the overflow spout. A graduated cylinder is positioned next to the container to collect waterthat comes out of the overflow spout.

470. Which property of the rock can be directly determined when the rock is placed in the overflow container?

A. mass B. density C. volumeD. hardness

471. A sudden change in the weather at a certain location is most likely caused byA. the arrival of an air massB. a severe earthquakeC. a high ocean tideD. an eclipse of the Moon

472. Which process is an example of a physical change?A. wood burning B. iron rusting C. ice meltingD. milk souring

163


473. Which statement best describes the energy changes that occur while a child is riding on a sled down a steep, snow-covered hill?

A. Kinetic energy decreases and potential energy increases.B. Kinetic energy increases and potential energy decreases.C. Both potential energy and kinetic energy decrease.D. Both potential energy and kinetic energy increase.

The graph below shows the heating curve for substance X.

474. At approximately which temperature does a phase change begin?A. 30°CB. -10°C C. 0°CD. 18°C

475. Which example best demonstrates the process of conduction?A. A piece of paper is torn in half.B. Warmed air rises above a lit candle.C. A metal spoon gets warm when used to stir hot soup.D. Sunlight brightens a dark room.

476. All matter is made up ofA. cells B. atoms C. moleculesD. compounds

164


The diagram below shows water being heated in a flask. The flask has a rubber stopper with a glass tube extending through it. The current level of the water in the glass tube is indicated. The temperature of the water is 25°C.

477. If heating continues, the water in the glass tube will most likelyA. turn into a solidB. become more denseC. move into the flaskD. rise higher in the tube

The diagram below shows a metal spoon in a glass of water.

478. Which process causes the metal spoon to appear split or broken?A. absorption B. refraction C. convectionD. reflection

165


The diagram below shows a model of a sample of gas particles at room temperature.

479. Which diagram best shows the results of removing heat from this sample until it freezes?

The diagram below shows a spinning water sprinkler. Water comes through a hose and issprayed by the sprinkler.

480. Which principle best explains why the sprinkler spins?A. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.B. Solid substances are usually more dense than liquid substances.C. Energy is released when water condenses.D. Most substances expand when heated and contract when cooled.

166


481. The gravitational force between the Moon and Earth depends onA. their masses, onlyB. their diameters, onlyC. their masses and how far apart they areD. their diameters and how far apart they are

The diagram below shows a hammer being used by a person to remove a nail from a piece of wood.

482. The hammer is being used as which type of simple machine?A. wheel and axle B. inclined plane C. leverD. pulley

The data table below shows changes in four different measurements as a human develops from birth to adulthood. Each measurement is expressed as a percentage of the adult value.

483. According to the table, which measurement shows the greatest percentage increase from birth to age 5?

A. brain weight B. head size C. heightD. total body weight

167


The diagram below shows the orbit of Halley's Comet around the Sun as viewed from space. Earth's orbit is also shown.

484. The only years shown in which Halley's Comet could be viewed from Earth without the use of a telescope were 1910 and 1986. What is the next year in which Halley's Comet will be visible from the Earth without the use of a telescope?

A. 2010B. 2062C. 2086D. 2110

Three different human cells are shown below.

485. Which process occurs in all of these cells?A. metamorphosis B. locomotion C. reproductionD. photosynthesis

168


486. Which sequence correctly shows the levels of organization for structure and function in a human?

487. Feathers, wings, and the hollow bones of birds are examples ofA. adaptations for flightB. responses to stimuliC. unnecessary body partsD. reproductive structures

The diagram below shows two different organisms, a dog and a cat.

488. Which phrase best describes the classification of these two organisms?A. same kingdom, same speciesB. same kingdom, different speciesC. different kingdoms, different speciesD. different kingdoms, same species

489. Asexually produced offspring are geneticallyA. identical to the parentB. different from the parentC. different from each otherD. formed by two parents

490. Compared to the amount of hereditary information in a human body cell, how muchhereditary information is contained in a human sex cell?

A. one-quarter the amountB. one-half the amountC. the same amountD. twice the amount

169


491. Which group of organisms can show significant trait changes in the shortest period of time?A. bacteria B. birdsC. fishD. reptiles

492. A plant produces tiny plants around the edges of its leaves. When these tiny plants fall to the ground, they take root and become new plants. This process is an example of

A. sexual reproductionB. asexual reproductionC. evolutionD. extinction

493. Which term describes an organism's ability to maintain a stable internal environment?A. reproduction B. extinctionC. locomotionD. regulation

494. A research team wanted to produce a smaller variety of German shepherd dogs. They mated the smallest dogs from different litters for several generations. This is an example of which concept?

A. extinction B. mutation C. selective breedingD. natural selection

The diagram shows information about the reproduction and development of a rabbit.

495. Which letter in the diagram represents fertilization?A. A B. BC. CD. D

170


496. In animal skin tissue, cell division is responsible forA. growth and repairB. sexual reproductionC. obtaining energyD. production of sex cells

497. Which statement describes a method of sexual reproduction that occurs in plants?A. Stem cuttings are placed in water and grow roots.B. Seeds are produced from the flower of the plant.C. Underground stems from a plant grow into new plants.D. A leaf falls to the soil, develops roots, and grows.

Base your answer to the question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of science.The diagram shows the life cycle of the common housefly.

498. Which process is shown by this diagram?A. competition B. metabolism C. metamorphosisD. migration

499. A life cycle is best described as theA. series of changes in the development of an organismB. movement of an organism from place to placeC. ability of an organism to adapt to its environmentD. flow of energy through an organism's community

171


The diagram below shows a deer and green plants.

500. Which statement best describes the relationship between the deer and the plants?A. The deer supplies food and oxygen to the green plants.B. The deer supplies food and carbon dioxide to the green plants.C. The green plants supply food and carbon dioxide to the deer.D. The green plants supply food and oxygen to the deer.

The table below shows the deer population in Arizona for a 30-year period.

501. What is the most likely reason that the deer population decreased from 1920 to 1935?A. There was less air pollution.B. More water was available.C. Fewer hunting licenses were issued.D. There was increased competition for food.

502. Which unit is used to indicate the amount of energy in food?A. ounce B. degree C. calorieD. gram

172


503. All living organisms are dependent on plants because plantsA. produce carbon dioxideB. remove oxygen from the airC. are producersD. are consumers

504. Which order of succession of natural communities would most likely occur in New York State?

505. The structures found in a living cell can be compared to the parts of a factory that produces cars. Which part of the factory is most similar to the nucleus of a living cell?

A. a conveyor belt that transports materialsB. a storage bin that holds the pieces needed to assemble a carC. the computer room that controls the assembly processD. the generator that provides energy for the factory

506. All rocks are composed ofA. fossils B. cells C. metalsD. minerals

507. When placed in direct sunlight, which object will absorb the most visible light energy?A. a piece of clear glassB. a snowballC. a shiny mirrorD. a black sweater

173


The illustration below shows the Moon orbiting Earth and Earth orbiting the Sun.

508. Which force is responsible for these orbiting motions?A. friction B. electricityC. magnetism D. gravity

509. The Moon is visible to observers on Earth because ofA. reflected sunlightB. absorbed light from Earth's atmosphereC. gases in the Moon's interiorD. volcanic eruptions on the Moon's surface

510. The length of a year is equivalent to the time it takes for oneA. rotation of EarthB. rotation of the SunC. revolution of Earth around the SunD. revolution of the Sun around Earth

511. What is one factor that contributes to seasons occurring in New York State?A. the revolution of the Moon around EarthB. the tilt of Earth on its axisC. the rising and falling of ocean tidesD. the distance of Earth from the Sun

512. The movement of an air mass over Earth's surface causesA. earthquake activityB. local weather changesC. global warmingD. ecological succession

174


513. Which two processes could result in the formation of high mountains with well-rounded peaks?

A. volcanic eruptions and global warmingB. earthquakes and tidal activityC. collision of crustal plates and erosionD. production of greenhouse gases and weathering

514. When carbon and oxygen combine chemically, the mass of the product isA. greater than the mass of the carbon plus the mass of the oxygenB. equal to the mass of the carbon plus the mass of the oxygenC. equal to the mass of the carbonD. less than the mass of the carbon

515. During which phase change is heat energy absorbed by a substance?A. liquid to gas B. gas to solid C. liquid to solidD. gas to liquid

516. Moving water in a river is considered a renewable resource because itA. carries dissolved oxygenB. easily erodes sedimentsC. is made of natural gasD. can be recycled by nature over time

Base your answer to the question on the information below and on your knowledge of science.

A baseball strikes the roof of a car and dents it. The paint on the roof begins to crack and chip, exposing the metal. The exposed metal on the roof rusts, eventually causing a small hole in the roof.

517. Which event is a chemical change?A. The baseball strikes the roof.B. The roof of the car dents.C. The paint cracks and chips.D. The exposed metal rusts.

175


The diagram below shows a student using a spring scale to pull a wooden block up a ramp that is resting on a stack of books.

518. Which change would require more force to pull the wooden block up the ramp?A. Have the student use two hands.B. Reduce the mass of the wooden block.C. Restack the books so the thinnest book is on the bottom.D. Glue sandpaper to the surface of the ramp.

The diagram below shows a bar magnet. Points A, B, C, and D are locations on the magnet.

519. Which position on the bar magnet would have the strongest attraction to the north pole of another bar magnet?

A. A B. BC. CD. D

520. Water at 20°C in an uncovered pan is evaporating very slowly. What could be done to the water to make it evaporate more quickly?

A. Cover it.B. Heat it.C. Place it in the dark.D. Put salt in it.

176


The diagram below shows a Bunsen burner heating a beaker of water on a beaker stand. The arrows represent the transfer of heat energy in the water.

521. Which process is primarily responsible for the transfer of heat indicated by the arrows in the beaker of water?

A. conduction B. convection C. radiationD. condensation

522. Which object represents a simple machine?

523. The Moon has the greatest effect on Earth'sA. year B. seasons C. ocean tidesD. daylight hours

177


Base your answer to the question on the topographic map below which shows the elevation of land in feet above sea level. Points A, B, and C are locations on the map.

524. A camper walked from point A to point B by taking a path shown by the dotted line. What is theapproximate distance the camper walked?

A. 1.5 miles B. 2.5 miles C. 3.0 milesD. 3.5 miles

525. What is a possible elevation of point C?A. 75 feet B. 85 feet C. 95 feetD. 105 feet

178


The data table below compares cars and light trucks in regard to gas mileage and the amount of gases released into the environment (emissions).

526. Based on the information in the table, which conclusion can be made about light trucks?A. They get more average miles per gallon than cars.B. They have become more popular than cars in recent years.C. They produce less nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide emissions than cars.D. They have a greater negative impact on the environment than cars.

Base your answer to the question on the information and graphs below and on your knowledge of science.

Some species of bacteria are harmful. Antibiotics are chemicals that kill bacteria. Some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and are not killed by these chemicals. Over time, the resistant bacteria can reproduce and create populations that are not affected by antibiotics. The graphs below show the results of a controlled experiment that measured the population of one species of bacteria that had been grown in four containers under identical conditions. Different antibiotics were added to three of the four containers.

527. Which conclusion about this species of bacteria is best supported by the information in thegraphs?

A. Antibiotic A continuously slowed the growth.B. Antibiotic B was least effective in controlling the growth.C. Antibiotic C was most effective in controlling the growth.D. Antibiotics A and B slowed the growth.

179


528. The control in this experiment is represented by the container withA. antibiotic A added B. antibiotic B added C. antibiotic C addedD. no antibiotic added

The map below shows the four major time zones in the continental United States.

529. If it is 9 a.m. in the Eastern Time Zone, what time is it in the Pacific Time Zone?A. 3 a.m.B. 6 a.m. C. 6 p.m.D. 9 p.m.

180

which statement best explains why the sun and the …€¦ · web viewtitle which statement best...

Documents